Feline idiopathic cystitis management
|
|
- Betty Hancock
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession Feline idiopathic cystitis management Author : Stephanie Jayson, Mayank Seth Categories : Vets Date : September 23, 2013 STEPHANIE JAYSON, MAYANK SETH explain the process of diagnosing this common cat ailment, before then identifying the various methods of short and long-term treatment Summary Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a common condition that is diagnosed by exclusion of other known causes of FLUTD. Urinalysis and abdominal radiographs are recommended at least once for all cases. The pathogenesis of FIC is incompletely understood and an improved understanding could help guide future therapy. The goals of management are to control acute episodes and reduce the severity and frequency of clinical signs in the long term. Acute obstructive episodes present as a medical emergency, requiring intensive stabilisation prior to relief of obstruction by catheterisation. Long-term management is based on environmental modification and conversion to a wet diet. Feline facial pheromones and glycosaminoglycans may be used as adjunctive therapy, but there is insufficient evidence to support their use as sole therapeutic agents. There is some evidence to suggest amitriptyline may be useful for long-term management; however, its use as a short treatment course is not recommended. Key words feline, idiopathic, cystitis, diagnosis, management FELINE lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) or feline urological syndrome (FUS) is considered to be one of the most common diagnoses in feline patients, affecting one per cent of cats annually in the UK1. 1 / 18
2 The term FLUTD is used to describe a combination of clinical signs associated with irritation to the feline bladder and/or urethra, including: dysuria (difficult urination); haematuria (presence of red blood cells in urine); periuria (urination in inappropriate places); pollakiuria (increased frequency of urination); and stranguria (straining during urination)2. These signs are non-specific and may result from a variety of disorders affecting the lower urinary tract. Despite its common occurrence, the aetiology of FLUTD is poorly understood. Causes include urinary tract infections (UTIs), uroliths, urethral plugs, neoplasia, congenital and acquired anatomical abnormalities, neurogenic disorders and traumatic and iatrogenic damage3. However, in most cases no cause is identified and these cats are classified as having feline idiopathic or interstitial cystitis (FIC)4,5,6. FIC is more common in cats aged between one to 10 years (55 per cent to 64 per cent of cases) than cats more than 10 years old (less than five per cent of cases) and typically resolves within five to seven days, with or without treatment4,5,6,7. Reaching a diagnosis As clinical signs of FLUTD are non-specific, diagnosis of the underlying cause requires evaluation of signalment, history, physical examination, urinalysis with sediment examination, urine culture and sensitivity testing and imaging of the urinary tract2. FIC is a diagnosis of exclusion, therefore, a complete diagnostic work-up is required. However, if there is a high index of suspicion of FIC for example, a young cat presenting with FLUTD that resolves within five to seven days the clinician may choose not to pursue costly diagnostic tests, unless there is an increase in frequency or severity of clinical signs. Urinalysis with sediment examination is recommended at least once, for all cats with FLUTD, however, findings are non-specific2. Typical findings in FIC cases are absence of white blood cells and variable haematuria, proteinuria and crystalluria7. Urine culture and sensitivity testing may not be necessary in cats less than 10 years old presenting for the first time with FLUTD, as UTIs are rare in this age group (one to eight per cent of cases)4,5,6. 2 / 18
3 UTIs are much more likely in cats that are more than 10 years old (approximately 50 per cent of cases), have undergone urinary tract procedures for example, repeated catheterisations or perineal urethrostomy or have concurrent chronic renal disease, diabetes mellitus or hyperthyroidism2,8. Culture and sensitivity testing is therefore recommended in these cases and in all recurrent (two or more two episodes) FLUTD cases2. Plain abdominal radiographs are useful to detect radiodense uroliths for example, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) or calcium oxalate greater than 3mm in diameter (Figure 1a)7. The entire urinary tract should be included, to allow for assessment of concurrent upper urinary tract disease, as distal ureteral obstruction can cause FLUTD signs in the absence of bladder or urethral involvement (Figure 1b). As urolithiasis is the second most common cause of FLUTD (14 to 22 per cent of cases) and struvite and calcium oxalate uroliths account for 44 to 50 per cent and 39 to 40 per cent of feline uroliths, plain abdominal radiographs are recommended in all FLUTD cases4,5,6,8. Contrast radiography and abdominal ultrasound may be indicated if clinical signs are recurrent or persistent. These imaging modalities permit detection of some of the less common causes of FLUTD, including small or radiolucent calculi for example, urates or cystine neoplasia, urachal diverticula and polyps7. There were no abnormal findings on contrast studies in 85 per cent of cats with FIC and the most common abnormality is bladder wall thickening (Figure 2)7. Dissection of contrast medium through the bladder wall is occasionally observed in FIC cases9. Uroendoscopy allows visualisation and biopsy sampling of the bladder and urethra; however, it is rarely used in practice, due to its limited availability. Goals and pitfalls of treatment Although an initial acute episode of FIC lasts only five to seven days with or without treatment in 92 per cent of cases recurrence of clinical signs occurs in 39 to 65 per cent of acute FIC cases within the first year of the initial episode3. Recurrence may represent a true recurrence of the initial disease; however, clinical signs could also be due to a delayed effect of the original disease or another cause of FLUTD for example, urolithiasis. Rarely, FIC cases are classified as chronic, in which FLUTD persists for weeks to months or is frequently recurrent3. The pathogenesis of FIC is poorly understood and the reason why it recurs is unknown. Hypothesised aetiologies include bacterial or viral pathogens, defective urothelial proliferation, dysfunction of the urothelial barrier, mast cell secretion, neurogenic inflammation, 3 / 18
