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Elwin Clarke
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1 Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acetaminophen, in neck pain, Acupuncture, chi and, 524 for mechanical neck disorders, 525 in neck pain, safety of, 525 Adson test, 477, 478 Analgesics, topical, in neck pain, Ankylosing hyperostosis. See Skeletal hyperostosis, diffuse idiopathic. Ankylosing spondylitis, back pain in, 487 chest wall expansion in, 488 delay in diagnosis of, 488 extra-articular complications of, 489 laboratory assessment of, 488 spinal fractures and, 423 treatment of, 489 Antiepileptic drugs, in neck pain, 508 Arthropathies, inflammatory, neck pain in, 375 Athlete, competitive, cervical spine pain in, Atlantoaxial disease, in rheumatoid arthritis, 420, 421 Atlantoaxial instability, conditions associated with, , 423 in Down syndrome, Atlantoaxial subluxation, in rheumatoid arthritis, 420, 421, 486 B Botulinum toxin, in neck pain, 510 Burners, in athletes, C Canadian C-Spine Rules, trauma patients and, 413, 414 Capsaicin, topical, in neck pain, 509 Capsular strain, facet joint whiplash injury and, Cervical canal stenosis, 390 Cervical cord neuropraxia, in athlete, Cervical facet arthrosis, 390 Cervical facet-mediated pain, diagnostic injections in, 451 differential diagnosis of, 451 Cervical pain, cervical epidural injections in, cervical zygapophyseal (facet) joint injections in, interventional procedures for, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 22 (2011) doi: /s (11) /11/$ see front matter ª 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. pmr.theclinics.com

2 558 Cervical (continued) percutaneous procedures for, Cervical radicular pain, and cervical radiculopathy, 368 and neck pain, compared, 367 causes of, 369 perception in upper limb, 369 Cervical spine, degenerative changes in, 390 emergencies involving, evaluation of, in differential diagnosis of neck pain, 403 injury of, emergency department neurologic examination in, 461 initial evaluation in, 460 on-field evaluation in, pain in, in competitive athlete, stenosis of, in athlete, Cervical sprains, in athletes, 466 Cervical strains, in athletes, 466 Cervical vertebrae, fusion of, in Klippel-Feil anomaly, 421, 422 Chiari malformations, Chiropractic care, in neck pain, Compound muscle action potentials, 431 Corticosteroids, in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, 491 in giant cell arteritis, 493 Craniocervical instability, in Down syndrome, Cryotherapy, in neck pain, CT, for surgical planning, D Dermatomyositis, and polymyositis, cardiac involvement in, 490 diagnosis of, lung involvement in, 490 muscle weakness in, prognosis in, 491 skin rashes in, 490 Diathermy, in neck pain, Diffusion tensor imaging, of cervical spine, 417 Diffusion-weighted imaging, of cervical spine, 417, 418 Disc disease, degenerative, and neck pain, differential diagnosis of, 389 Discogenic/radicular pain, in athlete, Diskography, provocative, in cervical spondylosis, Down syndrome, atlantoaxial instability in, craniocervical instability in, E Electromyogram, sensitivity of, in detection of radiculopathy, Electromyography, in thoracic outlet syndrome, 479 needle, in cervical radiculopathy, 442 in stingers, 463 Electrotherapy, in neck pain, Elevated arm stress test, 478 Epidural injections, cervical, interlaminar, transforaminal, 542

