INTERQUAL SPECIALTY REFERRAL CRITERIA BIBLIOGRAPHY: RENAL & UROLOGIC DISORDERS

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1 INTERQUAL SPECIALTY REFERRAL CRITERIA BIBLIOGRAPHY: RENAL & UROLOGIC DISORDERS BIB-1

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3 InterQual SPECIALTY REFERRAL Criteria: RENAL & UROLOGIC DISORDERS McKesson Clinical Evidence Classification References cited in the clinical content are classified according to the type of evidence presented. The class ratings, I through V, are intended to provide a classification of the evidence but are not necessarily hierarchical. Classifications appear in parentheses at the end of each reference. References followed by an (NC) are not classified; examples include pre-published research or information from government, manufacturer, laboratory, or patient education websites. Classification Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Type of Evidence Meta-analysis or systematic review Well-designed controlled clinical trial or experimental study Well-designed observational or epidemiologic study Evidence-based guideline Expert opinion, panel consensus, literature review, text or reference book, descriptive study, case report, or case series Class I A meta-analysis is an analysis of the results from multiple trials. A systematic review is a qualitative means of summarizing multiple trials on the same intervention. Class I studies can show a statistically significant difference in support of an intervention when smaller studies could not. A meta-analysis or systematic review that finds insufficient evidence to support or refute an intervention (due to a lack of properly designed trials) is inconclusive. A potential weakness of Class I studies is that they may only assess published studies. Since studies demonstrating significant differences are more likely to be published than those that do not, publication bias is of concern. Class II A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental study design in which subjects are randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group. An RCT is the gold standard for testing cause and effect relationships. Intention-to-treat analysis should be performed to account for missing data points. Class III Observational or epidemiologic studies can suggest an association between events or findings. These associations cannot be used to establish causality. Cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies are all used to identify possible risk factors. Cross-sectional studies are also used to determine the prevalence of a condition. Cohort studies are used to study incidence, the natural history of a condition, prognosis after a specific exposure, and associated harms. Nonrandomized controlled trials are sometimes used when randomization is impossible or unethical. Class IV Evidence-based guidelines are systematically developed recommendations for clinical practice. Evidence-based guidelines identify the methodology used to gather the evidence on which the recommendations are based. Usually, a grading system for both the quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations is provided. Guidelines that are evidence-based may also contain consensus recommendations in areas where evidence is lacking, but these recommendations are clearly identified and appropriately graded. Class V Class V references may be the best information in the absence of other evidence. Expert opinion, panel consensus, literature reviews, and descriptive studies (case reports or case series) are subject to significant bias. A case series with comparison to historical controls can be plagued with missing data, and data extraction inconsistencies are common. The use of historical controls does not address how the diagnosis of disease or its treatment has evolved over time with newer technologies or medication. Text book information may be out of date by the time the book is BIB-3

