International Journal of Library Science and Information Management (IJLSIM) Vol.2 (1) Jan-Mar, 2016 ISSN: X (online)

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1 RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS ON RABIES VACCINE IN INDIA AND CHINA: A SCIENTOMETRIC ANALYSIS S. Sachithanantham, Research Scholar, DLIS, Alagappa University, Karaikudi , Tamilnadu, India. Dr. S. Raja, Assistant Librarian, AU-CB Public Library, Alagappa University, Karaikudi , Tamilnadu, India. ABSTRACT The comparative analysis on the research publications in India and China on the rabies vaccine during A total number of 280 and 184 records were in the PUBMED database during the period of study in respect of two countries. It is analysed that Pearson correlation coefficient for two countries literature output in the domain. The study also analysed prolific authors, collaborative pattern and country wise publication pattern during the study period. Keywords: Rabies, Vaccine, PUBMED, China, India, Scientometrics 1. INTRODUCTION China and India are the most populous country in the world with the population of 1,364,072,000 and 1,296,245,000 respectively. This accounts for first and second place in the world population 1.The two countries considered as the most populous and economic giants of the world as well as suffering from disease burden. Rabies is the most common disease in both countries. Rabies is a disease caused by a virus lyssavirus transmitted from animals to humans, that is called viral zoonosis or zoonotic. Dogs are the main carrier and transmitter of the Prevalence of Rabies in India and China India alone accounted for human deaths annually due to rabies and most vulnerable country in the world. (WHO2014).The most vulnerable group is under the age of 15 in India. Rabies is prevalent in all states and union territory of mainland India except and Andaman and Nicobar Island and Lakshadweep Island. These islands were found free from rabies epidemic (Sudarshan et al. 2007). China disease to humans. The rabies disease is spread to people by very close proximity with infected dogs` bites or saliva or scratches or blood. The disease develops rabies and is always fatal. Its prevalence is in more than 150 countries in the world. Bites wound cleansing and vaccination within a few hours after contact with a suspect dog can prevent the onset of rabies and death. World Health Organization estimated that each year people die from the disease and the children in the age group of 5-15 are the most vulnerable to the disease (WHO 2014). has the second most rabies vulnerable country in the world next to India. The country accounts for 2000 human deaths annually reported in the last decade. Rabies is prevalent in all provinces of China. During more than 5200 human deaths occurred annually. It was decreased to less than 2000 cases in 2011 (WHO2014). 1

2 Rabies vaccination in India and China First rabies vaccination was developed by French scientists Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux in 1885 (2015). World Health Organization advises two types of vaccination against rabies 1. Vaccination is used in persons who are at risk of exposure to rabies. This type of vaccination should be given to staff working in rabies vaccine research laboratory and persons working rabies related handlers. 2. Post-exposure prophylaxis is used to prevent the development of clinical symptoms has occurred i.e. bite of a rabid animal suspected of having rabies. All over the world more than 10 million people received post-exposure vaccination against rabies (WHO 2015). National Centre for Disease Control, Government of India Delhi, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Epidemiology, organised an expert consultation in 2002 to frame national guidelines for rabies prophylaxis to bring 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Several comparative and mapping studies based on the disease point of view have been conducted in the field of biomedical sciences earlier. Sousa et al. (1990) carried out a study based on research group population on Dementia compare to Latin America, China and India. They pointed out the risk factors among male and female research group population. Hughes et al. (1990) conducted a community based survey on cardiovascular diseases on the races of Chinese, Malays and Indians in Singapore and revealed risk factors due to the disease among three races. Tan et al. (2004) also made a community based survey on the same races on Parkinson disease in Singapore. They pointed out the prevalence of Parkinson disease among the three races in Singapore. These studies out regularity in post exposure prophylaxis practices. As per WHO guidance, the production of the nervous tissue vaccine (NTV), which was used for post-exposure prophylaxis for a long time, has been removed since December 2004 in India. Newer method of cell culture vaccines (CCVs) are being used for post-exposure prophylaxis (National Centre for Disease Control 2013). Nervous tissue vaccines (NTVs) banned in China in the year The new vaccine system replacement of NTVs introduced and practiced called cell culture vaccine (CCVs). The Chinese Ministry of Health statistics-2009 indicated that the China administered million rabies vaccine doses annually. China became the world`s largest administer of rabies vaccine (WHO 2014). China implemented one-dog policy restricting residents of Beijing to one dog per family. This legislation decreases the rabies mortality rate in China. were carried out by health care professionals based on disease point of view. Similarly, several Scientometrics studies have been conducted based on biomedical sciences in the past by scientometricians. Gupta, Gupta and Mueen(2015) made a Scientometrics study on limbic encephalitis at global level during using Scopus database. Gutiérrez-Vela et al. (2012) evaluated quantitative study on regenerative periodontal surgery (RPS) during using Scopus database. Sachithanantham and Raja (2015) studied Indian rabies literature output during using PubMed database. On other hand quantitative comparative studies and geographical mapping a few have been also conducted by scientometricians in biomedical sciences in 2

