The Effectiveness of Manual Therapy on Chronic Pelvic Pain: An Evidence-Based Review. Jessica Manley, DPTc PT 910 Evidence-Based Practice Spring 2012

Transcription

1 The Effectiveness of Manual Therapy on Chronic Pelvic Pain: An Evidence-Based Review Jessica Manley, DPTc PT 910 Evidence-Based Practice Spring 2012

2 Pelvic Floor Musculature

3 The Roles of the Pelvic Floor Support for viscera Respiration Pelvic floor function Spinal stability Sexual function Bowel and bladder function Gentilcore-Saulnier et al. 2010, Fritsch et al. 2011

4 What is Chronic Pelvic Pain?

5 Bowel and bladder dysfunction Pain in the pelvis or lower abdomen Sexual dysfunction CPP Pain with urination/defecation Pain with sex Anxiety and depression Anderson et al. 2011, FitzGerald et al. 2009, Heyman et al. 2006, Montenegro et al. 2010, Maigne et al. 2006, Oyama et al. 2004, Figuers et al. 2010

6 Significance of CPP Prevalence: 14.7% - 25% women and men 60-95% women and men with refractory CPP $881 million to $2 billion per year in the US Alappattu 2011, Stones et al. 2010, Montenegro 2007, Mathias et al. 1996, Tu et al. 2005

7 Causes of CPP Visceral pain Mechanical abnormalities Chronic holding patterns Visceral disease Repetitive minor trauma Trauma CPP Pain anxiety Alappattu 2011, Hoffman 2011, Anderson 2002, Gerwin 2002, Jarrell 2008, Wu et al. 2009

8 Current Treatment of CPP Surgery Pharmacology Psychotherapy Manual Therapy Laparoscopy Hormone therapy Psychotherapy Static magnetic therapy Laparotomy Tricyclic Antidepressants Writing in a diary PFM manual therapy? Coccygectomy SSRIs Local injection Botox injection Roth 2011, Stones et al. 2010, Butrick 2009, Patijn et al. 2010

9 The CPP Cycle Hypertonic PFM Sustained muscle activity Myofascial trigger points Pain anxiety Prevents normal resting tone PFM dysfunction Weiss 2001, Montenegro et al. 2008, Chaitow 2007

10 Relevance to PT Test and measure incontinence Myofascial trigger point release (MFR) PT Toileting position Muscle length of PFM Muscle performance of PFM Pauls and Shelly, 1999

11 PFM Manual Therapy PFM Manual Therapy: Compression, contract/relax stretching and STM of myofascial trigger points Abdominal wall, back, buttocks, thighs, and PFM transrectally or transvaginally Thiele Massage: massage from origin to insertion along the direction of the PFM Butrick Weiss

12 Gap in Literature No current reviews on manual therapy for the treatment of men and women with CPP Little guidance to PTs on effective treatment for these symptoms

13 Purposes Primary Purpose Is manual therapy effective at reducing pain for men and women with CPP symptoms? This is a foreground question. Secondary Purpose Is manual therapy more effective than a control or comparison group at reducing pain for men and women with CPP symptoms?

14 PICO P I C O Acyclic Inflammatory or noninflammatory pelvic pain Lower abdominal pain Urogenital pain > 1 month Not associated with pregnancy PFM manual therapy Thiele Massage Control General, nonspecific massage Counseling Short-form wave therapy (magnetic) Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain

15 Hypotheses First Null Hypothesis: Manual therapy is not effective in reducing pain in patients with CPP First Alternative Hypothesis: Manual therapy is an effective treatment for reducing pain for patients with CPP Second Null Hypothesis: Manual therapy has no effect on pain reduction when compared to a control or comparison group Second Alternative Hypothesis: Manual therapy has an effect on pain reduction when compared to a control or comparison group

16 Expected Findings articles on manual therapy for CPP Statistically significant reduction in pain with manual therapy interventions Statistically significant difference in pain with manual therapy interventions when compared to control or comparison groups

17 Methods: Criteria Inclusion Criteria PFM Manual therapy Outcome measurement of pain with the visual analog scale (VAS) English Human studies Exclusion Criteria Incorporation of other therapies (chiropractic manipulation, drug therapy, surgery, dry needling) Perinatal subjects Case reports

18 Methods Databases searched PubMed Cochrane Library CINAHL Search terms Thiele massage, physiotherapy, manual therapy, physical therapy, trigger point, or myofascial and coccydynia, perineal, pudendal neuralgia, prostatitis, chronic pelvic pain, pelvic floor, pelvic pain, levator ani, interstitial cystitis, coccygodynia, or sexual dysfunction and pain.

