SHOKI AL DOBAI, Ph.D. Pesticide Directorate, GDPP Ministry of Agriculture & Irrigation, Yemen

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1 SHOKI AL DOBAI, Ph.D. Pesticide Directorate, GDPP Ministry of Agriculture & Irrigation, Yemen

2 Problems of vector borne diseases Malaria; Leishmaniasis; Rift Valley Fever; Dengue Fever; Other vectors/ Pest of Public Health importance.

3 Available methods for vector control Chemical Control (residual house spraying, outdoor fumigation, long lasting insecticide residual bed nets, larvaciding and personal protection); Environmental Management; Biological Control. Chemical control is the main method

4 Pesticides that are used to control pests of public health significance. They include: vector control pesticides (Mosquitoes, Flies, etc.); household insecticides (Flies, Cockroaches, Bed Bugs, etc.); professional pest management pesticides (Termites and structural pests in homes, commercial and

(A) Countries which have eliminated malaria (B) Countries with very limited malaria transmission in residual foci (C) Countries with low Malaria burden

5 (A) Countries which have eliminated malaria (B) Countries with very limited malaria transmission in residual foci (C) Countries with low Malaria burden limited to certain Areas and with effective malaria programmes (D) Countries with moderate/ high malaria burden, weak health system and/or complex emergencies

6 A: Countries: Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Jamahiriya, Palestine, Qatar, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates B: Countries: Egypt, Morocco, Oman and Syrian Arab Republic C: Countries: Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia D: Countries: Afghanistan, Djibouti, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Yemen

7 Malaria Cases at the Regional Level 15 Millions case of malaria annually cases of death annually. 90% of the cases just in 5 countries (Sudan, Yemen, Somalia, Afghanistan and Djibouti)

8 Situation of malaria in the Arabian Peninsula Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and United Arab Emirates are malaria free. Oman eliminated malaria. Saudi Arabia has endemic foci in Jazan province bordering Yemen. Yemen is highly endemic with malaria.

10 Long-lasting insecticidal bed nets Indoor residual spraying

12 Sensitivity Exposure Conc. Insecticide Date Area Governorate No. Time 100% h 0.125ppm Temephos Elmaraiq Hodeidah 100% h 0.125ppm Temephos Khalifa (W. Siham) Hodeidah 100% 50 24h 0.125ppm Temephos AlAmra dam Taiz 100% 30 24h 0.125ppm Temephos AlMakasses Taiz 100% 15 1h 0.05% Lambda- cyhalothrine Khalifa (W. Siham) Hodeidah 100% 30 1h 0.05% Lambda- cyhalothrine AlMakasses Taiz 100% h 0.125ppm Temephos Aslam Hajjah 100% h 0.125ppm Temephos Bataees Abyan 100% 50 24h 0.125ppm Temephos AlAmra dam Taiz 100% 30 24h 0.125ppm Temephos AlMakasses Taiz 100%* 75 1 h 0.05% Deltamethrin Hodeidah Hodeidah 83 %* 73 4h 4 % DDT Hodeidah Hodeidah

13 Malaria in Yemen 60% of Yemen s population is vulnerable to malaria infection. 233,299 malaria cases reported in Yemen in WHO estimates that the annual malaria incidence in Yemen ranges between 800,000 and 900,000 malaria cases. Annual deaths from malaria are around 1% of the infected cases persons die annually.

14 Map of Yemen

15 COMPOUND CLASS FORMUL ATION CONCEN TRATION TYPE OF APPLICATION FOR CONTROL OF Lambdacyhalothrin Pyrethroid WP 10% Indoor residual spraying Malaria Temephos Organophosphate EC 50% Larviciding Malaria Temephos Organophosphate GR 1% Larviciding malaria Deltamethrin Pyrethroid EC 2.5% Space spraying Malaria Deltamethrin Pyrethroid ULV 1 % Space spraying Malaria Lambdacyhalothrin Pyrethroid WP 10 % Indoor residual spraying Malaria Temephos Organophospate EC 50 % Larviciding Malaria Temephos Organophosphate GR 1 % Larviciding Deltamethrin Pyrethroid Ec 2.5% Space spraying, treatment of mosquito nets Deltamethrin Pyrethroid ULV 1 % Space spraying Malaria Dengue Malaria Dengue Malaria Dengue

16 Organizations & partners involved in Malaria control WHO, the Global Fund, Gulf Cooperation Council states, Substantial support from Saudi Arabia, cooperation between malaria control programs in both countries has led to joint implementation of malaria control interventions along their borders.

17 Arabian Peninsula Free of Malaria Initiative The Arabian Peninsula Free of Malaria by 2015 initiative called for by WHO s Eastern Mediterranean regional director and it is supported by GCC nations and Saudi Arabia to help Yemen in vector control of Malaria.

18 WHO recommended insecticides for indoor residual spraying against malaria vectors Insecticide compounds and formulations (1) Class group (2) Mode of action Duration of effective action (months) DDT WP Malathion WP Fenitrothion WP Pirimiphos methyl WP & EC Bendiocarb WP Propoxur WP Alpha cypermethrin WP & SC Bifenthrin Cyfluthrin WP Deltamethrin WP, WG Etofenprox WP Lambda cyhalothrin WP, CS OC OP OP OP C C P P P P P P Contact Contact contact & airborne contact & airborne contact & airborne contact & airborne contact contact contact contact contact contact > (1) CS: capsule suspension; EC = emulsifiable concentrate; WP = wettable powder. (2) OC= Organochlorines; OP= Organophosphates; C= Carbamates; P= Pyrethroids

19 WHO recommended long lasting insecticidal mosquito nets Product name Product type Status of WHO recommendation DawaPlus 2.0 Duranet ICON MAXX Interceptor Netprotect Olyset PermaNet 2.0 PermaNet 2.5 PermaNet 3.0 Deltamethrin coated on polyester Alpha cypermethrin incorporated into polyethyle Lambda cyhalothrin 10% CS + binder Alpha cypermethrin coated on polyester Deltamethrin incorporated into polyethylene Permethrin incorporated into polyethylene Deltamethrin coated on polyester Deltamethrin coated on polyester with strengthened border Combination of Deltamethrin coated on polyester with strengthened border (side panels) and Deltamethrin and PBO incorporated into polyethylene (roof) Interim Interim Interim Interim Interim Full Full Interim Interim

20 Pesticide products under WHOPES laboratory and or field testing and evaluation Product Application Manufacturer DawaPlus 2.0 Deltamethrin (coated) Deltamethrin (coated) LN Duranet* Interceptor* Netprotect* Olyset** Spinosad EC Malaria prevention Malaria prevention Malaria prevention Malaria prevention Malaria prevention Malaria prevention Malaria prevention Mosquito larviciding Tana Netting, Thailand LN Tianjin Yorkool, China LGS Fujian Yamei (China) Clarke Mosquito Control, USA BASF, USA Intelligent Insect Control, France Sumitomo, Japan Clarke Mosquito Control, USA

21 Household Insecticides Used in Yemen and GCCC Insecticide Formulations FOGGERS AEROSOLS Aerosol mists Aerosol sprays LIQUIDS DUSTS BAITS and BAIT TRAPS TAPE FUMIGANTS REPELLENTS

22 INSECTICIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS Lambda Cyhalothrin Chlorpyrifos Pyrethrins (or synthetic pyrethroids) d trans allethrin resmethrin Propoxur Diazinon Malathion Fipronil Pirimiphos methyl Silica gel Boric acid Synergists (piperonyl butoxide)

There are a number of vector control procedures that should be considered to

Appendix F: Vector Control Procedures There are a number of vector control procedures that should be considered to mitigate the risk of CHIKV expansion in an area (Table F1). Table F1. Vector Control Procedures