3 559 Epidural interventions, cervical, in cervical pain, Evoked potentials, in evaluation of radiculopathy, Exercise, therapeutic, in neck pain, 510 Extremities, evaluation of, in neck pain, 388 F Facet joints. See Zygapophyseal (facet) joints. Feldenkrais Method, efficacy and cost of, 532 for patient with neck pain, principle of, 531 Fiber tracking, in spinal cord injury, Fibromyalgia syndrome, , 399 and myofascial pain syndrome, in rheumatic conditions, 495 symptoms of, treatment of, 495 Forestier disease. See Skeletal hyperostosis, diffuse idiopathic. G Galvanic stimulation, in neck pain, 513 Giant cell arteritis, diagnosis of, 493 polymyalgia rheumatica and, symptoms of, 493 treatment of, 493 Gilliatt-Summer Hand, 476 Glenohumeral instability, 397 H Hyoid bone syndrome, 376 Hyperabduction test, 474, 475, 478, I Inflammatory arthropathies, neck pain in, 375 Interferential current, in neck pain, 513 Iontophoresis, in neck pain, 513 K Klippel-Feil anomaly, cervical vertebrae fusion in, 421, 422 L Laminoplasty, in cervical myelopathy, 554 Longus colli tendonitis, 375 Low back pain, chronic, yoga for, red flags for, 384 yellow flags for, 385 M Manual therapy, in neck pain, Massage therapy, in neck pain, Medial branch blocks, cervical,

4 560 Methylprednisolone, in spinal cord injury, 466 Military brace test, Motor nerve conduction studies, in radiculopathy, 431 MRI, diffusion-weighted, in spinal cord injury, in cervical spine stenosis, 465 of trauma patients, Muscle relaxants, in neck pain, Muscle testing, manual, in neck pain, 387 Myelography, CT, in degenerative joint disease, Myelopathy, cervical, natural history of, 554 physical examination in, 554 surgery in, 554 Myofascial neck pain, 398 Myofascial pain syndrome, fibromyalgia syndrome and, N National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS), in athletic injury, 461 of trauma patients, , 414 Neck, radiologic evaluation of, review of modalities in, Neck pain, acetaminophen in, acupuncture in, anatomy and pathophysiology of, and cervical radicular pain, compared, 367 antiepileptic drugs in, 508 causes of, chiropractic care in, clinical studies of, complementary and alternative treatment for, conservative treatment for, definition of, 369 differential diagnosis of, distribution of, and relief of, 372 in normal volunteers, electrodiagnostic evaluation of, epidemiology of, 383, 384 etiology classification of, facet-mediated, epidemiology of, 448 physical examination in, following whiplash injuries, from rhematologic perspective, from spine surgeon s perspective, history of, physical examination, and differential diagnosis of, incidence of, 521 massage therapy in, medications for treatment of, 503 muscle relaxants in, neurologic involvement in, evaluation of, 405 nonopioids in, 507 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in, opioids in,

5 561 past medical history and, 386 patterns of pain in, physical examination in, physical modalities in, qualities of pain in, eliciting of, sources of, topical analgesics in, tramadol in, 507 transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in, tricyclic antidepressants in, vascular disorders in, versus shoulder pain, diagnostic testing in, evaluation of patient with, location of pain and, patient history in, symptom assessment in, 400 exacerbating and alleviating factors and, 399 inspection in, 401 neurologic examination in, neurologic symptoms in, palpation in, range if motion testing in, 402 special tests in, 403, 404 sports and work activity in, whiplash-associated, radiofrequency ablation in, 454 WHO analgesic stepladder in, yoga in, Needle electrode examination, abnormalities on, in neuropathy, in electrodiagnostic testing, 429 segmental localization of lesions and, 434 Nerve roots, anatomy of, 439 cervical, association with pain, 441 selective injections of, 542 variation of, needle electrode examination in, 430 Neuropathic pain, trauma-related, 398 Neurotomy, radiofrequency, in facetogenic pain, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in, in neck pain, Nuclear medicine studies, of cervical spine, 418 O Opioids, in neck pain, Os odontoideum, in spinal abnormalities, 422, 423 Osteoarthritis, 376 P Paget s disease, Paraspinal muscles, abnormalities of, electrodiagnostic evaluation of, Phonophoresis, in neck pain, 514 Polymyalgia rheumatica, 375, 391, 399 and giant cell arteritis, symptoms of, 494