4 psychoneuroendocrine disease, struvite crystalluria and vesicourachal diverticula3 Some believe FIC may be a local reaction to systemic disease, due to the frequent occurrence of comorbid disorders10. This pandora syndrome theory calls into question our focus on the lower urinary tract alone for management of this disease10. Without a robust understanding of its aetiology, there is considerable debate about treatment of FIC. It is important to inform owners that with no known cure, the goals of therapy are to achieve clinical recovery in the short term and increase the interval between episodes and reduce the severity of clinical signs in the long term. Short-term management Non-obstructive FIC FIC may be obstructive or nonobstructive, depending on the patency of the urethra. An initial episode of non-obstructive FIC may be managed with analgesic therapy for three to five days, with the aim to break the paininflammation cycle2. If there is no clinical improvement after this time, further diagnostic tests are warranted to rule out other causes of FLUTD. Obstructive FIC An episode of obstructive FIC should be treated as a medical emergency. The affected cat may have life-threatening acidosis, dehydration, hyperkalaemia or hypocalcaemia and may be anaemic due to blood loss in the urinary tract7. Stabilisation is required prior to further diagnostic work-up or procedures (Panel 1). Once the patient is stabilised, abdominal radiographs can be performed to assess the cause of obstruction and urethral patency restored by catheterisation under sedation or general anaesthesia. Opioids and benzodiazepines are the sedative agents of choice (Figure 3). Buprenorphine (20µg/kg IV) is a safe, effective opioid and provides mild sedation, analgesia and anaesthetic-sparing effects. Benzodiazepines for example, midazolam 0.1mg/ kg to 0.2mg/kg IV cause muscle relaxation, with little effect on the cardiovascular system and can be combined with an opioid to provide sedation or co-administered at induction, to reduce the amount of induction agent required12. Benzodiazepines are most effective in very young, old or sick patients, as otherwise they may cause excitation12. Propofol is a useful induction agent, as small amounts can be administered slowly IV to effect. Alpha-2-agonists are contraindicated, due to their cardiovascular effects and suppression of endogenous insulin production (therefore permitting hyperglycaemia)12. Once sedated or anaesthetised, catheterisation can be performed to relieve urethral obstruction (Panel 2). 4 / 18
5 Considerable debate exists over whether to suture the urinary catheter in place for 24 to 48 hours after relieving obstruction. Although this aids urine drainage, some argue it may perpetuate urethral spasm and inflammation13. Following removal of the obstruction, monitoring of fluid input and output is important as postobstructive diuresis may be marked (resulting in hypovolaemia/dehydration) and urethral spasm may result in dysuria14. Fluid therapy, with a balanced electrolyte solution, is usually adequate for rehydration. Analgesia for example, buprenorphine 20µg/kg IV every six to eight hours and antispasmodics, such as the alpha-1-antagonists prazosin (0.2mg/cat to 1.0mg/cat orally, every 12 hours) or phenoxybenzamine (0.5mg/kg to 1.0mg/ kg orally, every 12 hours) may be used, in an attempt to relieve urethral spasm14. In rare cases, significant post-obstructive blood loss can occur in the urinary tract, resulting in profound anaemia, which may require a blood transfusion (Figure 4)14. Although urethral catheterisation is typically required to relieve obstruction, a recent small-scale study described a protocol without catheterisation. It consisted of sedation and analgesia (acepromazine 0.25mg IM or 2.5mg orally every eight hours, buprenorphine 0.075mg orally every eight hours and medetomidine 0.1mg IM every 24 hours) and decompressive cystocentesis and SC administration of fluids as needed15. Cats were also placed in a quiet, dark environment to minimise stress15. This protocol may be an option for cases with a functional blockage only (no evidence of urolithiasis or urethral plugs) and financial constraints that preclude catheterisation. However, acepromazine and medetomidine should only be used once the patient is stable (neither hypovolaemic nor dehydrated) and the complication rate in a larger cohort of patients is yet to be determined. Long-term management Environmental management Environmental modification to reduce stress is recommended for cats with FIC. A thorough environmental history should be taken at initial presentation and all resources for example, food, water and litter trays for all cats in the household addressed and multimodal environmental modifications (MEMO) suggested (Table 1)2,16. Modifications may be more successfully achieved if changes are made gradually in a stepwise fashion and progress is regularly reviewed at follow-up appointments with the same veterinarian or nurse2. Nutritional management 5 / 18
6 Increasing dietary water intake as nutritional management may decrease the concentration of substances in the urine that act as an irritant to the bladder mucosa8. Water intake can be increased by feeding wet rather than dry food, multiple meals per day rather than a single meal and by adding fluid for example, stock to food17. Many cats will not readily change to a wet diet, so gradual conversion is recommended and it should be initiated when the cat is in good health to avoid development of food aversion2. Other methods to increase water intake should also be attempted (Table 1). Additional dietary factors hypothesised to play a role in FIC management include protein concentration and digest- ibility, mineral concentrations (sodium, chlorine, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium), acidifiers and alkalinising agents, vitamin B6 and omega-3 fatty acids18. Pheromones Synthetic feline facial pheromone may reduce stress in cats by affecting the limbic system and hypothalamus8. It is commercially available as a spray or diffuser and its use in a study of 12 cats with FIC demonstrated a trend for cats in the pheromone-treated group to have fewer episodes of cystitis and fewer days with clinical signs of cystitis19. This suggests pheromone therapy may be useful if there is inadequate response to MEMO and dietary modification alone. Neuropharmacological agents Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant that has been recommended for use in feline patients with FIC, as it is used in human patients for management of interstitial cystitis8. Short-term (seven day) treatment with amitriptyline is not recommended as, in one study, it led to an increase in the speed of recurrence and frequency of episodes of lower urinary tract signs20. However, there is some evidence that long term treatment may be useful if there has been no positive response to MEMO and dietary change21. Nutraceuticals In FIC patients, defects in the glycosaminoglycan layer lining the bladder may allow irritants for example, calcium or potassium ions to come into contact with the bladder mucosa2. Therefore, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as glucosamine, pentosan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate are often used to treat FIC. Studies to date, using oral glucosamine, suggest GAGs may be useful as an adjunctive agent to MEMO and dietary modification, but there is insufficient evidence to support their use as a sole 6 / 18