3 the past. Arunachalam and Gunasekaran (2002) mapped diabetes research in India and China during and pointed out the evaluation of research in diabetes in both countries. Bala and Gupta (2012) also carried out a study on diabetes research and compare the literature output and disease burden of India, China and Brazil during Onyancha and Ocholla(2004) carried out a comparative study on HIV/AIDS in Kenya and Ugandausing AID Search database-2002 and examined literature production, collaborative pattern and other quantitative analysis of HIV/AIDS for both countries concern. Bolaños-Pizarro, Thijs and Glänzel(2010) made a comparative Scientometrics study on cardiovascular research in Spain and other European countries using web of Science database. 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To ascertain the rabies vaccine research output of World, India and China 2. To find the growth of literature on rabies vaccine research in India and China 3. To find the Pearson correlation coefficient for two countries literature output, 4. DATA AND METHOD The study analyzed that publication trend on the rabies vaccine in India and China during The PUBMED database was chosen for analyzed the data on rabies during the period of study. PuBMED is an online database to retrieve the data from MEDLINE (earlier MedLARS) database. The bibliographic records occurrence of the key words as well as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms using rabies AND vaccine AND India to find out India`s literature output 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Rabies vaccine research output: World-India-China, The research output on rabies vaccine in India and China covered in the database for the period from 1980 to 2014 is shown in Table 1. A total number of 3927, 280 and 184 records Downloaded for the study in the database during the period. The research productivity identified that Very less during in 4. To identify the prolific authors and their collaboration in the field for the both countries concern, 5. To identify the country wise publication pattern for two countries literature output 6. To determine the core journals in the field for two countries concern. on vaccine research and rabies AND vaccine AND China to find out China`s literature output on vaccine research searched for a period of 35 years from 1980 to The search results of 280 and 184 bibliographic records for the two countries were taken into consideration for the study. The extracted records were analysed with Bibexcel tool box, it is a Scientometrics software designed and developed by Persson (2014), Umea University, Sweden. India and China Researchers of rabies vaccine field were produced only 7 and 1 articles during the period respectively. It is also found that the literature growth trend is very less during 1980 to 1999 in respect of both countries. It is found that the maximum number of records 817, 81 and 108 were published during for 3

4 the above three parameters. On the whole, it is noticed that from 2005 onwards there is an exponential growth in research output in the field. The table 1 and figure 1 also shown that the China produced fewer articles compare to India for the 30 years during 1980 to 2009, On the other hand, during China produced more articles i.e. 108 than India. Table 1, Shows that China gives more research priority in the field than India during the period. The mean average of the output of the literature for 35 yearsduring is 112.2, 8 and 5.25 articles per year for the three parameters respectively. Table 1 Rabies vaccine research output: World-India-China, Year World output India`s Contribution India`s Contribution in % China`s Contribution China`s Contribution in % Total Figure 1 Rabies vaccine research output India and China: India China Rabies vaccine research output, India versus China : RGR and DT 4

