= = = = = = = = = = = = = = INTERQUAL SPECIALTY REFERRAL CRITERIA BIBLIOGRAPHY: RENAL & UROLOGIC DISORDERS

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1 INTERQUAL SPECIALTY REFERRAL CRITERIA BIBLIOGRAPHY: RENAL & UROLOGIC DISORDERS Copyright 2010 McKesson Corporation and/or one of its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved. BIB-1

2 BIB-2 Copyright 2010 McKesson Corporation and/or one of its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved.

3 McKesson Clinical Evidence Classification InterQual Specialty Referral Criteria: RENAL & UROLOGIC DISORDERS References cited in the clinical content are classified according to the type of evidence presented. Classification ratings of I through V are used. Ratings are applied as clinical content is updated; therefore, a rating may not appear after each reference. Classification ratings appear in parentheses at the end of a reference. Classification Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Type of Evidence Meta-analysis or systematic review Well-designed controlled clinical trial or experimental study Well-designed observational or epidemiologic study Evidence-based guideline Expert opinion, panel consensus, literature review, text or reference book, descriptive study, case report, or case series Class I A meta-analysis is an analysis of data pooled from multiple trials. A systematic review is a qualitative means of summarizing multiple trials on the same intervention. Class I studies can show a statistically significant difference in support of an intervention when smaller studies could not. A meta-analysis or systematic review that finds insufficient evidence to support or refute an intervention (due to a lack of properly designed trials) is inconclusive. A potential weakness of Class I studies is that they may only assess published studies. Since studies demonstrating significant differences are more likely to be published than those that do not, publication bias is of concern. Class II A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental study design in which subjects are randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group. A RCT is the gold standard for testing cause and effect relationships. Intention-to-treat analysis should be performed to account for missing data points. Class III Observational or epidemiologic studies can suggest an association between events or findings. These associations cannot be used to establish causality. Cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies are all used to identify possible risk factors. Cross-sectional studies are also used to determine the prevalence of a condition. Cohort studies are used to study incidence, the natural history of a condition, prognosis after a specific exposure, and associated harms. Class IV Evidence-based guidelines are systematically developed recommendations for clinical practice. Evidence-based guidelines identify the methodology used to gather the evidence on which the recommendations are based. Usually, a grading system for both the quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations is provided. Guidelines that are evidence-based may also contain consensus recommendations in areas where evidence is lacking, but these recommendations are clearly identified and appropriately graded. Class V Class V references may be the best information in the absence of other evidence. Expert opinion, panel consensus, literature reviews, and descriptive studies (case reports or case series) are subject to significant bias. A case series with comparison to historical controls can be plagued with missing data, and data extraction inconsistencies are common. The use of historical controls does not address how the diagnosis of disease or its treatment has evolved over time with newer technologies or medication. Text book information may be out of date by the time the book is published. Adam, Patricia, MD, MSPH. "Evaluation and Management of Diabetes Insipidus." American Family Physician, 1997, 55(6): Copyright 2010 McKesson Corporation and/or one of its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved. BIB-3