7 therapeutic agent22. Antimicrobials Antibiotics have historically been recommended for FIC management, but are only indicated if bacteria are present on urine culture. Surgery: a salvage procedure Perineal urethrostomy is a surgical procedure involving creation of a shorter urethra with a wide stoma less likely to obstruct. It is a salvage procedure indicated for FIC cases, characterised by recurrent obstruction, despite medical management23. It is important to recognise this procedure does not correct underlying FIC and clinical signs will continue postoperatively if FIC is not treated13. Summary FIC is a common, but incompletely understood, condition, diagnosed by exclusion of other causes of FLUTD. The goals of management are to control acute episodes and reduce the severity and frequency of clinical signs in the long term. Acute obstructive episodes require intensive stabilisation, prior to relief of obstruction. Long-term management involves environmental modification and conversion to a wet diet. Feline facial pheromones, glycosaminoglycans and amitriptyline may be used as an adjunct for longterm management. Please note some of the drugs ment ioned wi thin this article are used under the cascade. References 1. Gunn-Moore D (2003). Feline lower urinary tract disease, Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 5(2): Westropp J L and Buffington C A T (2008). Lower urinary tract disorders in cats. In Ettinger S J and Feldman E C (eds), Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (7th edn), Elsevier Saunders. 3. Kruger J M, Osborne C A and Lulich J P (2009). Changing paradigms of feline idiopathic cystitis, The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice 39(1): Gerber B, Boretti F S, Kley S et al (2005). Evaluation of clinical signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease in European cats, The Journal of Small Animal Practice 46(12): Kruger J M, Osborne C A, Goyal S M, Wickstrom S L, Johnston G R, Fletcher TF and Brown P A (1991). Clinical evaluation of cats with lower urinary tract disease, Journal of the 7 / 18
8 American Veterinary Medical Association 199(2): Buffington C A, Chew D J, Kendall M S, Scrivani P V, Thompson S B, Blaisdell J L and Woodworth B E (1997). Clinical evaluation of cats with nonobstructive urinary tract diseases, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 210(1): Hostutler R A, Chew D J and DiBartola S P (2005). Recent concepts in feline lower urinary tract disease, The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice 35(1): Forrester S D and Roudebush P (2007). Evidence-based management of feline lower urinary tract disease, The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice 37(3): Scrivani P V, Chew D J, Buffington C A, Kendall M and Léveillé R (1997). Results of retrograde urethrography in cats with idiopathic, non-obstructive lower urinary tract disease and their association with pathogenesis, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 211(6): Buffington C A T (2011). Idiopathic cystitis in domestic cats beyond the lower urinary tract, Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 25(4): Drobatz K J and Cole S G (2008). The influence of crystalloid type on acid-base and electrolyte status of cats with urethral obstruction, Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 18: Dobromylskyj P (2007). Urogenital disease. In BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anesthesia and Analgesia (2nd edn): Friend E (2012). When is the right time to catheterise or operate on blocked cats? In Scientific Proceedings of the BSAVA Congress 2012: Reineke E L (2013). Feline urethral obstruction: post-obstructive management and complications. In Western Veterinary Conference 2013 Session Notes ( 15. Cooper E S, Owens T J, Chew D J and Buffington C A T (2010). A protocol for managing urethral obstruction in male cats without urethral catheterization, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 237(11): 1,261-1, Buffington C A T, Westropp J L, Chew D J M and Bolus R R (2006). Clinical evaluation of multimodal environmental modification (MEMO) in the management of cats with idiopathic cystitis, Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 8(4): Markwell P J, Buffington C A T, Chew D J, Kendall M S, Harte J G and DiBartola S P (1999). Clinical evaluation of commercially available urinary acidification diets in the management of idiopathic cystitis in cats, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 214(3): Kerr K R (2013). Companion animals symposium: dietary management of feline lower urinary tract symptoms, Journal of Animal Science 91(6): 2,965-2, Gunn-Moore D A and Cameron M E (2004). A pilot study using synthetic feline facial pheromone for the management of feline idiopathic cystitis, Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 6(3): Kruger J M, Conway T S, Kaneene J B, Perry R L, Hagenlocker E, Golombek A and 8 / 18
9 Stuhler J (2003). Randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of short-term amitriptyline administration for treatment of acute, nonobstructive, idiopathic lower urinary tract disease in cats, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 222(6): Chew D J, Buffington C A, Kendall M S, DiBartola S P and Woodworth B E (1998). Amitriptyline treatment for severe recurrent idiopathic cystitis in cats, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 213(9): 1,282-1, Gunn-Moore D A and Shenoy C M (2004). Oral glucosamine and the management of feline idiopathic cystitis, Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 6(4): Fossum T W (2007). Surgery of the bladder and urethra. In Small Animal Surgery (3rd edn): PANEL 1. STABILISATION OF THE BLOCKED CAT 1. Record baseline vital parameters Demeanour, heart rate, peripheral pulse quality. 2. Take baseline blood work Urea, creatinine, PCV, total solids, electrolytes, blood gases if available. 3. Place IV catheter and start fluid therapy Neither balanced electrolyte solutions containing potassium, for example, Hartmann s solution (5mmol/L K+), nor acidic solutions, for example, 0.9 per cent saline (ph 5.0), are ideal for hyperkalaemic and acidotic patients. However, recent evidence suggests both types of crystalloid solution are safe and effective Treat hyperkalaemia if severely elevated (more than 8mmol/L) To promote intracellular transport of potassium, administer either: Soluble insulin (0.5 units/kg IV) and dextrose (2g per unit of insulin; half given as an IV bolus following insulin and the remainder administered IV over four to six hours). Sodium bicarbonate (0.3 base deficit (meq) bodyweight (kg); one third to half given as an IV bolus over 15 minutes and the remainder administered IV over four to six hours). To provide short-term protection against hyperkalaemic cardiotoxicity, administer: 9 / 18