19 Methods: Statistics Analysis of reduction in pain via VAS: Single group effect size Two-group effect size Q statistic with inverse variance for weighting 95% confidence intervals

20 Results: PRISMA Diagram A secondary reviewer confirmed that the studies met the inclusion criteria

21 Results: Primary Articles Author, Year Type of Study Level of Evidence FitzGerald, 2009 Single-Blind RCT 2b Maigne, 2006 Randomized Case Control 3b Heyman, 2006 Randomized Case Control 3b Anderson, 2011 Case Series 4 Oyama, 2004 Case Series 4 Montenegro, 2010 Case Series 4 Figuers, 2010 Retrospective Case Series 4

22 Results: Population Study FitzGerald, 2009 Maigne, 2006 Patient Population Females, Males Females, Males Age N Diagnosis Duration IC/PBS CP/CPPS <3 years Coccygodynia 13 months Heyman, 2006 Females CPP 29 months Anderson, 2011 Males CP/Orchialgia 4.8 years Oyama, 2004 Females IC 5-14 years Montenegro, 2010 Females 36 6 CPP >6 months Figuers, 2010 Females 52 5 CPP 13 years

23 Results: Population Patient Characteristic Average Across Studies Males 45% Female 55% Age 42.9 years Symptom Duration Range 6 months to 14 years

24 Results: Intervention Study FitzGerald, 2009 Intervention Manual stretching PFM, MFR of PFM Frequency/Duratio n Follow Up 10 visits, mins 12 weeks Maigne, 2006 Manual stretching PFM 3 visits, 5 mins 12 weeks Heyman, 2006 Anderson, 2011 Manual stretching PFM 2 visits, 5 mins 4 weeks MFR to PFM 5 visits, 60 mins 4-6 weeks Oyama, 2004 Thiele massage 10 visits, 5 mins 6 months Montenegro, 2010 Thiele massage 4 visits, 5 mins 5-7 weeks Figuers, 2010 MFR to PFM 3-15 visits 4 weeks

25 Single Group Effect Size for Pain VAS Q Statistic: Random Effects Model Statistically Significant! (-1.93, -0.63)

26 Two Group Effect Size for Pain VAS Q Statistic: Random Effects Model Not statistically significant (-1.44, 0.004)

27 Discussion Able to reject first null hypothesis! Manual therapy is effective Effect size is large Clinically crucial effect Cohen 1988

28 Discussion Unable to reject second null hypothesis Manual therapy is not statistically effective as an intervention when compared to control groups

29 Clinical Significance Single group effect size Change in VAS: Decreased by 2.56 points Two group effect size Change in VAS: Difference between groups of 1.77 points MCID in endometriosis 1 point change on 0-10 scale Gerlinger et al. 2010

30 Two Group Effect Size for Pain VAS Q Statistic: Random Effects Model Not statistically significant (-1.44, 0.004)

31 Current Treatment of CPP Surgery Pharmacology Psychotherapy Manual Therapy Laparoscopy Hormone therapy Psychotherapy Static magnetic therapy Laparotomy Tricyclic Antidepressants Writing in a diary PFM manual therapy Coccygectomy SSRIs Local injection Botox injection Roth 2011, Stones et al. 2010, Butrick 2009, Patijn et al. 2010

32 Harm/Adverse Events 4 articles mentioned adverse events Increase in pain from manual therapy Potential harm of other interventions vs. manual therapy Surgical complications Medication side effects

33 Cost None of the articles specifically address cost No direct cost increase Training for PTs in PFM manual therapy Feasibility at a clinical site Improvement with brief duration of treatment 4 of 8 studies used 5 min treatment sessions

34 Implications for Clinical Practice Address this issue! 70% of women diagnosed with endometriosis report that at least 1 physician has claimed their symptoms were due to psychological disturbance What specifically should YOU do? Ask patients about pain in this area Possible questionnaires: McGill Questionnaire Refer as necessary! Roth 2011, Stones et al. 2010, Montenegro 2007

35 Limitations Articles in English available to author High Q statistic, heterogeneity in articles Different manual therapy techniques Different diagnoses Lack of functional outcomes Pathogenesis of CPP is poorly understood

36 Future Work More studies on PFM manual therapy CPP diagnosis Functional outcomes Intervention frequency/duration

37 Conclusion PFM manual therapy is a low risk, effective intervention for pain associated with CPP

38 Thank You! Amy Selinger, PT, DPT, OCS Jeannette Lee, PT, PhD Diane Allen, PT, PhD Brianna Pickering, DPTc Justin Trumbull, DPTc USCF/SFSU Faculty UCSF/SFSU Class of 2012

