Pasteurella tularensis for Macaca mulatta and Man
|
|
- Thomas Morrison
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, June, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 91, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Aerosol Age on the Infectivity of Airborne Pasteurella tularensis for Macaca mulatta and Man WILLIAM D. SAWYER,1 JOSEPH V. JEMSKI, ARTHUR L. HOGGE, JR., HENRY T. EIGELSBACH, ELWOOD K. WOLFE, HARRY G. DANGERFIELD, WILLIAM S. GOCHENOUR, JR.,2 AND DAN CROZIER U.S. Army Medical Unit and the U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland Received for publication 12 February 1966 ABSTRACT SAWYER, WILLIAM D. (U.S. Army Medical Unit, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), JOSEPH V. JEMSKI, ARTHUR L. HOGGE, JR., HENRY T. EIGELSBACH, ELWOOD K. WOLFE, HARRY G. DANGERFIELD, WILLIAM S. GOCHENOUR, JR., AND DAN CROZIER. Effect of aerosol age on the infectivity of airborne Pasteurella tularensis for Macaca mulatta and man. J. Bacteriol. 91: In aging aerosols of Pasteurella tularensis SCHU-S, the respiratory infectivity for man and Macaca mulatta decreased more rapidly than the viability of the organisms. Infectivity was diminished after 120 min, and was reduced 10-fold after 180 min. These findings confirmed previous observations made in mice and guinea pigs, and also revealed that smaller losses of infectivity were detectable in the primate hosts. The aerosol microenvironment is unfavorable for most microorganisms, as evidenced by a decrease in viable organisms with time, i.e. "biological decay." (Viability is used here to mean the ability to produce a colony on suitable medium.) Phenotypic variations separable from death of the organism may also occur. One such phenotypic variation, diminished infectivity, is of considerable epidemiological significance. (The term infectivity is employed to indicate the capacity of an organism to invade a host and multiply detectably.) For example, drying of group A streptococci may diminish their human infectivity without destroying their viability (13). Because of this effect, aerosol spread of streptococcal upper respiratory infection is of minor importance in comparison with transmission by direct contact or by large droplets. Similar phenotypic variation has been demonstrated with other organisms, e.g. the gram-negative, intracellular parasites Pasteurella tularensis and P. pestis. The respiratory median lethal dose (LD5o) of P. tularensis for mice and for guinea pigs increases as aerosols are aged from 5.5 to 20 hr (7, 9, 17), and loss of infectivity from aerosol aging of only 0 min has been observed with P. pestis (7). 1 Present address: Department of Microbiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. 2 Present address: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. In the present studies, the effect of aerosol age upon the infectivity of P. tularensis for Macaca mulatta and man was determined by direct respiratory exposure. The results confirm the observations made in mice and guinea pigs that infectivity declines more rapidly than viability. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals. Healthy young M. mulatta (3 to 6 kg) and Hartley guinea pigs (300 to 00 g) were obtained from the Animal Farm, Fort Detrick, Md. Preexposure sera of the monkeys did not contain P. tularensis agglutinins. The principles of laboratory animal care proposed by the National Society for Medical Research were observed in this study. Volunteers. Healthy young Seventh Day Adventist soldiers participated on a voluntary basis (2); they were informed of the nature of the studies prior to volunteering. These studies were supervised by the Commission on Epidemiological Survey of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board. The cooperation of the War Service Commission of the Seventh Day Adventist Church is gratefully acknowledged. The men were observed closely in a hospital prior to and after exposure. Sera obtained prior to participation did not contain P. tularensis agglutinins. P. tularensis SCHU-S. Cultures were grown in modified casein hydrolysate medium (Mills et al., Bacteriol. Proc., p. 37, 199) for 16 hr with continuous shaking at 37 C, and were stored for 1 to 21 days at C until used for exposures of men and monkeys. In the interval, samples were used for preliminary trials (see below). On one occasion, aerosols were created after 35 days of storage; the results of 2180