6 562 Polymyalgia (continued ) treatment of, 494 Polymyositis. See Dermatomyositis, and polymyositis. Postural disorders, 376 Prednislone, in giant cell arteritis, 494 R Radicular pain, cervical. See Cervical radicular pain. Radiculopathy, cervical, and cervical radicular pain, 368 causes of, 368, , 429, 440 clinical presentation of, conservative treatment of, 553 definition of, 553 diagnosis of, 390 diagnostic evaluation in, 442 differential diagnosis of, 443 diskectomy and fusion in, electrodiagnostic confirmation of, 435 epidemiology of, 439 epidural injections in, 444 evaluation of, MRI testing in, 405 F wave in, 432 H-reflex in, 432 history and examination in, immobilization in, 444 in athletes, natural history of, 553 pain in, 399 pathophysiology of, pharmacotherapy in, 443 physical examination in, 441 physical therapy in, surgery in, 444 symptoms of, 389 traction in, 444 treatment of, detection of, electromyogram in, sensitivity of, Radiofrequency ablation, in whiplash-associated neck pain, 454 Radiofrequency neurotomy, in facetogenic pain, Radiography, of cervical spine, in cervical radiculopathy, 442 of trauma patients, plain, of cervical spine, Reflexes, testing of, in neck pain, 387 Retropharyngeal tendinitis, 375 Rheumatoid arthritis, atlantoaxial disease in, 420, 421, 486 clinical findings in, 486 imaging in, treatment of, 487 Roos test, 478

7 563 S Shoulder, evaluation of, in differential diagnosis of neck pain, pathology of, and neck pain, 388 Shoulder pain, etiology classification of, neck pain versus. See Neck pain, versus shoulder pain. Single-photon emission CT (SPECT), of spine, 418, 419 Skeletal hyperostosis, diffuse idiopathic, characteristics of, 491 diagnosis of, 492 differential diagnosis of, 492 spinal fractures and, 423 symptoms of, treatment of, 492 Spinal cord, injury of, diffusion-weighted MRI imaging in, 418 in athlete, Spinal cord stimulation, for neuromodulation in cervical pain, Spinal manipulation therapy, contraindications to, 522, 523 in neck pain, Spine, cervical. See Cervical spine. fractures of, and ankylosing spondylitis, 423 diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and, 423 Spine surgeon, neck pain from perspective of, Spondylitic myelopathy, cervical, 424 Spondylosis, 376 cervical, conservative management of, persistent pain in, 552 provocative diskography in, Spurling maneuver, in neck pain, 388, 441 Stingers, in athletes, Synovial cyst, 375 Synovial fold impingement, facet joint whiplash injury and, 453 T Tai chi chuan, in neck pain, Temporal arteritis. See Giant cell arteritis. Temporal artery biopsy, in giant cell arteritis, 493 Thermotherapy, in neck pain, 514 Thoracic outlet, anatomy of, Thoracic outlet syndrome, ancillary testing in, arterial, 475 clinical presentations of, diagnosis of, 405, epidemiology of, neurogenic, 476 treatment of, 480 pathoanatomy of, surgical management in, vascular, treatment of, 480 venous, Torg ratio,

8 564 Torticollis, 375 Traction, cervical, in neck pain, 512 Tramadol, in neck pain, 507 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, in neck pain, Tricyclic antidepressants, in neck pain, Trigger point injections, in neck pain, 510 U Ultrasonography, in musculoskeletal medicine, 419 V Vertebral artery dissection, neck pain in, 375 Visual analog scale, 397 W Whiplash, as descriptive term, 452 zygapophyseal (facet) joint injury during, Whiplash injuries, biomechanical forces occurring during, motor vechicle accidents and, 452 neck pain following, World Health Organization, analgesic stepladder in, Wright test, 474, 475, 478 Y Yoga, contraindications to, 530 focuses of, 529 in neck pain, Z Zygapophyseal (facet) joints, anatomy of, imaging of, injections of, in cervical pain, injury during whiplash, pain arising from, clinical presentation of,

Regional Pain Syndromes: Neck and Low Back

Regional Pain Syndromes: Neck and Low Back Srinivas Nalamachu, MD Disclosures Consultant/Independent Contractor/Honoraria: Ferring 1 Learning Objectives Identify the most common painful conditions in the