5 The table 2 shows Doubling Time (DT) and Relative Growth Rate (RGR)of rabies vaccine research output of India and China during India produced a total number of 280articles during the period, whereas China produced 184 articles. It shows that India produced more articles than China. The research productivity is very less during in both countries. It is found that India produced only 7 articles and China produced only 1 article during , it reflects both India and china Researchers were not given much importance to the research in Rabies Vaccine. In spite of that the mortality rate was increased during the period. Furthermore, the research productivity was very slow for 25 years during in both countries. India produced a total number of 121 articles for 25 years, whereas China produced only 34 articles during the period. It reflects that there is a significant growth in India`s research productivity compare to China. The growth rate is an increasing trend in both countries during It is found that the Relative Growth Rate (RGR) was a top level during (1.23) but, the Doubling Time was less (0.56) in India. Whereas the China has higher trend RGR during (2.82) and DT was (0.24). 5

6 Table 2-Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Doubling Time (DT) of publications on rabies Vaccine Year India`s Cumulative China`s Cumulative w1 w2 RGR DT contribution contribution contribution contribution w1 w2 RGR DT Pearson Correlation coefficient -Rabies vaccine research output: India-China, Table 3 shows the Pearson correlation co-efficient (2015) for rabies vaccine research output in India and China during India considered as x axis, whereas China considered as y axis to find out the Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression scattering. As per the above Pearson correlation coefficient formula the correlation between India and China is calculated asr = The two tailed P-value is for the above correlation coefficient. Hence, the study result is not significant at P<0.05. The linear regression scattering is also given in the figure 2. 6

7 Table 3 Pearson Correlation coefficient -Rabies vaccine research output Year India`s Contribution China`s Contribution (x) (y) xy x 2 y Total (7) 280 ( x) 184 ( y) ( xy) ( x) 2 ( Y) 2 Figure2Linear regression scatter -Rabies vaccine research output: India-China, Authorship pattern Rabies vaccine research India: Top 10 ranked prolific authors Table 4 shows the India`s prolific authors and their contribution in the field of rabies vaccine. A total number of 1143 (753 Single authors) authors produced 280 articles on rabies vaccine research in India during with an average of 4.08 authors per article. The study reflects that Madhusudana SN is the most productive author was contributed 37(13.21%) of the articles.it followed by, Sudarshan MK with 22(7.78%) and Mahendra BJ with 13 (4.64%) of the articles. 7

8 Table 4-Top Rankedprolific authors S.No Prolific Authors Rank Number of % of Contributions Madhusudana SN Sudarshan MK Mahendra BJ Ravish HS Ashwathnarayana DH Srinivasan VA Rai A Sampath G Bhardwaj M Ichhpujani RL Narayana DH Dutta JK Gupta PK John TJ Reddy GS Bhattacharya D Rangarajan PN Gangaboraiah Kakkar M Kumar R Muhamuda K Saini M Sanjay TV Sehgal S Top10 ranked prolific authors Table 5 shows first ten authors form china were occupied top ten raked in the list on rabies vaccine. 10 Ranked prolific authors in the field. A total number of 1241 (685 unique) authors produced 184 articles on rabies vaccine research in China during with an average of 6.74 authors per article. The study reflects that Tang Q is the most productive author was contributed 35 (19.02%) 0f the articles It followed by LiuY with 21 (11.41%) articles and Hu R 16 (8.69%) articles, etc. 8

9 Table 5-Top10 ranked prolific authors S.No. Top 10 Prolific Number of % of Rank Authors Contributions Tang Q Liu Y Hu R Li H Zhang F Zhang S Zhang Y Wang X Liang G Fooks AR Hu RL Huang Y Li J Liang GD Zhang X Fu ZF Liu J Tao X Tao XY Wang C Wang H Wang L Wang Y Xia X Yang S Zhang YZ Degree of Collaboration - Rabies vaccine research in India and China: Subramanyan (1983) formulated to find out the authors` collaboration in a subject field. The formula is C = Nm Nm+Ns Whereas Nm= Number of multi authors in a discipline Ns= Number of single authors in the same discipline C= Degree of Collaboration. 9

