Spinal Cord Stimulation Hani N. Sabbah, Ph.D., FACC, FCCP, FAHA Professor of Medicine Wayne State University & Director of Cardiovascular Research

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1 Spinal Cord Stimulation Hani N. Sabbah, Ph.D., FACC, FCCP, FAHA Professor of Medicine Wayne State University & Director of Cardiovascular Research Henry Ford Health System

2 Disclosure Information ESC 2011 Scientific Sessions Spinal Cord Stimulation H.N. Sabbah: Research Grants from and Consultant to: Boston Scientific Corp., and BioControl Medical, Ltd.

3 Increased HR NO Dys- Regulation CHF Sympathetic Overdrive & Parasympathetic Withdrawal Impaired AR Signaling Pro- Arrhythmic

4 HR Reduction (VNS & BAT) Modulate NOS (VNS & BAT) VNS-BAT-SCS Restore Autonomic Balance Reduce Sympathetic Drive Increase Parasympathetic Drive Improved AR Signaling (VNS & BAT) Anti- Arrhythmic (VNS & BAT) VNS=Vagus Nerve Stimulation BAT=Baroreflex Activation Therapy SCS=Spinal cord Stimulation

5 CardioFit VNS Device Vagus Electrode Stimulator Intracardiac Electrode

6 VNS Treatment Effect in Dogs with CHF LV End-Diastolic Volume (ml) 8 8 LV End-Systolic Volume (ml) Control VNS LV Ejection Fraction (%) Control Sabbah et al. Heart Failure Reviews 2011;16: VNS Control VNS

7 Rheos TM Electrical Activation Carotid Baroreflex System

8 15 10 BAT Treatment Effect in Dogs with CHF Control BAT 5 0 * # -5 * -10 EDV (ml) ESV (ml) EF (%) Sabbah et al, Circulation Heart Failure. 2011;4:65-70 SV (ml)

9 Cardiovascular System Innervation C 8 Cervical Nerves T 12 Thoracic Nerves L 5 Lumbar Nerves S 5 Sacral Nerves Both the Vagus nerve and spinal cord are anatomical sites where electrical stimulation can manipulate the Autonomic Nervous System.

10 Current SCS Indications Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS) - predominant radiculair leg pain Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) - Dystrophy Refractory Angina Pectoris (not US approved, CE Marked in Europe) SCS Complications Infection: 4% 13% Dislocation electrode: 10% 22% Dura puncture: 0.5 7%

11 SCS Implantation in Epidural Space

12 Spinal Cord Stimulation in Dogs with Post-Infarction Heart Failure 1. SCS lead implanted at midline T4/T5 level 2. ICD implantation 3. AMI (intracoronary microspheres) + Rapid ventricular pacing (240 ppm) 4. Stimulation Protocol: Frequency = 50 Hz Pulse width = 0.2 ms Duty cycle 2 hrs ON 3 times daily 0.4 to 1.0 Volts Adapted from Lopshire et al., Circulation 2009;120:

13 SCS in Dogs with Post AMI Heart Failure Ambulatory Heart Rate (bpm) MEDS=Carvedilol + Ramipril SCS SCS + MEDS MEDS Control 60 HF-Baseline 10 Wk SCS Adapted from Lopshire et al., Circulation 2009;120:

14 SCS in Dogs with Post AMI Heart Failure LV End-Systolic Dimension (cm) MEDS=Carvedilol + Ramipril * HF-Baseline SCS SCS+ MEDS MEDS Control 10 Wk SCS Adapted from Lopshire et al., Circulation 2009;120:

15 SCS in Dogs with Post AMI Heart Failure LV Ejection Fraction (%) SCS SCS + MEDS MEDS Control MEDS=Carvedilol + Ramipril HF-Baseline 10 Wk SCS Adapted from Lopshire et al., Circulation 2009;120:

16 SCS in Dogs with Post AMI Heart Failure Serum Norepinephrine (pg/ml) MEDS=Carvedilol + Ramipril HF-Baseline SCS SCS + MEDS MEDS Control 10 Wk SCS Adapted from Lopshire et al., Circulation 2009;120:

17 SCS in Dogs with Post AMI Heart Failure Ischemic Tachyarrhythmias During 1 hour Circumflex Coronary Artery Occlusion No. Spontaneous Nonsustained VT SCS (RX for 5 weeks Carvedilol Control Percent of Dogs with Events (VT, VF) SCS (Rx for 5 weeks) Carvedilol Control Adapted from Lopshire et al., Circulation 2009;120:

18 Pilot SCS Study in Dogs with HF 8 Dogs with Coronary Microembolization-Induced HF (LV Ejection Fraction ~35%) Dogs Randomized into 3 study groups Control (n=4) GROUP 1: Therapy: 10 minutes On / 50 minutes Off (n=4) GROUP 2: Therapy: 90 minutes On / 90 minutes Off (n=4) All dogs treated or followed for 3 months (no background therapy)

19 Fluoroscopic Image of Implant in Epidural Space Cranial Single, Linear ST 50cm 8 Contact Lead Epidural Access: L2/L3 or L3/L4 Lead Placement: T3-T5 Stimulation: Bipolar Frequency: 50 Hz Pulse Width: 200 µs Amplitude: Set to 90% Motor Threshold (0.2 to 1.9 ma) Note: Midline Electrode Location T3-T5 Electrodes 1 and 3: Cathodes, 50% Electrodes 6 and 8: Anodes, 50%

20 Pilot SCS Study in Dogs with HF LV End-Diastolic Volume (ml) PRE-Treatment POST-Treatment LV End-Systolic Volume (ml) PRE-Treatment POST-Treatment Control Group 1 Group 2 30 Control Group 1 Group LV Ejection Fraction (%) Control Group 1 PRE-Treatment POST-Treatment Group 2

21 Comparison of the Effects of VNS, BAT and SCS on LVEF in Dogs with Coronary Microembolization-Induced Heart Failure 10 LV Ejection Fraction Treatment Effect (%) VNS BAT SCS

22 SCS for Heart Failure Stimulation n=12 65 ± 8 yrs CAD Refractory Angina n=7: CHF Symptoms NYHA Class II Multiple Crossover Phase A SCS 3X2 hr/day Phase B Conventional Output 24 hr/day Phase C 24 hr/day 0.1 volt Phase D - Control (*p = for A vs D; p = for C vs D) Control Eddicks S et al. Heart 2007;93:

23 SCS for HF in Man n=4 NYHA Class III-IV Dual site stimulation T1-T3 T9-T12 50 Hz, 0.2 msec, bipolar, output current amplitude at 90% of initial parasthesias Stimulation 2 hrs 3 times a day No echo changes were observed at 3 months Siller J, Alo KA, Torres-Aminone G et al (Abstract). HFSA 2010;16:S67

24 Determining the Feasibility of Spinal Cord Neuromodulation for the Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure (Defeat-HF) Multi-center, randomized (3:2 randomization) 30 study centers; 195 subjects (NYHA Class III; EF 35%; LVEDD = mm; QRS < 120 msec; Creatinine 3.0 mg/ml) Two arm: Treatment vs. Control 6 month follow-up (controls cross to SCS and follow-up at 12 months) Stimulation 12 hrs/day Maximally tolerated stimulation near T3-T5 Stimulation Parameters: Rate = 50 Hz, Pulse width = 0.2 ms Study Endpoints Cardiac remodeling (LV dimensions) Exercise tolerance (change in maximal oxygen uptake) Biomarker (BNP)

25 CONCLUSIONS Limited pre-clinical results in large animal models of heart failure suggest that chronic SCS therapy can improve LV systolic function and prevent progressive LV remodeling. Additional study are needed. Very small studies in patients with heart failure suggest a possible improvement in QOL indicators following SCS therapy. Phase II clinical trial underway.

26 CONCLUSIONS The results favor the continued development of SCS therapy as an adjunct to the treatment regimen of patients with chronic heart failure.

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