10 Calcium gluconate (50mg/kg to 100mg/kg slowly IV over five to 10 minutes, while monitoring the patient s electrocardiagram (ECG). 5. Treat acidosis if blood ph is less than 7.2, with evidence of cardiovascular compromise and adequate respiratory function Administer sodium bicarbonate IV, as above. 6. Provide analgesia For example, buprenorphine 20ìg/kg IV, and perform decompressive cystocentesis to reduce pressure across the bladder wall7. 7. Regularly recheck Vital parameters, electrolytes and blood gases, to assess response to therapy. PANEL 2. URETHRAL CATHETERISATION AND FLUSHING TECHNIQUE TO UNBLOCK A CAT 1. Gently massage the urethral tip between a thumb and forefinger, to encourage dislodgement of urethral plugs from the distal urethral lumen. 2. Connect a well-lubricated urinary catheter (preferably openended) to an intravenous extension set and 10ml syringe filled with sterile saline. 3. Flush through the extension set and urinary catheter with sterile saline, to evacuate air. 4. Exteriorise the penis caudally and dorsally, to eliminate the distal urethral flexure. 5. Carefully introduce the tip of the urinary catheter into the urethral opening. 6. Slowly and gently advance the urinary catheter along the urethra, while flushing with sterile saline. Walpole s solution should never be used for this purpose, as it is highly irritant to the urethra and bladder and causes severe inflammation. 7. As the urethral plug is disrupted, the catheter should be advanced until its tip is in the bladder. 10 / 18
11 8. The syringe can then be used to remove urine from the bladder. Figure 1a. Plain lateral radiograph of the caudal abdomen of a cat with two radiodense uroliths in the urethra caudal to the ischium and three smaller radiodense bladder calculi. A urinary catheter is in place. Photo: AHT. 11 / 18
12 Figure 1b. Plain lateral radiograph of the caudal abdomen of a cat with ureteral obstruction, which presented with mixed clinical signs of upper and lower urinary tract disease. Photo: AHT. 12 / 18
13 Figure 2. Contrast urethrocystogram showing bladder wall thickening in a cat with FIC. Photo: AHT. 13 / 18
14 Figure 3. Sedation with buprenorphine and co-induction with propofol and midazolam is a suggested anaesthetic protocol for blocked cats. Photo: AHT. 14 / 18
15 Figure 4. Rarely, blocked cats can develop severe postobstructive anaemia due to blood loss in the urinary tract. Photo: AHT. 15 / 18
16 16 / 18
17 17 / 18
18 TABLE 1. Multimodal environmental modifications (MEMO) 18 / 18 Powered by TCPDF (
Approaches to dealing with FLUTD
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Approaches to dealing with FLUTD Author : Rachel Sant Categories : Vets Date : May 14, 2012 Rachel Sant discusses causes of
More informationManagement of common uroliths through diet
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Management of common uroliths through diet Author : Marge Chandler Categories : Canine, Companion animal, Feline, Vets Date
More informationUrine a Quandary: Feline Idiopathic Cystitis Joe Bartges, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, DACVN Cornell University Veterinary Specialists Stamford, CT
Urine a Quandary: Feline Idiopathic Cystitis Joe Bartges, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, DACVN Cornell University Veterinary Specialists Stamford, CT Prevalence of lower urinary tract disease is more common in cats
More informationThe term feline lower urinary tract disease
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (2003) 5, 133 138 doi:10.1016/s1098-612x(02)00129-8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ESFM FELINE CONGRESS, STOCKHOLM, SEPTEMBER 2002 Feline lower urinary tract disease Danièlle
More informationA Technician s Guide to Feline Urethral Obstruction. Jennie Schade, RVT November 5, 2017
A Technician s Guide to Feline Urethral Obstruction Jennie Schade, RVT November 5, 2017 Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease A variety of conditions affecting the bladder and the urethra Symptoms Causes
More informationA multimodal approach to feline and canine cystitis management
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk A multimodal approach to feline and canine cystitis management Author : Kit Sturgess Categories : Companion animal, Vets Date
More informationAssociated Terms: Bladder Stones, Ureteral Stones, Kidney Stones, Cystotomy, Urolithiasis, Cystic Calculi
Associated Terms: Bladder Stones, Ureteral Stones, Kidney Stones, Cystotomy, Urolithiasis, Cystic Calculi The term "ACVS Diplomate" refers to a veterinarian who has been board certified in veterinary surgery.
More informationStruvite Urolithiasis in Cats
Customer Name, Street Address, City, State, Zip code Phone number, Alt. phone number, Fax number, e-mail address, web site Struvite Urolithiasis in Cats (Struvite Stones in the Urinary Tract of Cats) Basics
More informationBacterial urinary tract infections
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Bacterial urinary tract infections Author : CATHERINE F LE BARS Categories : Vets Date : February 11, 2008 CATHERINE F LE
More information0 to 1 1 to 2 2 to 4 4 to 7 7 to to 15 > 15. Age (years)
CAN YOU SHOW ME WHERE IT HURTS: FELINE LOWER URINARY TRACT DISEASE Joe Bartges, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, DACVN Professor of Medicine and Nutrition The University of Georgia jbartges@uga.edu * Prevalence of lower
More informationProceedings of the Congreso Ecuatoriano de Especialidades Veterinarias CEEV Nov , 2011 Quito, Ecuador
Close this window to return to IVIS www.ivis.org Proceedings of the Congreso Ecuatoriano de Especialidades Veterinarias CEEV 2011 Nov. 15-17, 2011 Quito, Ecuador Reprinted in IVIS with the permission of
More informationProceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Sydney, Australia 2007
Proceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Sydney, Australia 2007 Hosted by: Australian Small Animal Veterinary Association (ASAVA) Australian Small Animal Veterinary Association (ASAVA)
More informationSteve Garnett, DVM, DACVS-SA Dogs and Cats Veterinary Referral and Emergency April 30, 2017
Steve Garnett, DVM, DACVS-SA Dogs and Cats Veterinary Referral and Emergency April 30, 2017 Overview Anatomy review Cystotomy Urethrotomy Urethrostomy What s New! Anatomy Anatomy Cystotomy Indications
More informationAsociación Mexicana de Médicos Veterinarios Especialistas en Pequeñas Especies
Asociación Mexicana de Médicos Veterinarios Especialistas en Pequeñas Especies XXXI CONGRESO NACIONAL DE LA ASOCIACIÓN MEXICANA DE MÉDICOS VETERINARIOS ESPECIALISTAS EN PEQUEÑAS ESPECIES, A.C. DRA. IRENE
More informationVOIDING UROHYDROPROPULSION
CANINE UROLITHIASIS 0195-5616/99 $8.00 +.00 VOIDING UROHYDROPROPULSION Lessons From 5 Years of Experience Jody P. Lulich, DVM, PhD, Carl A. Osborne, DVM, PhD, Sherry L. Sanderson, DVM, Lisa K. Ulrich,
More informationUrolithiasis in Small Ruminants
Urolithiasis in Small Ruminants From an article by the American College of Veterinary Surgeons Overview The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters (small tubes that drain urine from the kidneys to
More informationTREATMENT METHODS FOR DISORDERS OF SMALL ANIMAL BLADDER FUNCTION
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk TREATMENT METHODS FOR DISORDERS OF SMALL ANIMAL BLADDER FUNCTION Author : SIMONA T RADAELLI Categories : Vets Date : July
More information& FELINE LOWER URINARY TRACT DISEASE Joe Bartges, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, DACVN
URINE A MESS: MICTURITION DISORDERS & FELINE LOWER URINARY TRACT DISEASE Joe Bartges, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, DACVN UROLOGY/NEPHROLOGY Micturition refers to the process of storing and periodically voiding urine.