4 BIB-4 InterQual SPECIALTY REFERRAL Criteria: RENAL & UROLOGIC DISORDERS published. Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) "Comparative effectiveness research is the conduct and synthesis of research comparing the benefits and harms of different interventions and strategies to prevent, diagnose, treat and monitor health conditions in 'real world' settings." (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Report to the President and the Congress on Comparative Effectiveness Research; Available from: [cited Apr ]) Bibliography Adam, Patricia, MD, MSPH. "Evaluation and Management of Diabetes Insipidus." American Family Physician, 1997, 55(6): Akin et al. Ultrasound of the scrotum. Ultrasound Q (4): (V) American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 91: Treatment of urinary tract infections in nonpregnant women. Obstet Gynecol (3): (IV) American College of Radiology (ACR). ACR Appropriateness Criteria: acute pyelonephritis. Reston (VA): American College of Radiology; (IV) American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care Suppl 1:S4-S36. (IV) American Urological Association. AUA guideline on management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (2003). Chapter 1: Diagnosis and treatment recommendations. J Urol (2 Pt 1): (IV) American Urological Association. Prostate-specific antigen best practice statement: 2009 update. Linthicum (MD): American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.; (IV) American Urological Association (AUA) and European Association of Urology (EAU). The management of ureteral calculi: diagnosis and treatment recommendations. Baltimore (MD): American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.; Reviewed and validity confirmed (IV) American Urological Association (AUA) Education and Research. AUA Guideline on the Management of Priapism 2003:32 p. (IV) Botlero et al. Urinary incontinence is associated with lower psychological general well-being in community-dwelling women. Menopause (2): (III) Brenner BM, Rector FC. Brenner & Rector's the kidney. 7th. Philadelphia, Pa. ; London: W. B. Saunders; v. (2525 p.). (V) Cody et al. Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009(4):CD (I) Cohen and Brown. Clinical practice. Microscopic hematuria. N Engl J Med (23): (V) Cohen J, Powderly WG. Infectious diseases. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mo. ; London: Mosby; v : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. (V) Cullen et al. Evaluation of suspected renal colic with noncontrast CT in the emergency department: a single institution study. J Endourol (11): (III) Dasgupta et al. Kidney stones. Clin Evid (Online) (I) Dogra and Bhatt. Acute painful scrotum. Radiol Clin North Am (2): (V) Dumoulin and Hay-Smith. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010(1):CD (I) Edwards. Diagnosis and management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Am Fam Physician (10): (V) Flannery et al. Efficacy and safety of tamsulosin for benign prostatic hyperplasia: clinical experience in the primary care setting. Curr Med Res Opin (4): (III) Francis et al. The contribution of common medical conditions and drug exposures to erectile dysfunction in adult males. J Urol (2): ; discussion 596. (III) French et al. Urinary problems in women. Prim Care (1):53-71, viii. (V) Frick et al. Mixed urinary incontinence: greater impact on quality of life. J Urol (2): (III)

5 InterQual SPECIALTY REFERRAL Criteria: RENAL & UROLOGIC DISORDERS Ghoniem et al. Evaluation and outcome measures in the treatment of female urinary stress incontinence: International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) guidelines for research and clinical practice. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct (1):5-33. (IV) Goldfarb. In the clinic. Nephrolithiasis. Ann Intern Med (3):2-16. (V) Grossfeld et al. Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: summary of the AUA best practice policy recommendations. Am Fam Physician (6): (IV) Grossfeld et al. Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: the American Urological Association best practice policy--part II: patient evaluation, cytology, voided markers, imaging, cystoscopy, nephrology evaluation, and follow-up. Urology (4): (IV) Haynes. Inguinal and scrotal disorders. Surg Clin North Am (2): , ix. (V) Heidenreich et al. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Cologne: European Association of Urology; 2007 [cited 2009 Mar 2]. Available from: (IV) Hendrix et al. Effects of estrogen with and without progestin on urinary incontinence. JAMA (8): (II) Holdgate and Pollock. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus opioids for acute renal colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005(2):CD (I) Holmes, King K. and H. Hunter Handsfield. "Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Overview and Clinical Approach." In Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, eds. Anthony S. Fauci et al., 14th edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY 1998, p House and Cattran. Nephrology: 2. Evaluation of asymptomatic hematuria and proteinuria in adult primary care. CMAJ (3): (V) Hunter et al. Conservative management for postprostatectomy urinary incontinence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007(2):CD (I) Ifudu, Onyekachi, MB, BS et al. "Excess Morbidity in Patients Starting Uremia Therapy Without Prior Care by a Nephrologist." American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 1996, 28(6): Jankowski and Spirnak. Current recommendations for imaging in the management of urologic traumas. Urol Clin North Am (3): (V) Johnston et al. Comparison of kidney-ureter-bladder abdominal radiography and computed tomography scout films for identifying renal calculi. BJU Int (5): (III) Kaplan. Update on the american urological association guidelines for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Rev Urol Suppl 4:S (IV) Kloner. Pharmacology and drug interaction effects of the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors: focus on alpha-blocker interactions. Am J Cardiol (12B):42M-46M. (V) Lang et al. Computerized tomography tailored for the assessment of microscopic hematuria. J Urol (2 Pt 1): (III) Levey et al. Effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study. Am J Kidney Dis (6): (II) Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al. Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice. 5th. St. Louis, Mo. ; London: Mosby; (V) McCarthy, James T., MD. "A Practical Approach to the Management of Patients With Chronic Renal Failure." Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 1999, 74: Mindell, Joseph A., MD, PhD and Glenn M. Chertow, MD, MPH. "A Practical Approach to Acute Renal Failure." Medical Clinics of North America, 1997, 81(3): Miner. Primary care physician versus urologist: how does their medical management of LUTS associated with BPH differ? Curr Urol Rep (4): (V) Moe. Kidney stones: pathophysiology and medical management. Lancet (9507): (V) Molitch et al. Nephropathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care Suppl 1:S (IV) Montague et al. Chapter 1: The management of erectile dysfunction: an AUA update. J Urol (1): (IV) BIB-5