10 According to the formula Table 6 shows the degree of collaboration in rabies vaccine research in India and China during the study period. In respect of India a total number of 225 articles produced by multi authors and 55 articles produced by single authors. The degree of collaboration low during (C=0.65) and high during (C=0.89). This shows Indian authors interested to work on the team setup. In other hand, in respect of China a total number of 178 articles produced by multi authors and only 6 articles produced by single authors during the study period. There was no collaboration during (C=0) and high collaboration (C=1) during , and It shows that 1984 onward, Chinese authors were interested to publish their work in a team spirit manner. Table 6-Degree of collaboration Rabies vaccine research in India and China: India China Year Number of multi authored Number of single authored Nm+Ns C Number of multi authored Number of single authored Nm+Ns C papers (Nm) papers (Ns) papers (Nm) papers (Ns) Total Country wise Publication - India`s literature on Rabies vaccine Research Table 7 shows the country- wise publication of India`s Researchers were contributed on Rabies vaccine Research during It is found that produced a total number of 280 articles during the period. Indian authors got interested for their works in mother country India. It is shows that 110(39.29%) of the articles published in India, reset of the 60.70% of the articles published by other than India have published 110 (39.29) articles inside India rest of 170 articles in abroad. United States shows 47(16.78%) articles, followed by England 45 (16.07%) of the articles and the Netherlands 36 (12.85%) of the articles, and the rest of the Four countries together published about 85% of the publications. 10

11 Table 7-Country wise publication during on rabies S.No. Country No. of % of Cumulative Publications 280 % 1 India United States England Netherlands Germany Canada Switzerland China France Slovakia Sweden Taiwan Thailand Sri Lanka Japan Italy Iran Korea (South) Scotland Pakistan New Zealand Total Country wise publication during on rabies Table 8 shows the country wise publications of China`s Publications on Rabies vaccine Research during It is analyzed that produced a total number of 184 articles during the period. Chinese authors were interested to publish their works in mother country China. They have published 68 (36.96) of the articles inside China rest of 116 articles in abroad. United States brought39 (21.20%) of the articles, It followed by the Netherlands published 34 (18.48%) of articles and England published 22 (11.96%) of the articles and the above four countries together published near about 89% of the total literature output. The study identifies similarity of the publication pattern between India and China. The Researchers had given first priority to their mother countries for their publications and next priority given to the United States, England and the Netherlands respectively. 11

12 Table8-Country wise Publication - China`s literature on Rabies vaccine Research No. of % of Cumulative Country S.No. Publications 184 % 1 China United States Netherlands England Austria Germany Switzerland Canada Brazil Australia Thailand Greece France Korea (South) Japan Total Top Ranked Journals on rabies Vaccine Table 9 shows that only 97 papers published by the throughout the world output of 280 publications on rabies vaccine. Out of 20 journals listed and top ten journals published range between 6 and 32 of which the first position hold by the journal accineis published 32 (11.43%) articles, It followed by Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics20 (7.14%) articles, Journal of the Association of Physicians of India and Journal of Communicable Diseases each of them 20 (7.14%) of the articles. Table 9- Top Ranked Journals on rabies Vaccine S.No. Name of the Journal No. of Cumulative % of Cumulative Records Records 280 % Rank 1 Vaccine Human Vaccines &Immunotherapeutic Journal of the Association of Physicians of India Journal of Communicable Diseases Indian Paediatrics Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology National Medical Journal of India