More informationNATURAL MEDICINES - ANIMAL HOMEOPATHIC DOSING APPLICATION:
Product Code AN015 Bladder Blockages-Infections 7 Pages Suitability For all species & ages. Related Products: Last Updated: 11-01-18 NATURAL MEDICINES - ANIMAL HOMEOPATHIC DOSING APPLICATION: HAMPL BladderClear
More informationFELINE PERINEAL URETHROSTOMY Howard B. Seim III, DVM, DACVS Colorado State University
FELINE PERINEAL URETHROSTOMY Howard B. Seim III, DVM, DACVS Colorado State University! Key Points Patients with cystic and urethral calculi present with stranguria Retropulsion of urethral calculi into
More informationDr. Liz O Brien s Top 10 Tips
Dr. Liz O Brien s Top 10 Tips 1. Do your feline patients carry ID? In Canada, only about 3% of lost cats are returned to their owners. Microchip both indoor & outdoor cats, and ensure their contact information
More informationSurgical Diseases of the Urinary Bladder Urinary Bladder Injury Surgical Diseases of the Urinary Bladder Urinary Bladder Injury Incidence frequent bot
Surgical Anatomy ( ) Surgery of the Urinary Bladder Dr. T. Németh, DVM, PhD,CertSACS Assoc. Professor of Surgery Surgical Anatomy ( ) Surgical Anatomy Surgical Anatomy ( ) Surgical Anatomy of the Urinary
More informationUrine dilution: a key factor in the prevention of struvite and calcium oxalate uroliths
Published in IVIS with the permission of the editor Close window to return to IVIS ROYAL CANIN VIEWPOINT Urine dilution: a key factor in the prevention of struvite and calcium oxalate uroliths KEY POINTS
More informationFELINE URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION: UPDATES AND CONTROVERSIES
FELINE URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION: UPDATES AND CONTROVERSIES Marc Seitz, DVM, DABVP (Canine and Feline Practice) Assistant Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine Mississippi State University College of Veterinary
More informationFELINE URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION: DIAGNOSIS & MANAGEMENT
Peer Reviewed FELINE URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION: DIAGNOSIS & MANAGEMENT FELINE URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION: DIAGNOSIS & MANAGEMENT Christopher M. George, DVM, and Gregory F. Grauer, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVIM (Small
More informationAlterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Chapter 29 Urinary Tract Obstruction Urinary tract obstruction is an interference with the flow of urine at any site along the urinary tract The obstruction
More informationClinical management of the feline urological syndrome
J. small Anim. Prucf. (1978) 19,301-314. Clinical management of the feline urological syndrome C. J. GASKELL,* H. R. DENNY,* 0. F. JACKSON? AND A. D. WEAVERS *Departments. of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery,
More informationFELINE THYROID DISEASE: FOCUS ON NEW APPROACHES AND TREATMENTS
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk FELINE THYROID DISEASE: FOCUS ON NEW APPROACHES AND TREATMENTS Author : SARAH CANEY Categories : Vets Date : August 12, 2013
More informationAcute Kidney Injury. Eleanor Haskey BSc(hons) RVN VTS(ECC) VPAC A1
Acute Kidney Injury Eleanor Haskey BSc(hons) RVN VTS(ECC) VPAC A1 Anatomy and Physiology The role of the kidneys is to filter the blood through the glomerulus to form filtrate. The filtrate is then reabsorbed
More informationAcute renal failure in the hospitalised patient: part two
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Acute renal failure in the hospitalised patient: part two Author : Samantha Frogley Categories : RVNs Date : September 1,
More informationProceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Sydney, Australia 2007
Proceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Sydney, Australia 2007 Hosted by: Australian Small Animal Veterinary Association (ASAVA) Australian Small Animal Veterinary Association (ASAVA)
More informationProceedings of the European Veterinary Conference Voorjaarsdagen
Close this window to return to IVIS www.ivis.org Proceedings of the European Veterinary Conference Voorjaarsdagen Amsterdam, the Netherlands Apr. 5-7, 2012 Next Meeting: Apr. 18 20, 2013 - Amsterdam, the
More informationOutcome of male cats managed for urethral obstruction with decompressive cystocentesis and urinary catheterization: 47 cats ( )
Retrospective Study Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 25(2) 2015, pp 256 262 doi: 10.1111/vec.12254 Outcome of male cats managed for urethral obstruction with decompressive cystocentesis
More informationA general approach to canine urinary tract disorders: origin to treatment
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk A general approach to canine urinary tract disorders: origin to treatment Author : Fernando Reina Categories : RVNs Date :
More informationDIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION IN CATS AND DOGS
