DAFTAR PUSTAKA. 2. Diaz G, Flood P. Strategis for effective postoperative pain management. Minerva Anestesiologica, 2006; 72:

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1 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 1. Cousins M. Acute and postoperative pain. In : McMahon SB, Koltzenburg M, editors. Wall and Melzack s Textbook of pain. 5th ed. London : Churchill Livingstone ; 2006.p Diaz G, Flood P. Strategis for effective postoperative pain management. Minerva Anestesiologica, 2006; 72: Ashburn MA, Ready LB. Postoperative pain. In : Loeser JD, editor. Bonica s Management of Pain. New York: Lippincot William Wilkins; 2001.p Provenzano DA, Grass JA. Is epidural analgesia superior to iv PCA?. In: Fleisher LA, editors. Evidence-Based Practice of Anesthesiology. Philadelphia; Sauders: p Perkins FM, Kehlet H. Chronic pain as an outcome from surgery. A review of predictive factors. Anesthesiology. 2000; 93: Tanra AH. Pengelolaan nyeri pascabedah. Kumpulan makalah PIB XI IDSAI Medan, 2002: p Uddin MB, Hossain M, Alam MM, Hossain S. Ketorolac and pethidine in postoperative pain relief. Bangladesh J Pharmacology, 2007;2: p Basuki G. Peran Ketorolak pada pengelolaan nyeri paska bedah. In: Buku kumpulan makalah KONAS Indonesian Pain Society.Makassar; 2002.p Forrest JB, Camu F, Greer IA, Kehlet H, Abdalla M, Bonnet F, et.al. Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2002; 88(2): p Khan HRM, Islam ZM, Hossain SM, Aziz L, Choudhury SSN. Comparison of pre-emptive use of diclofenac, ketorolac and tramadol for post-operative pain in

2 11. Aboet AA. Perbandingan efek analgesia deksketoprofen trometamol dengan ketorolak sebagai preventif analgesia pada anestesi umum [Tesis]. Medan: ; Stoelting RK. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and nonspecific nonsteroidal antiinflamatory drugs. In : Stoelting RK, editor. Pharmacology and Phisiology in Anaesthetic Practice. Philadelphia : Lippincott; p Miguel R, Kreitzer JM, Reinhart D, Sebel PS, Bowie J, Freedman G, Eisenkraft JB. Postoperative pain control with a new transdermal fentanyl delivery system: a multicenter trial, Anesthesiology.1995; 83: p Lehmann LJ, Desio JM, Radvany T, Bikhazi GB. Transdermal fentanyl in postoperative pain. Anesthesiology.1997; 22(1): p Sevarino FB, Naulty JS, Sinatra R, Chin ML, Paige D, Conry K, et al. Transdermal fentanyl for postoperative pain management in patiens recovering from abdominal gynecologic surgery. Anesthesiology, 1992; p Bastelaere MV, Rolly G, Abdullah NM. Postoperative analgesia and plasma levels after transdermal fentanyl for orthopedic surgery: double-blind comparison with placebo. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia.1995; 7: p Reinhart DJ et al. Transdermal Fentanyl System Plus IM Ketorolac for The Treatment of Postoperative Pain. Can J Anaesth.1997;44: p Lolo AR, Tanra AH, Musba AT, Bahar B. Efek kombinasi fentanyl patch 12,5 µg/jam dengan deksketoprofen trometamol 50 mg untuk penatalaksanaan nyeri paska bedah ginekologi. Tesis. Makassar. Universitas Hasanuddin Meyer RA, Ringkamp M, Campbell JN, Raja SN. Peripheral neural mechanisme of nociception. In : McMahon SB, Koltzenburg M, editors. Textbook of Pain. 5th ed. Churchill Livingstone, China, 2006 : p.8-19.

3 20. Bonica JJ, Loeser JD. History of Pain Concepts and Therapies. In: Loeser JD, editor. The Management of Pain. 3rd ed: Lippincot William Wilkins; 1990 : p Abraham SE, Schlicht CR. Chronic pain management. In: Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, editors. Clinical Anesthesia. 4th ed. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2001.p Kotiniemi LH, et al. Postoperative Symptoms at home following day-case surgery in children : a multicentre survey of 551 childrens. Anesthesia.1997; 52: p Hurley RW, Wu CL. Acute postoperative pain. In: Miller RD, editors. Anesthesia, 7th ed: Churchill Livingstone; p Kehlet H. Dahl JB. The Value of multi nodal or balanced analgesia in postoperative pain treatment. Anesthesia Analgesia. 1993; 77 : p Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence. Australian and New ZealandCollege of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine. Australian Government. National Health and Medical Research Council; 2010.p Woolf CJ. Pain: moving from symptom control toward mechanism-specific pharmacologic management. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004; 140: p Stoelting RK. Prostaglandins. In : Stoelting RK, editor. Pharmacology and Phisiology in Anaesthetic Practice. Philadelphia : Lippincott; p Ganong WF: Perasaan kulit, dalam dan visceral. In: Fisiologi Kedokteran, ed 10. Jakarta :EGC;1983. p Brenner GJ. Neurophysiologic basis of pain. In: Ballantyne JC, editor. The Massachusetss General Hospital Handbook of Pain Management. Ed 3. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2006.p Gottschalk A. New concepts in acute pain therapy: preemptive analgesia. American Family Physician. 2001:10; p.63.

4 31. Kelly DJ. Ahmad M. Sorin J. Brull MD. Preemptive analgesia II: recent advances and current trens. Can J Anest. 2001;48(11): p Sandkuhler J, Ruscheweyh R. Opioid and central sensitisation: I. Preemptive analgesia. European Journal of Pain. 2005; 9: p As at. Tanda-tanda anestesia. In: Muhiman M, Thaib MR, Sunatrio S, Dahlan R, editors. Anestesiologi. Jakarta: bagian Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia.Jakarta; p Kissin I. Pain Medicine Preemptive Analgesia at the crossroad. Anesth Analg 2005;100: p Wilmana PF. Analgetik-antipiretik analgetik anti-inflamasi non steroid dan obat pirai. In: Gan S, editors. Farmakologi dan terapi bagian farmakologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta: Gaya Baru; p Gupta P. Ketorolac. Drug therapy. Indian Pediatrics.1994; 31:p Hoy MS, Keating GM. Fentanyl transdermal matrix patch (Durotep MT patch; Durogesic Dtrans; Durogesic SMAT). Drugs. 2008;68 (12): p Duragesic. Rxlist, The internet drug index. Avalaible at http//www; 1x list.com.rxlist: Defenition of laparotomy. Available from: search. medicinenet.com/search/search_results/default.aspx?query=laparotomy&search what=1 40. Jensen MP, Martin SA, Cheung R. The meaning of pain relief in a clinical trial. The Journal of Pain. 2005;6(6):p Jensen MP, Chen C, Brugger AM. Interpretation of visual analog scale ratings and change scores: a reanalysis of two clinical trial of postoperative pain. The Journal of Pain 2003;4(7):p Fillingim RB. Pain measeurement in humans. In: Holcroft A, Jaggar S, editors. Core topics in pain. New York: Cambridge University;p. 71-7

5 43. Myles PS, Troedel S, Boquest M, Reeves M. The pain visual scale; is it linier or linier?. Anest Analg.1999;89;p Powell H, Smallman JMB, Morgan M. Comparison of intramuscular ketorolac and morphine in pain control after laparatomy. Anaesthesia, 1990;45:

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