13 8 Journal of Indian Medical Association Indian Journal of Public Health Biologicals Indian Journal of Paediatrics Veterinary Records International Journal of Infectious Diseases Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Neurology India Tropical Doctor ActaVirologica BMJ Indian Journal of Experimental Biology PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Rest of 77 Journals SUMMERY AND CONCLUSION China lack behind India in the terms of publications output during 1950 to 2009, in other hand China surpassed India and produced more articles during 2010 to However, rabies is the most vulnerable disease in the world due to China has given more priority to prevent the disease and reduced the mortality rate followed by several strategies in terms of law, policy guidelines, national vaccination programmes and research and development activities. In this context India lack behind China, for example, there are no policy guidelines to control the stray dogs and national immunisation programmes in this field. Moreover there is no given preference to strengthen the research on rabies vaccination in India. Nervous tissue vaccines (NTV) banned in China in the year 1991 and modern Cell culture vaccines (CCV) introduced, perhaps India banned the Nervous tissue vaccines in the year 2004 and moved to the modern Cell culture vaccine. In comparison, the world literature output of vaccine research, India`s share is only 280 (7.20%) of the articles and China`s share is only 4.68% (184 articles) against the total literature output of 3927 articles during the study period. This indicates that the both countries have a high mortality rate relatively the literature production is very low. In India there were 753 unique authors engaged in rabies vaccine research, whereas 685 unique authors engaged in China, it shows that significant number of more authors engaged in India than China. There was uniformity in both countries that the authors were given priority to publish their resident countries, United States, England and the Netherlands. Furthermore, that the above three countries account for above 85% of publications together with India and China. The study indicates that the degree of collaboration was higher in China compare to India during the study period. Indian authors were given first preference to Vaccine in their research, whereas Chinese authors were given second preference to the same journal. India and China are accountable for first and second place in the world population as well as rabies disease burden and mortality rate and comparatively there is a less rabies mortality rate in China than India. China administered million 13

14 rabies vaccine doses annually and became the world`s largest administer of rabies vaccine. India will administrate such type of vaccination programme and eliminate the mortality rate due to rabies. It is analyzed that the world literature output of rabies vaccine research, India and china sharing of the publications was very low. REFERENCES 1. Arunachalam, S., Gunasekaran, S. (2002).Diabetes research in India and China today: From literature-based mapping to health-care policy. Current Science. 82(9), Bala, A., & Gupta, B. M. (2012). Diabetes Research in India, China and Brazil: a comparative quantitative study, J Health Med Inform, 3(110), Bolaños-Pizarro, M., Thijs, B., & Glänzel, W. (2010).Cardiovascular research in Spain. A comparative scientometric study. Scientometrics, 85(2), Gupta, R., Gupta, B. M., &Mueen, M. (2014). Limbic encephalitis: A scientometric analysis of global publications during Journal of Scientometric Research, 3(3), Gutiérrez-Vela, M. M., Díaz-Haro, A., Berbel-Salvador, S., Lucero-Sánchez, A., Robinson-García, N., &Cutando-Soriano, A. (2012).Bibliometric analysis of research on regenerative periodontal surgery during the last 30 years. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry, 4(2), e Hughes, K., Yeo, P. P., Lun, K. C., Thai, A. C., Sothy, S. P., Wang, K. W.,Cheah, J.S., Phoon, W.O., Lim, P. (1990). Cardiovascular diseases in Chinese, Malays, and Indians in Singapore. II. Differences in risk factor levels. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 44(1), National Centre for Disease Control (2013) National Guidelines on Rabies Prophylaxis, Government of India, 5-6. Hence, India and China will give more importance to rabies vaccine research. India should implement the law, policy guidelines, particularly in stray dog`s elimination and research and development activities as like China to prevent and decrease the mortality rate by the most vulnerable and fatal disease rabies. 8. National Library Medicine, United States.Accessed on December 30, 2014 from 9. Onyancha, O. B., &Ocholla, D. N. (2004). A comparative study of the literature on HIV/AIDS in Kenya and Uganda: A bibliometric study. Library & Information Science Research, 26(4), Persson, O. Accessed on 10 September 2014 from bibexcel/index.html 11. Population Reference Bureau, World Population Data Sheet Available at accessed July Pearson Product-moment correlation coefficient Accessed on November 03, 2015 from duct-moment_correlation_coefficient 13. Sachithanantham, S., & Raja, S. (2015).Scientometric analysis of rabies research literature in India: Scientometrics, 105(1), Sousa, R. M., Ferri, C. P., Acosta, D., Guerra, M., Huang, Y., Jacob, K., & Prince, M. (2010). The contribution of chronic diseases to the prevalence of dependence among older people in Latin America, China and India: a 10/66 Dementia Research Group populationbased survey. BMC Geriatr, 10(1), Subramanyan, K.(1983).Bibliometirc studies of research collaboration: a review. Journal of Information science, 6(1),

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