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION IN CATS AND DOGS Author : Rachel Sant Categories : Vets Date : May 28, 2012 Rachel
More informationLecture 7. The Urinary System
Lecture 7 The Urinary System Copyright 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning The Urinary System The urinary system removes wastes from the body The urinary system also maintains homeostasis or a constant internal
More informationUrine ph. Obstructive Urolithiasis. Clinical Signs. Clinical Signs
Urolithiasis in Small Ruminants Edgar F. Garrett DVM MS University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine What is a urolith? Precipitate of minerals dissolved in urine pure crystaline structure crystals
More informationUpdates on Managing Male Cats with Urethral Obstruction Dennis Chew, DVM, DACVIM The Ohio State University Columbus, OH
Updates on Managing Male Cats with Urethral Obstruction Dennis Chew, DVM, DACVIM The Ohio State University Columbus, OH Pathophysiology of urethral obstruction (UO) Thrity-nine % to 67% of male cats evaluated
More informationTaking a dip into urinalysis
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Taking a dip into urinalysis Author : Christine Jameison Categories : RVNs Date : July 1, 2009 Christine Jameison RVN, probes
More informationUrinary. Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac stores urine. Figure Slide 15.21a
Urinary Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac stores urine Figure 15.6 Slide 15.21a Urinary Bladder Wall Walls are and folded in an empty bladder Bladder can significantly without increasing internal pressure
More informationPERINEAL HYPOSPADIAS IN A CROSS BREED DOG: A CASE REPORT
Indo-Am. J. Agric. & Vet. Sci., 2014 M Gokulakrishnan ISSN 2321 9602 and L Nagarajan, www.iajavs.com 2014 Vol. 2, No. 3, September 2014 2014 Meghana Publications. All Rights Reserved Case Report PERINEAL
More informationCalcium Oxalate Urolithiasis
Customer Name, Street Address, City, State, Zip code Phone number, Alt. phone number, Fax number, e-mail address, web site Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis (Calcium Oxalate Stones in the Urinary Tract) Basics
More informationUrinary tract disorders
Urinary tract disorders Medicines Formulary Contents: 1. Urinary retention 1 2. Urinary incontinence 2 3. Urethral pain prevention during catheterisation 3 4. Indwelling catheters maintenance of patency
More informationProceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Sydney, Australia 2007
Proceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Sydney, Australia 2007 Hosted by: Australian Small Animal Veterinary Association (ASAVA) Australian Small Animal Veterinary Association (ASAVA)
More informationChronic kidney disease in cats
Chronic kidney disease in cats What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)? Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the name now used to refer to cats with kidney failure (or chronic kidney failure). CKD is one of the
More informationSchool of Medicine and Health Sciences Division of Basic Medical Sciences Discipline of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology PLB SEMINAR
1 School of Medicine and Health Sciences Division of Basic Medical Sciences Discipline of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology PLB SEMINAR URINARY (RENAL) STONE FORMATION An Overview What are Urinary (Renal)
More informationIdentification and qualitative Analysis. of Renal Calculi
Identification and qualitative Analysis of Renal Calculi 1 -Renal Calculi: Kidney stones, renal calculi or renal lithiasis (stone formation) are small, hard deposits that form inside your kidneys. The
More informationProceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners - Focus Meeting. Focus on Colic. Indianapolis, IN, USA 2011
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners - Focus Meeting Focus on Colic Indianapolis, IN, USA 2011 Next Focus Meetings: July 22-24, 2012 - Focus on Hind Limb Lameness
More informationDiscussing feline tracheal disease
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Discussing feline tracheal disease Author : ANDREW SPARKES Categories : Vets Date : March 24, 2008 ANDREW SPARKES aims to
More informationrecommended. 2 deemed appropriate. A full thickness bladder wall sample can be collected for histopathology if
Cystotomy Brigitte A. Brisson DMV, DVSc, Dip. ACVS Professor of Small Animal Surgery Department of Clinical Studies Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Cystotomy is a common surgical procedure
More informationAn informational newsletter
Pacific Tide An informational newsletter Pacific Veterinary Specialists & Emergency Service 1980 41 st Avenue Capitola, CA 95010 Specialty 831-476-2584 ~Emergency 831-476-0667 August 2014 Volume 8, Issue
More informationBladder Issues. HAMPL TinkleLess 50ml Contains homeopathic complex.
