Biology 112: Biology of Infectious Disease. Syphilis, Yaws, and Lyme Disease

Transcription

1 Biology 112: Biology of Infectious Disease Syphilis, Yaws, and Lyme Disease

2 Syphilis

3 Chancre of primary syphilis. Figure 1 from Sefton, A. M. The Great Pox that was... syphilis. Journal of Applied Microbiology 91(4): , October 2001.

4 Macular-papular rash of secondary syphilis (also occurs on the palms and soles). Figure 2 from Sefton, A. M. The Great Pox that was... syphilis. Journal of Applied Microbiology 91(4): , October 2001.

5 'Snail track' ulcers in the mouth in secondary syphilis. 'Tombstone teeth' in congenital syphilis. Figures 3 4 from Sefton, A. M. The Great Pox that was... syphilis. Journal of Applied Microbiology 91(4): , October 2001.

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7 A. Treponema denticola cell observed by darkfield microscopy. Treponema denticola is a spirochete responsible for periodontitis. Bar: 5 µm. B. Treponema denticola cell undergoing cell division. The cell elongates and the two daughter cells sever. Bar: 5 µm. C. Electron micrograph of the cell end after outer membrane removal by detergent treatment (sodium deoxycholate, 1% for 10 minutes). After treatment the periplasmic flagellar filaments (PFF) are freed, and the cytoplasmic filaments (CF) can be observed. Bar: 1 µm. Jacques Izard, New York State Department of Health. Licensed for use, ASM MicrobeLibrary

8 Schematic representation of a spirochete. Broken line represents the outer envelope. Solid heavy line, adjacent to the broken line, delimits the protoplasmic cylinder. Thin solid lines represent axial fibrils, one of which is inserted at each end of the protoplasmic cylinder. Fig of Sparling, P. Frederick, & Joel B. Baseman. The spirochetes. Chapter 39 of Davis, Bernard D., Renato Dulbecco, Herman N. Eisen, & Harold S. Ginsberg. Microbiology, Including Immunology and Molecular Genetics. 3 rd ed. Philadelphia: Harper & Row, 1980, p. 753.

9 Diagrammatic representation of a typical spirochete as interpreted from electron micrographs. An outer sheath envelops the cell. The axial fibrils are between the outer sheath and layers of the protoplasmic cylinder (seen here as lipoprotein layers) and insert into the cylinder by way of an insertion pore. Figure 45-2 from Joklik, Wolfgang K., Hilda P. Willett, D. Bernard Amos, & Catherine M. Wilfert. Zinsser Microbiology. 20 th ed. Norwalk: Appleton & Lange, 1992, p. 659.

10 Reported cases of gonorrhea and syphilis in the United States per 100,000 population, 1919 to Since 1975 there has been an arrest of the annual increase in gonorrhea that occurred through the middle 1970s. From 1975 to 1984, rates of gonorrhea declined by 20% for the United States and declined by 17% for combined metropolitan areas. (Data from the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta.) From Figure 26-3 of Joklik, Wolfgang K., Hilda P. Willett, D. Bernard Amos, & Catherine M. Wilfert. Zinsser Microbiology. 20 th ed. Norwalk CT: Appleton & Lange, 1992, p. 454.

11 Mortality (per 100,000) in U.S. due to syphilis and AIDS, Figure 4D from Armstrong, Gregory L., Laura A. Conn, & Robert W. Pinner. Trends in infectious disease mortality in the United States during the 20th century. JAMA 281(1): 61 66, January 6, 1999.

12 Poster from unknown organization(s), ca Visual Culture and Health Posters. Profiles in Science, National Library of Medicine

13 Yaws

14 Geographic distribution of the endemic treponematoses in the early 1990s. Figure 66.1 from Kapembwa, M. Endemic treponematoses. Chapter 66 in Cook, Gordon C., & Alimuddin I. Zumla. Manson's Tropical Diseases. 21 st ed. Saunders, 2003, pp

15 Yaws: initial lesion 'mother yaw'. Figure 66.2 from Kapembwa, M. Endemic treponematoses. Chapter 66 in Cook, Gordon C., & Alimuddin I. Zumla. Manson's Tropical Diseases. 21 st ed. Saunders, 2003, pp

16 Cutaneous early yaws: papillomas. Figure 66.5 from Kapembwa, M. Endemic treponematoses. Chapter 66 in Cook, Gordon C., & Alimuddin I. Zumla. Manson's Tropical Diseases. 21 st ed. Saunders, 2003, pp

17 Indeterminate yaws: plantar hyperkeratosis (crab yaws). Figure 66.6 from Kapembwa, M. Endemic treponematoses. Chapter 66 in Cook, Gordon C., & Alimuddin I. Zumla. Manson's Tropical Diseases. 21 st ed. Saunders, 2003, pp

18 Goundou, an extinct form of yaws?

19 Typical bilateral goundou in a young boy (Ivory Coast, 1916). Figure 1 from Mafart, Bertrand. Goundou: a historical form of yaws. Lancet 360(9340): , October 12, 2002.

20 Unilateral goundou in a young woman (Ivory Coast, 1917). Figure 2 from Mafart, Bertrand. Goundou: a historical form of yaws. Lancet 360(9340): , October 12, 2002.

21 Diffuse maxillofacial goundou with protrusion of all the maxillae and palate (Ivory Coast, 1917). Figure 3 from Mafart, Bertrand. Goundou: a historical form of yaws. Lancet 360(9340): , October 12, 2002.

22 Bilateral goundou on a skeleton of an adolescent. Figure 4 from Mafart, Bertrand. Goundou: a historical form of yaws. Lancet 360(9340): , October 12, 2002.

23 Borrelia burgdorferi Causative agent of Lyme disease

24 Borrelia burgdorferi. This image is a dark-field microscopic image of the spirochete taken from a culture of the organism in the laboratory. The dark-field microscopy allows visualization of these tightly curled spiral bacteria that do not stain well with conventional bacterial stains. Jeffrey Nelson, Rush University. Licensed for use, ASM MicrobeLibrary

25 Know your ticks! Amblyomma, Ixodes, and Dermacentor. Hayes, Edward B., & Joseph Piesman. Current concepts How can we prevent Lyme disease? New England Journal of Medicine 348(24): , June 12, 2003.

26 From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (site now defunct).

27 Number of cases of Lyme disease, by year United States, Figure 1 from Marshall, S., E. Hayes, & D. Dennis. Lyme disease United States, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 51(2): 29 31, January 18, 2002.

28 Lyme disease had been reported in 48 of the 50 states as of This map showing the number of cases reported to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in each state since 1985 demonstrates that the regions most seriously affected are the northeastern, north central and western United States. The geographic range contin-ues to increase, as does the number of cases. Figure 2 from Ostfeld, Richard S. The ecology of Lyme-disease risk. American Scientist 85(4): , July August 1997.

29 Number of cases of Lyme disease, by county United States, Figure 2 from Marshall, S., E. Hayes, & D. Dennis. Lyme disease United States, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 51(2): 29 31, January 18, 2002.

30 This 30-year-old woman had a painful red annular plaque on her back associated with fevers, fatigue, and general malaise. Treatment for 10 days with cephalexin for presumed cellulitis helped temporarily, but her rash and symptoms recurred as soon as the antibiotic was discontinued. She was subsequently diagnosed with Lyme disease and treated successfully with a 21 day course of oral doxycycline. Dermatology Image Atlas

31 Opportunities for prevention of Lyme disease by interrupting transmission. Hayes, Edward B., & Joseph Piesman. Current concepts How can we prevent Lyme disease? New England Journal of Medicine 348(24): , June 12, 2003.