4 BIB-4 InterQual Specialty Referral Criteria: RENAL & UROLOGIC DISORDERS Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR). Clinical Practice Guideline No. 2, 1996 Update: Urinary Incontinence in Adults: Acute and Chronic Management, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, AHCPR, Rockville, Md, Publication No , Mar Akin et al. Ultrasound of the scrotum. Ultrasound Q (4): (V) Alewijnse et al. Predictors of long-term adherence to pelvic floor muscle exercise therapy among women with urinary incontinence. Health Educ Res (5): (III) American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care Suppl 1:S4-S36. (IV) American Urological Association. AUA guideline on management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (2003). Chapter 1: Diagnosis and treatment recommendations. J Urol (2 Pt 1): (IV) American Urological Association (AUA) Education and Research. AUA Guideline on the Management of Priapism 2003:32 p. (IV) Barry. Clinical practice. Prostate-specific-antigen testing for early diagnosis of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med (18): (V) Borghi et al. Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med (2): (II) Brenner BM, Rector FC. Brenner & Rector's the kidney. 7th. Philadelphia, Pa. ; London: W. B. Saunders; v. (2525 p.). (V) Cecil et al. Cecil textbook of medicine, 21st edn. Philadelphia ; London: W.B. Saunders; (V) Chutka, Darryl S., MD et al. "Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly Population." Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 1996, 71: Cohen and Brown. Clinical practice. Microscopic hematuria. N Engl J Med (23): (V) Cohen J, Powderly WG. Infectious diseases. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mo. ; London: Mosby; v : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. (V) Coll et al. Relationship of spontaneous passage of ureteral calculi to stone size and location as revealed by unenhanced helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol (1): (III) Curtis et al. Acute urinary retention and urinary incontinence. Emerg Med Clin North Am (3): (V) Dogra and Bhatt. Acute painful scrotum. Radiol Clin North Am (2): (V) DuBeau. Estrogen treatment for urinary incontinence: never, now, or in the future? JAMA (8): (V) Dull et al. Managing benign prostatic hyperplasia. Am Fam Physician (1): (V) Francis et al. The contribution of common medical conditions and drug exposures to erectile dysfunction in adult males. J Urol (2): ; discussion 596. (III) Gormley. Biofeedback and behavioral therapy for the management of female urinary incontinence. Urol Clin North Am (3): (V) Grossfeld et al. Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: summary of the AUA best practice policy recommendations. Am Fam Physician (6): (IV) Grossfeld et al. Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: the American Urological Association best practice policy--part II: patient evaluation, cytology, voided markers, imaging, cystoscopy, nephrology evaluation, and follow-up. Urology (4): (IV) Han et al. Prostate-specific antigen and screening for prostate cancer. Med Clin North Am (2): , ix. (V) Handrigan et al. Diagnostic procedures for the urogenital system. Emerg Med Clin North Am (3): (V) Harris and Lohr. Screening for prostate cancer: an update of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med (11): (V) Haynes. Inguinal and scrotal disorders. Surg Clin North Am (2): , ix. (V) Heidenreich et al. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Cologne: European Association of Urology; 2007 [cited 2009 Mar 2]. Available from: (IV) Hendrix. Urinary incontinence and menopause: an evidence-based treatment approach. Dis Mon (10): (V) Hendrix et al. Effects of estrogen with and without progestin on urinary incontinence. JAMA (8): (II) Hoffman et al. Prostate-specific antigen testing accuracy in community practice. BMC Fam Pract :19. (III) Holmes, King K. and H. Hunter Handsfield. "Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Overview and Clinical Approach." In Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, eds. Anthony S. Fauci et al., 14th edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY 1998, p Copyright 2010 McKesson Corporation and/or one of its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved.

5 InterQual Specialty Referral Criteria: RENAL & UROLOGIC DISORDERS House and Cattran. Nephrology: 2. Evaluation of asymptomatic hematuria and proteinuria in adult primary care. CMAJ (3): (V) Hsieh and Albertsen. Populations at high risk for prostate cancer. Urol Clin North Am (4): (V) Ifudu, Onyekachi, MB, BS et al. "Excess Morbidity in Patients Starting Uremia Therapy Without Prior Care by a Nephrologist." American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 1996, 28(6): Jankowski and Spirnak. Current recommendations for imaging in the management of urologic traumas. Urol Clin North Am (3): (V) Kaplan. Update on the american urological association guidelines for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Rev Urol Suppl 4:S (IV) Kawashima and LeRoy. Radiologic evaluation of patients with renal infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am (2): (V) Keilman. Urinary incontinence: basic evaluation and management in the primary care office. Prim Care (3): (V) Kloner. Pharmacology and drug interaction effects of the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors: focus on alpha-blocker interactions. Am J Cardiol (12B):42M-46M. (V) Lam et al. Changing aspects in the evaluation and treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Med Clin North Am (2): (V) Lang et al. Computerized tomography tailored for the assessment of microscopic hematuria. J Urol (2 Pt 1): (III) Larson. Rationale and assessment of minimally invasive approaches to benign prostatic hyperplasia therapy. Urology (2 Suppl 1): (V) Leach, Gary E. et al. "Female Stress Urinary Incontinence Clinical Guidelines Panel Summary Report on Surgical Management of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence." Journal of Urology, 1997, 158(3 Pt 1): Levey et al. Effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study. Am J Kidney Dis (6): (II) Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al. Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice. 5th. St. Louis, Mo. ; London: Mosby; (V) McCarthy, James T., MD. "A Practical Approach to the Management of Patients With Chronic Renal Failure." Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 1999, 74: McConnell et al. The long-term effect of doxazosin, finasteride, and combination therapy on the clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med (25): (II) Mendelson et al. Renal colic: a prospective evaluation of non-enhanced spiral CT versus intravenous pyelography. Australas Radiol (1): (II) Mindell, Joseph A., MD, PhD and Glenn M. Chertow, MD, MPH. "A Practical Approach to Acute Renal Failure." Medical Clinics of North America, 1997, 81(3): Moe. Kidney stones: pathophysiology and medical management. Lancet (9507): (V) Molitch et al. Nephropathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care Suppl 1:S (IV) Montague et al. Chapter 1: The management of erectile dysfunction: an AUA update. J Urol (1): (IV) Morales. Erectile dysfunction: an overview. Clin Geriatr Med (3): (V) Morantz. ACOG guidelines on urinary incontinence in women. Am Fam Physician (1): (IV) National Institute of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Panel. "Morbidity and Mortality of Dialysis." National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement, Nov 1993, 11(2): Needham. Management of acute renal failure. Am Fam Physician (9): (V) Noble and Brown. Renal ultrasound. Emerg Med Clin North Am (3): (V) Obrador, Gregorio T., MD and Brian J.G. Pereira, MD, DM. "Early Referral to the Nephrologist and Timely Initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy: A Paradigm Shift in the Management of Patients With Chronic Renal Failure." American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 1998, 31(3): Copyright 2010 McKesson Corporation and/or one of its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved. BIB-5