Product Code AN080 Bladder Issues 5 Pages Last Updated: 11-10-18 HAMPL TinkleLess 50ml Contains homeopathic complex. The Incontinence formula is best used in conjunction with a natural diet and supplements,
More informationHypothyroidism part two diagnosis, treatment and nursing
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Hypothyroidism part two diagnosis, treatment and nursing Author : Gemma Reid Categories : RVNs Date : July 1, 2008 Gemma Reid
More informationLec-8 جراحة بولية د.نعمان
4th stage Lec-8 جراحة بولية د.نعمان 11/10/2015 بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Ureteric, Vesical, & urethral stones Ureteric Calculus Epidemiology like renal stones Etiology like renal stones Risk factors like
More informationFeline Urethral Obstruction: Underlying causes. Pathophysiology of Obstruction. Pathophysiology of Obstruction. Effects of Hyperkalemia
Feline Urethral Obstruction: To Pee, or Not Pee Edward Cooper, VMD, MS, DACVECC Professor Emergency and Critical Care Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Underlying causes Idiopathic cystitis Urethral
More informationPRACTICAL APPLICATION INSTYLAN MODERN PROTECTOR OF URINARY BLADDER MUCOSA
PRACTICAL APPLICATION INSTYLAN MODERN PROTECTOR OF URINARY BLADDER MUCOSA E.O. Stakhovsky, PhD, MD, Professor, Head of the Scientific and Research Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Oncourology,
More informationAnaesthetic considerations for laparoscopic surgery in canines
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Anaesthetic considerations for laparoscopic surgery in canines Author : Chris Miller Categories : Canine, Companion animal,
More informationChronic renal difficulties in focus
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Chronic renal difficulties in focus Author : CATHERINE F LE BARS Categories : Vets Date : March 23, 2009 CATHERINE F LE BARS
More informationPart I: On-line web-based survey of Dalmatian owners GENERAL INFORMATION
Dr. Bartges' final report on the Dal stone survey: Commissioned by the Dalmatian Club of America Foundation (DCAF) Published in the DCA magazine, The Spotter, Summer 2006 Part I: On-line web-based survey
More informationUrinalysis (UA) provides information about the urinary
Today s TeChniCian PEER REVIEWED URINALYSIS IN COMPANION ANIMALS Part 1: Collection, Sample Handling, & Initial Evaluation Theresa E Rizzi, DVM, Diplomate ACVP (Clinical Pathology) Oklahoma State University
More informationFeline hyperthyroidism advances and nurse s role in treatment and follow-up
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Feline hyperthyroidism advances and nurse s role in treatment and follow-up Author : Sarah Caney Categories : RVNs Date :
More informationINTRAVENOUS FLUIDS PRINCIPLES
INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS PRINCIPLES Postnatal physiological weight loss is approximately 5-10% Postnatal diuresis is delayed in Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) Preterm babies have limited capacity to excrete
More informationCANINE URETHRAL SURGERY Howard B. Seim III, DVM, DACVS Colorado State University
CANINE URETHRAL SURGERY Howard B. Seim III, DVM, DACVS Colorado State University If you would like a copy of a video of this surgical procedure on DVD go to www.videovet.org. Key Points Patients with urethral
More informationFeline Thyroid Health FPO
Feline Thyroid Health FPO Clinical Nutrition to Improve Quality of Life What is hyperthyroidism? The thyroid gland, located in your cat s neck, uses dietary iodine to make thyroid hormones that help regulate
More informationFeline kidney disease: its symptoms and management
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Feline kidney disease: its symptoms and management Author : Jennifer Wakeling Categories : RVNs Date : January 1, 2009 Jennifer
More informationTREATING LEAD POISONING IN DOGS
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk TREATING LEAD POISONING IN DOGS Author : Lisa Gardbaum Categories : Vets Date : December 6, 2010 Lisa Gardbaum discusses diagnosis
More informationNHS GREATER GLASGOW & CLYDE CONTROL OF INFECTION COMMITTEE STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP) INSERTION & MAINTENANCE OF INDWELLING
Page Page 1 of 6 AIM STATEMENT REQUIREMENTS LOCATION TIMING PROCEDURE To minimise the risk of secondary infection as a result of urinary catheterisation. A urinary catheter bypasses the body s normal defence
More informationINDICATORS OF POLYURIA AND POLYDIPSIA
Horses rarely drink more than 5% of their bodyweight daily (25 litres per 500 kg) Horses rarely urinate more than 3% of their bodyweight daily (15 litres per 500 kg) The only common causes of PUPD are
More informationClinical Programme. Emergency Medicine and Surgery
2018 Clinical Programme Emergency Medicine and Surgery Small Animal Emergency Medicine Current interest in small animal accident and emergency medicine and surgery is greater now than ever before. This
More informationAND URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS Joe Bartges, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, DACVN
URINE PAIN: UROLITHIASIS AND URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS Joe Bartges, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, DACVN UROLOGY/NEPHROLOGY Urolithiasis occurs commonly in dogs and cats, and approximately 98% occur in the lower urinary
More informationINTRAVENOUS FLUID THERAPY
INTRAVENOUS FLUID THERAPY PRINCIPLES Postnatal physiological weight loss is approximately 5 10% in first week of life Preterm neonates have more total body water and may lose 10 15% of their weight in
More informationCanine and Feline Urolithiasis Updates and Challenges
Canine and Feline Urolithiasis Updates and Challenges India F. Lane, DVM, MS, EdD, DACVIM Elizabeth M. Lennon, DVM, PhD, DACVIM The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Urolithiasis -
More informationNursing Care for Children with Genitourinary Dysfunction I
Nursing Care for Children with Genitourinary Dysfunction I 1 Assessment of renal function Clinical manifestations Laboratory tests Urinalysis Urine culture and sensitivity Renal/bladder ultrasound Testicular
More informationUTI are the most common genitourinary disease of childhood. The prevalence of UTI at all ages is girls and 1% of boys.