39 References 1. Gentilcore-Saulnier E, McLean L, Goldfinger C, Pukall CF, Chamberlain S. Pelvic floor muscle assessment outcomes in women with and without provoked vestibulodynia and the impact of a physical therapy program. J Sex Med. 2010;7(2 Pt 2): Available at: Accessed January 5, Fritsch H, Zwierzina M, Riss P. Accuracy of concepts in female pelvic floor anatomy: facts and myths! World J Urol Available at: Accessed January 5, Anderson RU, Wise D, Sawyer T, Glowe P, Orenberg EK. 6-day intensive treatment protocol for refractory chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome using myofascial release and paradoxical relaxation training. J Urol. 2011;185(4): Available at: Accessed November 18, FitzGerald MP, Anderson RU, Potts J, et al. Randomized multicenter feasibility trial of myofascial physical therapy for the treatment of urological chronic pelvic pain syndromes. J Urol. 2009;182(2): Available at: Accessed December 3, Heyman J, Ohrvik J, Leppert J. Distension of painful structures in the treatment for chronic pelvic pain in women. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;85(5): Available at: Accessed January 4, Montenegro MLLDS, Mateus-Vasconcelos EC, Candido dos Reis FJ, et al. Thiele massage as a therapeutic option for women with chronic pelvic pain caused by tenderness of pelvic floor muscles. J Eval Clin Pract. 2010;16(5): Available at: Accessed January 4, Maigne J-Y, Chatellier G, Faou ML, Archambeau M. The treatment of chronic coccydynia with intrarectal manipulation: a randomized controlled study. Spine. 2006;31(18):E Available at: 8. Figuers CC, Amundsen CL, Weidner AC, Hendricks CK, Holladay CL. Physical Therapist Interventions for Voiding Dysfunction and Pelvic Pain: A Retrospective Case Series. Phys Ther. 2010;34(2): Oyama I a, Rejba A, Lukban JC, et al. Modified Thiele massage as therapeutic intervention for female patients with interstitial cystitis and high-tone pelvic floor dysfunction. Urology. 2004;64(5): Available at: Accessed October 12, Haugstad GK, Haugstad TS, Kirste UM, et al. Mensendieck somatocognitive therapy as treatment approach to chronic pelvic pain: results of a randomized controlled intervention study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194(5): Available at: Accessed September 26, Haugstad GK, Haugstad TS, Kirste UM, et al. Continuing improvement of chronic pelvic pain in women after short-term Mensendieck somatocognitive therapy: results of a 1-year follow-up study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199(6):615.e1-8. Available at: Accessed October 2, Alappattu MJ, Bishop MD. Psychological factors in chronic pelvic pain in women: relevance and application of the fear-avoidance model of pain. Phys Ther. 2011;91(10): Available at: Accessed April 15, 2012.

40 References 13. Hoffman D. Understanding multisymptom presentations in chronic pelvic pain: the inter-relationships between the viscera and myofascial pelvic floor dysfunction. Curr Pain Headache R. 2011;15(5): Available at: Accessed March 8, Gerwin RD. Myofascial and Visceral Pain Syndromes : Visceral-Somatic Pain Representations. Imprint. 2002;10(1): Butrick CW. Pelvic floor hypertonic disorders: identification and management. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2009;36(3): Patijn J, Janssen M, Hayek S, et al. 14. Coccygodynia. Pain Practice. 2010;10(6): Available at: Jarrell J. Gynecological pain, endometriosis, visceral disease, and the viscero-somatic connection. J Musculoskelet Pain. 2008;16(1-2): Travell JG, Simons DG, Simons LS. Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual, Volume 2. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Chaitow L. Chronic pelvic pain: Pelvic floor problems, sacroiliac dysfunction and the trigger point connection. J Bodywork Mov Ther. 2007;11: Gottsch HP, Yang CC, Berger RE. A review of botulinum toxin use for chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Curr Urol Rep. 2010;11(4): Stones W, Cheong Y, Howard F, Singh S. Interventions for treating chronic pelvic pain in women ( Review ). Cochrane Db Syst Rev. 2010;(11). 22. Tu FF, As-Sanie S, Steege JF. Musculoskeletal Causes of Chronic Pelvic Pain: A Systematic Review of Existing Therapies: Part II*. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2005;60(7): Phillips B, Ball C, Sackett D, et al. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. University of Oxford. 2009;(November 1998):4-5. Available at: Van Alstyne LS, Harrington KL, Haskvitz EM. Physical therapist management of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Phys Ther. 2010;90(12): Available at: Montenegro MLLS, Vasconcelos ECLM, Candido Dos Reis FJ, Nogueira a a, Poli-Neto OB. Physical therapy in the management of women with chronic pelvic pain. Int J Clin Prac. 2008;62(2): Pauls J, Shelly E. Applying the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice to women's health physical therapy. Journal of the Section on Women's Health. 1999;23(3): Anderson RU, Wise D, Sawyer T, Chan C a. Sexual dysfunction in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: improvement after trigger point release and paradoxical relaxation training. J Urol. 2006;176(4 Pt 1):1534-8; discussion Available at: Accessed January 6, Weiss JM. Pelvic floor myofascial trigger points: Manual therapy for interstitial cystitis and the urgency-frequency syndrome. J Urol. 2001;166(6): Available at: Accessed January 22, Dommerholt J, Bron C, Franssen J. Myofascial Trigger Points: An Evidence-Informed Review. J Man Manip Ther. 2006;14(4): Roth RS, Punch M, Bachman JE. Psychological factors in chronic pelvic pain due to endometriosis: a comparative study. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2011;72(1):15-9. Available at: Accessed April 12, Anderson RU, Wise D, Sawyer T, Chan C. Integration of myofascial trigger point release and paradoxical relaxation training treatment of chronic pelvic pain in men. J Urol. 2005;174(1): Available at: Accessed January 4, 2012.

41 Questions?