6 BIB-6 InterQual SPECIALTY REFERRAL Criteria: RENAL & UROLOGIC DISORDERS Morales. Erectile dysfunction: an overview. Clin Geriatr Med (3): (V) National Institute of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Panel. "Morbidity and Mortality of Dialysis." National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement, Nov 1993, 11(2): Needham. Management of acute renal failure. Am Fam Physician (9): (V) Noble and Brown. Renal ultrasound. Emerg Med Clin North Am (3): (V) Obrador, Gregorio T., MD and Brian J.G. Pereira, MD, DM. "Early Referral to the Nephrologist and Timely Initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy: A Paradigm Shift in the Management of Patients With Chronic Renal Failure." American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 1998, 31(3): Pautler and Brock. Priapism. From Priapus to the present time. Urol Clin North Am (2): (V) Peterson and Webster. Management of urethral stricture disease: developing options for surgical intervention. BJU Int (7): (V) Pewitt, E. Bradley, MD, PhD and Anthony J. Schaeffer, MD. "Urinary Tract Infection in Urology, Including Acute and Chronic Prostatitis." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 1997, 11(3): Rahn and Roshanravan. Pathophysiology of urinary incontinence, voiding dysfunction, and overactive bladder. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am (3): (V) Rakel. Textbook of family practice, 6th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders; (V) Rosen and Kostis. Overview of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition in erectile dysfunction. Am J Cardiol (9A):9M-18M. (V) Rosenberg et al. A practical guide to the evaluation and treatment of male lower urinary tract symptoms in the primary care setting. Int J Clin Pract (9): (V) Rossouw et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA (3): (III) Ruggenenti, Piero et al. "Cross Sectional Longitudinal Study of Spot Morning Urine Protein: Creatinine Ratio, 24 Hour Urine Protein Excretion Rate, Glomerular Filtration Rate, and End Stage Renal Failure in Chronic Renal Disease in Patients Without Diabetes." British Medical Journal, 1998, 316: (III) Saks and Arya. Pharmacologic management of urinary incontinence, voiding dysfunction, and overactive bladder. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am (3): (V) Sarafidis et al. Antihypertensive therapy in the presence of proteinuria. Am J Kidney Dis (1): (V) Seitz et al. Medical therapy to facilitate the passage of stones: what is the evidence? Eur Urol (3): (I) Singri et al. Acute renal failure. JAMA (6): (V) Sokolosky. Hematuria. Emerg Med Clin North Am (3): (V) Thompson et al. Guideline for the management of clinically localized prostate cancer: 2007 update. J Urol (6): (IV) Tsakiris et al. Pharmacologic treatment of male stress urinary incontinence: systematic review of the literature and levels of evidence. Eur Urol (1): (I) Ulusan et al. Accuracy of sonography for detecting renal stone: comparison with CT. J Clin Ultrasound (5): (III) Wolf et al. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of prostate cancer: update CA Cancer J Clin (2): (IV) Yun et al. Evaluation of the patient with hematuria. Med Clin North Am (2): (V) Zhang et al. Imaging of kidney cancer. Radiol Clin North Am (1): (V)