UTI are the most common genitourinary disease of childhood. The prevalence of UTI at all ages is girls and 1% of boys. 1-3% of Below 1 yr. male: female ratio is 4:1 especially among uncircumcised males,
More informationProceedings of the 34th World Small Animal Veterinary Congress WSAVA 2009
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the 34th World Small Animal Veterinary Congress WSAVA 2009 São Paulo, Brazil - 2009 Next WSAVA Congress : Reprinted in IVIS with the permission of the Congress Organizers IMAGING
More informationADULT HEALTH-RSS TM. Dry: 2kg & 4kg Wet: 100 g. Maintenance
ADULT HEALTH-RSS TM Adult Health- RSS feline dry and wet diets are palatable maintenance diets which include ingredients that have been selected to support urinary tract health. The diets have undergone
More informationIMPROVING SUCCESS RATES WHEN TREATING DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk IMPROVING SUCCESS RATES WHEN TREATING DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS Author : Stijn Niessen Categories : Vets Date : April 4, 2011
More informationSOP: Urinary Catheter in Dogs and Cats
SOP: Urinary Catheter in Dogs and Cats These SOPs were developed by the Office of the University Veterinarian and reviewed by Virginia Tech IACUC to provide a reference and guidance to investigators during
More informationHyperthyroidism treatment and long-term management options
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Hyperthyroidism treatment and long-term management options Author : Sarah Caney Categories : Companion animal, Vets Date :
More informationContinuous Bladder Irrigation
Continuous Bladder Irrigation Introduction Continuous bladder irrigation, or CBI, is the infusion of a sterile solution into the urinary bladder. The purpose of CBI is to prevent the formation of blood
More informationADULT HEALTH-RSS TM. Dry: 2kg & 4kg Wet: 100 g. Maintenance
ADULT HEALTH-RSS TM Adult Health- RSS feline dry and wet diets are palatable maintenance diets which include ingredients selected to support urinary tract health. The diets have undergone RSS (relative
More informationADVANCED PATIENT MONITORING DURING ANAESTHESIA: PART ONE
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk ADVANCED PATIENT MONITORING DURING ANAESTHESIA: PART ONE Author : CARL BRADBROOK Categories : Vets Date : October 7, 2013
More informationOptimal sedation and management of anxiety in patients undergoing endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)
Optimal sedation and management of anxiety in patients undergoing endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) Georgios Dadoudis Anesthesiologist ICU DIRECTOR INTERBALKAN MEDICAL CENTER Optimal performance requires:
More informationNeonatal Parenteral Nutrition Guideline Dr M Hogan, Maire Cullen ANNP, Una Toland Ward Manager, Sandra Kilpatrick Neonatal Pharmacist
CLINICAL GUIDELINES ID TAG Title: Author: Designation: Speciality / Division: Directorate: Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition Guideline Dr M Hogan, Maire Cullen ANNP, Una Toland Ward Manager, Sandra Kilpatrick
More informationMedical Approach to Nephrolithiasis. Seth Goldberg, MD September 15, 2017 ACP Meeting
Medical Approach to Nephrolithiasis Seth Goldberg, MD September 15, 2017 ACP Meeting DISCLOSURES Seth Goldberg, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Research support Abbott Kadmon Otsuka Pfizer Introduction
More informationAngry Bladder Tumors: Practical Diagnosis and Management India Lane, DVM, MS, Ed. D, DACVIM University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN
Angry Bladder Tumors: Practical Diagnosis and Management India Lane, DVM, MS, Ed. D, DACVIM University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN Neoplasms of the urinary tract are a rare overall tumor type in dogs and
More informationURETERAL OBSTRUCTION IN SMALL ANIMALS. Courtney Ikuta, DVM Department of Surgery VCA West Coast Specialty and Emergency Animal Hospital
URETERAL OBSTRUCTION IN SMALL ANIMALS Courtney Ikuta, DVM Department of Surgery VCA West Coast Specialty and Emergency Animal Hospital URETERAL OBSTRUCTION Vague history and clinical signs Difficult diagnosis
More informationCanine hyperadrenocorticism: how not to stress about diagnosis
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Canine hyperadrenocorticism: how not to stress about diagnosis Author : Laura MacFarlane and Ian Ramsey Categories : Companion
More informationThe 82 nd UWI/BAMP CME Conference November 18, Jeetu Nebhnani MBBS D.M. Urology Consultant Urologist
The 82 nd UWI/BAMP CME Conference November 18, 2017 Jeetu Nebhnani MBBS D.M. Urology Consultant Urologist Disclosures Outline Index case Introduction Etiology Risk factors Acute stone event Conservative
More informationProcedure for removal and reinsertion of an indwelling urethral catheter (female)
Procedure for removal and reinsertion of an indwelling urethral catheter (female) Refer to National Infection Prevention and Control Manual for information on aseptic technique/cleaning equipment. Equipment
More informationPediatric urinary tract infection. Dr. Nariman Fahmi Pediatrics/2013
Pediatric urinary tract infection Dr. Nariman Fahmi Pediatrics/2013 objectives EPIDEMIOLOGY CAUSATIVE PATHOGENS PATHOGENESIS CATEGORIES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN pediatrics
More informationYou have been booked for a. Flexible Cystoscopy. Under Local Anaesthetic
You have been booked for a Flexible Cystoscopy Under Local Anaesthetic 1 WHAT IS A FLEXIBLE CYSTOSCOPY A flexible cystoscopy is a test to examine the uretha (waterpipe) and bladder using a thin, lighted
More informationLondon Strategic Clinical Networks. My AKI. Guidance for patients with, or recovering from, acute kidney injury
London Strategic Clinical Networks My AKI Guidance for patients with, or recovering from, acute kidney injury Supporting the delivery of equitable, high quality AKI care through collaboration www.londonaki.net
More informationGUIDELINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION OF ACUTE TUMOUR LYSIS SYNDROME IN HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES
GUIDELINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION OF ACUTE TUMOUR LYSIS SYNDROME IN HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES Full Title of Guideline: Author (include email and role): Division & Speciality: Scope (Target
More informationSURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF OBSTRUCTIVE UROLITHIASIS IN A BUFFALO CALF: A CASE REPORT
Case Report Buffalo Bulletin (March 2016) Vol.35 No.1 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF OBSTRUCTIVE UROLITHIASIS IN A BUFFALO CALF: A CASE REPORT Md. Moin Ansari ABSTRACT In the present study a
More informationUrogynecology in EDS. Joan L. Blomquist, MD Greater Baltimore Medical Center August 2018
Urogynecology in EDS Joan L. Blomquist, MD Greater Baltimore Medical Center August 2018 One in three like me Voiding Issues Frequency/Urgency Urinary Incontinence neurogenic bladder Neurologic supply
More informationChronic kidney disease dietary management role in dogs
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Chronic kidney disease dietary management role in dogs Author : Helen Rooney Categories : Clinical, Practical, RVNs Date :
More informationSURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF CANINE CALCULI Howard B. Seim III, DVM, DACVS Colorado State University
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF CANINE CALCULI Howard B. Seim III, DVM, DACVS Colorado State University If you would like a copy of the illustrated version of these notes on CD and a video of this surgical procedure
More informationCATS AND KIDNEY DISEASE
CATS AND KIDNEY DISEASE Kidney structure and function Like all mammals, cats have 2 kidneys located in the abdomen just below the lumbar spinal region. Each is normally similar in size and shape to a small
More information