Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Education Umm Al-Qura University Health Sciences College at Al-Leith Department of Public Health

Transcription

1 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Education Umm Al-Qura University Health Sciences College at Al-Leith Department of Public Health

2 Introduction to Epidemiology Dr. Mohammed Ahmed Elawad Dr. Faleh Saud Alyazidi

3 Week 8: Disease Surveillance

4 Objectives: s 1. To acquire skill of disease surveillance 2. To knew how to establish disease surveillance system.

5 General principles of public health surveillance are used in programs to prevent and control infectious disease, chronic disease, and injury, and to insure occupational health.

6 Surveillance is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of information about a selected health event. The information is used for planning, implementing and evaluating public health policies and practices.

7 The simple definition is: Information for action

8 Purposes of surveillance: 1. to monitor disease trends 2. to identify, investigate and control epidemics. 3. to evaluate the impact of preventive and curative activities. 4. to set the priorities among control activities.

9 Surveillance from the French: Sur Veiller (over) (to watch) is the close and continuous observation of one or more persons for the purpose of direction, supervision or control

10 Uses of Surveillance data The uses of surveillance information can be organized on the basis of three categories of timeliness: 1. immediate 2. annual 3. archival

11 1. Immediate detection of: epidemics newly emerging health problems changes in health practices changes in antibiotic resistance

12 2. Annual dissemination for: estimating the magnitude of the health problem, assessing control activities setting research priorities facilitating planning monitoring risk factors

13 3. Archival information for: describing natural history of diseases facilitating epidemiologic and laboratory research setting research priorities documenting distribution and spread

14 Types of surveillance: - Passive surveillance - Active surveillance - Sentinel surveillance

15 - Passive surveillance Healthcare workers initiate the reporting to state or local officials. Notifiable diseases are reported on a case-by-case basis.

16 - Active surveillance State or local officials actively search for information by contacting a health care workers.

17 - Sentinel surveillance Involves only a limited network of carefully selected reporting sites (selected hospitals).

18 Priority chart diseas e Importance of the disease incide nce mortal ity disabil ity overall Feasibility of the control measures Contro l measu res techni cal econo mic Public respon se overall Priorit y score

19 Priority chart diseas e Importance of the disease incide nce mortal ity disabil ity overall Feasibility of the control measures Contro l measu res techni cal econo mic Public respon se overall Priorit y score TB malari a Q fever

20 Public health importance of the problem: 1- incidence and prevalence 2- severity and disability 3- mortality caused by the problem 4- socioeconomic impact

21 Steps of surveillance: 1- specifying objectives 2- Defining data to be collected 3- Selecting methods and procedures 4- Designing data collection and reporting

22 5- Collecting and tabulating data 6- Presenting and analyzing data 7- Investigating causation 8- Taking action 9- Preparing and presenting reports

23 Sources of data: - Person(demographic, socioeconomic, behavior) - Health care facilities (private clinics, outpatient clinics, inpatient wards, emergency section, labratories) - Environment

24 Notifiable diseases: List (A): should be reported within 24 hours: - Acute watery diarrhea - Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) - Epidemic typhus -Yellow fever - Hemorrhagic fevers - Neonatal tetanus - Epidemic human plague

25 Reporting System in Saudi Arabia:- Class I: Included quarantinable diseases such as Cholera, Plague and Yellow fever and other communicable diseases such as Poliomyelitis and Cerebrospinal meningitis of various origins as well as other diseases.

26 Diseases under class 1 should be reported immediately from hospitals, to the responsible health care center to regional health affair directorate and eventually to the Ministry of Health by telephone, fax or most rapid means.

27 Class II: This class include 35 communicable diseases which are closely related to environmental health e.g. Typhoid, Amoebic dysentery, hepatitis, and other diseases.

28 Class II: Diseases included this class should be reported weekly from the assigned health care center to the regional health affair directorate and then monthly from the later to the general directorate of preventive medicine in the Ministry of Health.

29 Channel of Reporting Preventive Sector of Department of Communicable diseases Directorate of Health Primary Health Care Center * Infection Control Department Physicians In: Hospitals belonging to Ministry of Health (MOH) and other government sectors Private Hospitals Primary Health Care Centers under MOH Private Dispensaries and Private Clinics * In Big Cities PHC can report directly to Directorate of Health

30 Epidemiological monitoring of Infectious Diseases by Ministry of Health (MOH) Reason of quick informing to take rapidly the preventive action System of informing Ministry of Health Preventive Sector Directorate of Health Services Hospitals Primary health care centers Class I: Suspected infectious Diseases. To be reported immediately (within 24 hrs) 13. Enceph/Mening 14. Dengue Fever 15.Rift V Fever 16. Other Hemmorhagic Fevers In Children < 15 Years of age only 9. Acute F. Paralysis 10. Guillene B Synd 11. Transverse mylitis 12. Other 4.Tetanus Neonatorum 5.Diphtheria 6.Measles 7.Mumps 8.German measles 1.Cholera 2.Plague 3.Yellow fever -other emerging inf like Avian influenza H1N1; SARS etc. Class II: Suspected infectious Diseases. Diseases that need to be reported monthly 33. Pneumococcal Meningitis 34. Hemophylus Influenza Meningitis 35. Meningitis Other 29. chicken Pox 30.Echinococus 31.Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome 32.Rabies 24. Typhoid & Para typhoid 25. Amebic dysentery 26. Salmonellosis 27. Malta Fever 28. Shigellosis 20. Hepatitis A 21. Hepatitis B 22 Hepatitis C 23. Hepatitis/Other 17. Tetanus 18. whooping cough 19. German Measles in new born Note Any new emerging infectious Diseases or other diseases that appear in an outbreak manner Diseases reported under immediate reporting should also be included in weekly reporting