PNS and ANS Flashcards
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1 1. Name several SOMATIC SENSES Light touch (being touched by a feather), heat, cold, vibration, pressure, pain are SOMATIC SENSES. 2. What are proprioceptors; and how is proprioception tested? PROPRIOCEPTORS are found in the muscles, joints, and tendons. They measure the amount of movement, force, and position of the body. Proprioception is often tested by having the patient close their eyes and saying if their fingers are up or down. 3. Are somatic senses (including pain) and proprioception considered special senses? 4. What layer covers a neuron (not referring to myelin)? 5. What layer covers a fascicle (bundle of neurons)? 6. What layer covers a bundle of fascicles? No. Somatic senses (including pain) and proprioception are NOT considered special senses. 1. Endoneurium 2. Perineurium 3. Epineurium 7. What can a spinal cord injury in the cervical region mean? They could have quadriplegia (arms and legs paralyzed). 8. If a person has a spinal cord injury in their Paraplegia (just legs are paralyzed). thoracic region, what could they have? 9. What is the nerve that can be anesthetized PUDENDAL NERVE during childbirth as an alternative to an epidural? saddle block 10. What type of nerve block is this called? 11. WPHRENIC NERVE hat nerve allows the diaphragm to contract? If it gets severed, the person can no longer
2 breathe without assistance. 12. What is the major group of nerves that supply the upper limbs? 13. How can someone cause damage to this major group of nerves? 14. What is the main nerve to the muscles of the anterior forearm and palm? 15. What does damage to this nerve result in? The BRACHIAL PLEXUS If a person leans their armpits on their crutches, they can damage this plexus and lose the use of their arms. The nerves in the brachial plexus change names as they go to different regions in the arm. The median nerve. Damage is called carpal tunnel syndrome, ape hand or hand of benediction 16. What is the main nerve to the anterior thigh? The Femoral nerve. 17. Where does the SACRAL PLEXUS exit the spinal cord? 18. What is Sciatica? 19. What muscle can cause Sciatica and how does it cause it? 20. What is the other cause for Sciatica? 21. The tibial and fibular nerves branch from the nerve 22. What area is supplied by the tibial and fibular nerves? 23. What nerve is damaged that produces foot drop? 24. What is the symptom of this injury? L4-S5 Irritated sciatic nerve irritation by muscle pinch (piriformis syndrome) or a ruptured disc A short, thick muscle covering the sciatic notch (piriformis), and when it contracts, it pinches on the sciatic nerve, causing irritation known as sciatica. Can be alleviated by stretching exercises. A herniated lumbar disc, in which case stretching exercises make it worse. sciatic nerve They supply the leg and foot. An injury to the deep branch of the fibular nerve. Foot slap: The foot cannot be dorsi-flexed.
3 25. Median nerve injury is called what? 26. Ulnar nerve injury is called what? 27. Radial nerve injury is called what? Median nerve injury is called what? Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Hand of Benediction or Ape hand Ulnar nerve injury: Claw hand (cannot adduct or abduct fingers). Radial nerve injury: Wrist drop Or ape hand 28. What three types of nerves are in the somatic nervous system? 29. What are the two types of somatic motor neurons? 30. What are the neurons in the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? 31. What tissues are innervated by the visceral motor neurons of the ANS? 32. What is the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? Sensory nerves (somatosensory neurons) Reflexes (sensory, interneuron, lower motor neuron) Motor nerves to skeletal muscle (somatic motor neurons) Upper and lower motor neurons Visceral motor neurons Motor neurons to smooth and cardiac muscles (the organs and blood vessels) They are involved in digestion, blood flow, urination, defecation, glandular secretion. Therefore, the ANS supplies the glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle, but NOT the skeletal muscle. No 33. Do we have voluntary control over autonomic nerves? 34. What is the ANS also called and why? the general visceral motor system (be/c it supplies the glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle, but NOT the skeletal muscle). 35. Does the ANS have sensory neurons, interneurons, or motor neurons? 36. How do the ANS motor neurons differ from the somatic nervous system motor neurons? The ANS has motor neurons only (there are no sensory neurons in the ANS). there are two lower motor neurons in the periphery of the ANS and one lower motor neuron in the SNS.
4 37. What is the structure where the two ANS nerves come together? 38. What is the proximal ANS neuron called? 39. What is the distal ANS neuron called? 40. Where are the cell bodies of the proximal neuron located? 41. Characteristics of the ANS motor unit: a. How many motor neurons? b. Are the axons myelinated or not? c. Is conduction slow or fast? d. Are the axons thick or thin? 42. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION does what to the following? e. Heart rate f. Metabolic activity, blood glucose levels g. Peristalsis h. Bronchioles i. Blood flow to the skin j. Sweat 43. Are the axons of the pre-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division short or long? 44. Are the axons of the post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division short or long? 45. Are the ganglia of the sympathetic division closer to the organs or closer to the vertebral column? 46. Are the postganglionic fibers therefore short or long? 47. Are the axons of the pre-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division short or long? Are the axons of the post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division short or long? 48. Are the ganglia of the parasympathetic division closer to the organs or closer to the vertebral column? Are the postganglionic fibers therefore short or long? 49. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION does what to the following? k. Heart rate the AUTONOMIC GANGLIA The first nerve is the PRE-GANGLIONIC NEURON. The second nerve is the POST-GANGLIONIC NEURON. **remember these are motor nerves, so the cell bodies of the pre-ganglionic neurons are located in the anterior horn of the grey matter in the spinal cord Has more than one lower motor neuron, the axons may be myelinated or unmyelinated, conduction is slow, the axons are thin. Sympathetic Division: heart rate and blood pressure, metabolic activity (increased blood glucose), decreased peristalsis (decreased food digestion) dilation of bronchioles in lungs (open up) decreases blood flow to the skin, innervates sweat glands in the skin to increase sweating. *Parasympathetic is opposite of this list: decreases heart Sympathetic Division: Most pre-ganglionic neurons are short. Most post-ganglionic neurons are long. The sympathetic peripheral ganglia are further from the organs and have long postganglionic fibers Parasympathetic Division: Most pre-ganglionic neurons are long. Most post-ganglionic neurons are short. The parasympathetic peripheral ganglia are near the organs and have short postganglionic fibers Parasympathetic Division: decreased heart rate and blood pressure, decreased metabolic activity (decreased blood
5 l. Metabolic activity, blood glucose levels m. Peristalsis n. Bronchioles o. Blood flow to the skin p. Sweat 50. The majority (90%) of the parasympathetic outflow from the head is by which nerve? glucose), increased peristalsis (increased food digestion) constriction of bronchioles in lungs increases blood flow to the skin, does not influence sweating. CN X (vagus)
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