6 BIB-6 InterQual Specialty Referral Criteria: RENAL & UROLOGIC DISORDERS Pautler and Brock. Priapism. From Priapus to the present time. Urol Clin North Am (2): (V) Peterson and Webster. Management of urethral stricture disease: developing options for surgical intervention. BJU Int (7): (V) Pewitt, E. Bradley, MD, PhD and Anthony J. Schaeffer, MD. "Urinary Tract Infection in Urology, Including Acute and Chronic Prostatitis." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 1997, 11(3): Portis and Sundaram. Diagnosis and initial management of kidney stones. Am Fam Physician (7): (V) Rakel. Textbook of family practice, 6th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders; (V) Rosen and Kostis. Overview of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition in erectile dysfunction. Am J Cardiol (9A):9M-18M. (V) Rossouw et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA (3): (III) Ruggenenti, Piero et al. "Cross Sectional Longitudinal Study of Spot Morning Urine Protein: Creatinine Ratio, 24 Hour Urine Protein Excretion Rate, Glomerular Filtration Rate, and End Stage Renal Failure in Chronic Renal Disease in Patients Without Diabetes." British Medical Journal, 1998, 316: (III) Sarafidis et al. Antihypertensive therapy in the presence of proteinuria. Am J Kidney Dis (1): (V) Segura, Joseph W. et al. "Ureteral Stones Clinical Guidelines Panel Summary Report on the Management of Ureteral Calculi." Journal of Urology, 1997, 158(5): Singri et al. Acute renal failure. JAMA (6): (V) Sokolosky. Hematuria. Emerg Med Clin North Am (3): (V) Sutherland and Goldman. Treatment options for female urinary incontinence. Med Clin North Am (2): (V) Tannenbaum and DuBeau. Urinary incontinence in the nursing home: practical approach to evaluation and management. Clin Geriatr Med (3): , vi. (V) Teichman. Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus. N Engl J Med (7): (V) Thompson et al. Guideline for the management of clinically localized prostate cancer: 2007 update. J Urol (6): (IV) Tiselius. Medical evaluation of nephrolithiasis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am (4): (V) van der Vaart et al. The effect of urinary incontinence and overactive bladder symptoms on quality of life in young women. BJU Int (6): (III) Wein and Rovner. Pharmacologic management of urinary incontinence in women. Urol Clin North Am (3): , viii. (V) Weiss. Selecting medications for the treatment of urinary incontinence. Am Fam Physician (2): (V) Worster et al. The accuracy of noncontrast helical computed tomography versus intravenous pyelography in the diagnosis of suspected acute urolithiasis: a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med (3): (I) Yun et al. Evaluation of the patient with hematuria. Med Clin North Am (2): (V) Zhang et al. Imaging of kidney cancer. Radiol Clin North Am (1): (V) Copyright 2010 McKesson Corporation and/or one of its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved.