Main oils of the Middle East Region; their quality and safety control points
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1 Main oils of the Middle East Region; their quality and safety control points Dr. Maha Misbah Supply Chain Strategy and Technology Unit Unilever The Netherlands
2
3 Topics Middle East Region - oils and fats overview Sources of the major oil streams Impurities and contaminants in the supply chain Risk levels Removal steps Industry s quality standards
4 Countries included in the Middle East Region
5 Oil Use ( ) Approx. 50% increase from Year 1999/ / / / / / / /2007 Volume x 1000.MT 6,469 6,650 6,911 7,366 7,984 8,513 9,282 9,575 Oils: Palm, Soybean, Sunflower, Cottonseed, Corn, Olive, Canola, Palmkernel, Coconut and Linseed Oil World 2006/2007
6 Oil use per country MT Qatar Bahrain Oman UA Emirates Kuwait Lebanon Jordan Syria Sudan Libya Yemen Tunisia Irak S. Arabia Morocco Algeria Turkey Iran Egypt '99/00 '06/07 Oil World 2006/2007
7 Use - Middle East Region vs EU-25 Population Use 10 6 MT Use per capita** kg Middle East 465 9,5 20,6 EU ,5 36 **World use oils & fats mio MT World average kg Oil World 2006/2007&
8 Main oils used in 2006/2007 Oil Use x 1000.MT % L A R G E M EM DE ID UI MU M S M A L L Palm Soybean Sunflower Cottonseed Maize (Corn) Olive Canola (Rapeseed) Palmkernel Coconut Linseed 2,899 2,773 1, Total 9, Oil World 2006/2007
9 Oils and Fats Sources Palm and Palm Kernel Oil Palm oil Palm Kernel oil Palm fruit: Palm oil (50% sat. C16:0) Palmkernel (80% sat. C12:0 C14:0) Economic life around 25 years Oil recovered by pressing Applications: Cooking/frying oil Hardstocks for spreads Soap making
10 Oils and Fats Sources Soybean Oil Oil: 20 % => 40 % crop value Meal for animal feed Rotation crop Oil recovered by hexane extraction Applications: Cooking/frying/salad oil Liquid oil in spreads After hydrogenation in hardstock (USA)
11 Oils and Fats Sources Sunflower Oil Oil: 40 % => 80 % crop value Meal for animal feed Rotation crop Oil recovered by pressing and extraction Applications: Cooking/frying/salad oil Liquid oil in spreads
12 Major oils agricultural characteristics Tonnage vs acreage Oil Tonnage 06/07 mio MT Yield MT/ha/yr Acreage 06/07 mio hectares Palm Area of Lebanon Soybean Area of Egypt Sunflower Area of Kuwait & Oman
13 Fatty acid composition of main oils and fats 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% C18:3 C18:2 C18:1 C18 C16 C14 C12 C10 C8 10% 0% Canola Linseed Sunflower Corn Soybean Olive Cottonseed Palm Palmkernel Coconut degree of saturation
14 Fatty acid composition of major oils 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% MUFA PUFA SAFA Omega-6 Omega-3 C18:3 C18:2 C18:1 C18 C16 C14 C12 C10 C8 Canola Linseed CANADA Sunflower Corn Soybean Olive Cottonseed degree of saturation Palm Palmkernel Coconut ASIA
15 Definitions Impurities: These are the parameters that are related to the quality of the oil; thus affecting taste, colour, stability, odour. Contaminants: These are the parameters that are related to food safety.
16 Contaminants in Oils and Fats Supply Chain Supply Chain step Contaminants Growing Harvesting/Storage Oil Milling Transport Refining Pesticides Post harvest pesticides Poly aromatic HC Hexane Previous Cargo Removed mainly for safety
17 Contaminants in Crude Oils Impurity Hexane Pesticides Benz(a)pyrene* Mineral oil Typical Level ppm ppb 0-50 ppb 5-25 ppm *: indicator for presence of poly aromatic hydrocarbons
18 Impurities in Crude Oils Impurity Iron Phosphorus Moisture & Dirt Free fatty acids Peroxide Value Taste & colour components Typical Level 10 ppm ppm 0.4% 0.5-5% 10 meq/kg Specific to oil type
19 List of 65 pesticides Chloro-based (24) Phospor-based (28) Nitrogen-based (9) Pyrethoides (4) Aldrin Chlordane op DDD pp DDD op DDE pp DDE op DDT pp DDT Dieldrin Endosulfan Endosulfan sulphate Endrin Heptachlor HCB Alpha HCH Beta HCH Delta HCH Gamma HCH (Lindane) Methoxychlor PCB ToxapheneNitrofen Tetradifon Acephate Azinphose-methyl Herbicides: reduce weeds Bromophose-ethyl Chlorvenfinphos Chlorpyriphos Chlorpyriphos-methyl Diazinon Dichlorbenil Diclofop-methyl Captafol Captan Procymidon Vinclozolin Procymidon Dichlorvos Amitraz Dimethoate ripening or during Carbaryl storage Disulfoton Ethion Malathion Methamidophos Methidophos Methidation Mevinphos Mevinphos Naled Omethoate Parathion-ethyl & methyl Phosphamidon Primiphose-ethyl & methyl Sulfotep Trichloorphon Fenvalerate Deltamethrin Cypermethrin Permethrin Insecticides: protect crop from insects either during Fungicides: protect crop from fungus during storage Rodents: control rodents
20 Why list of 65 pesticides EU banned pesticides Pesticides used by farmers (seed oils) Pesticide list of plantations companies (fruit oils) Information shared by pesticide manufacturers Pesticides reported by European oil producing industry
21 Pesticides in Crude Oils No pesticides detected in Palm oil Max. level (ppb) LOD BO SF 1 Fenitrothion Malathion Chlorpyriphos -methyl Pirimiphos -methyl Parathion -methyl Dichlorvos Chlorpyriphos Endosulfan total No of samples analysed: Palm = 318, Soybean = 157, Sunflower = 154
22 Benzo(a)pyrene in Crude Oils Maximum % % samples> 1 ppb 12% BaP (ppb) 10 6% Legal EU limit In refined oil 1 7% 0% Coconut Sunflower Palmkernel Soybean Palm oil No of samples analysed: Coconut = 164, Sunflower = 154, Palm kernel = 236, Palm = 318, Soybean = 157
23 Hydrocarbons in Crude Palm Oil No of samples = 318 Hydrocarbons (ppm) Average Max Year
24 Crude Oil Risk Matrix Palm Oil Soybean Sunflower Maize Cottonseed Pesticides Benzo(a)pyrene Mineral Oil Previous Cargoes Frequency of Analysis high risk every batch medium risk min. Once per quarter low risk max. once per quarter
25 Refining link table to remove impurities FFA POV P Metals Taste & Colour components Degumming Neutralisation Bleaching Deodorisation Physical refining Chemical refining Both processes
26 Refining link table to remove contaminants Hexane Benzo(a)pyrene Pesticides Degumming Neutralisation Bleaching Deodorisation Removed
27 Quality of refined oils Impurity Taste & Colour Moisture Phosphorous Insolubles Free fatty acids Peroxides Iron Copper Mineral oil Lead Hexane Benz(a)pyrene Pesticides Residues previous cargoes Specification Bland Max. 0.05% Max. 5 ppm Not visible Max. 0.1% Max. 1.0 meq/kg Max. 0.5 ppm Max ppm Max. 1 ppm Max. 0.1 ppm Max. 5 ppm Max. 2 ppb LOD Complete removal Legislative Body Customer Industry standards EC 1881/2006 EC 88/344/EEC EC 1881/2006 EC 90/642/EEC EC 2005/26/EC
28 Conclusions Use per capita is 20.6 kg/annum (EU25 is 36). Thus there is scope for growth. Major oil streams in ME region are palm, soybean and sunflower Crude oil risk matrix is of crucial importance in defining: the focus areas in supply chain, the analytical control of vulnerable oils, the refining steps required. Monitoring of refined oils is a must to check effectiveness of the system.
29 Thank-you
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