2 VOL. 91, 1966 INFECTIVITY OF P. TULARENSIS IN AGING AEROSOLS this exposure were consistent with similar trials with the fresher cultures. No attempt was made to evaluate the effect of culture age upon the rate at which infectivity for M. mulatta and man declines during aerosol aging. From studies of the guinea pig infectivity of 20-hr aerosol-aged P. tularensis, Hood (9) concluded that older cultures lose infectivity more rapidly than fresh cultures. The cultures contained approximately 30 X 109 viable cells per milliliter, and subcutaneous dose-response titration demonstrated that one to five organisms routinely killed guinea pigs and rabbits. The cultures were similar in viscosity, surface tension, specific gravity, ph, and content of total solids. Tularemia immuniation. Live tularemia vaccine (3) was administered by multiple cutaneous puncture. All men developed P. tularensis agglutinins after vaccination. Aerosoliation. Aerosols were generated within 10 sec by use of a 2-fluid nole (11) and undiluted culture. Clouds were created and held in a 1,000,000- liter spherical static chamber in the absence of sunlight; the temperature was 2 C, and the relative humidity was 85%. Biological decay was similar in all tests, 1.5 to 2% per minute. With the use of the experience gained fiom preliminary trials, desired aerosol concentrations were achieved by adjusting the amount of culture disseminated, and by diluting the aerosol with clean air equilibrated with chamber conditions. At the time of exposure, at least 65% of the viable organisms were contained in particles 5 A or less in diameter. Aerosol sampling. Samples of aerosols were collected in impingers, AG13o, operated at 12.5 liters per min (11) and containing gelatin-peptone-cysteine with 0.25% Antifoam A (Dow-Corning Corp., Midland, Mich.). The gelatin-peptone-cysteine had the following composition: 0.1% gelatin, 3% Difco peptone, 0.1% L-cysteine, 0.85% NaCl, 0.% K2- HP0, 0.002% spermadine phosphate; ph 7.1. Impingers were equipped routinely with a preimpinger (11) which excluded particles greater than 5,u in diameter. To estimate the distribution of organisms in large and small particles (see above), the GP20 sampler (11), a non-discriminatory total collector, was employed in addition to the AGI30 with preimpinger. Enumeration of P. tularensis. Serial dilutions of each sample were plated on glucose-cysteine-bloodagar, and colonies were counted after 72 hr of incubation at 37 C. Aerosol exposure. Caged monkeys were placed in the test chamber at the equator for 3 or 10 min (10). A tightly fitting face mask connected to the chamber at the equator was used for human exposure. Subjects inhaled through the nose and exhaled through a mouthpiece connected to filters and an air flow meter. Prescribed volunteer exposure was 10 breaths of 1 liter in 60 sec; only minor deviations occurred in the entire series. The product of (i) the duration of exposure, (ii) the respiratory minute volume, and (iii) concentration of viable organisms in particles 5,u or less in diameter was taken as the inhaled dose. Respiratory volumes of monkeys were estimated from Guyton's (8) formula. To simplify presentation, doses inhaled by groups of men and animals have been recorded as the mid-point of the range. This procedure and the division into dosage groups, although arbitrary, were consistent with the accuracy of dose estimation, and reflected the pattern of responses when analyed subject by subject. Criteria of infection. Only monkeys showing a serological response or evidence of tularemia at autopsy were considered to be infected; 72% of autopsies included histological or cultural studies, or both. The criterion for infection of nonvaccinated volunteers was a rise in P. tularenisis agglutinins within 6 weeks of exposure. Because postinfection changes in agglutinin titer. are variable in vaccinated subjects (15), only clinical criteria of infection were used in this- group: symptoms, fever, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the demonstration of C-reactive protein. RESULTS Aging of aerosols of the SCHU-S strain of P. tularensis at 2 C and 85% relative humidity reduced infectivity for M. mulatta (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The decline in infectivity began only after aging of the aerosols for 60 min, but after TABLE 1. U tl J 2 cj a Infectivity of aged aerosols of Pasteurella tularensis for Macaca mulatta 60 min 120 min 180 min 50 7/8 1/8 1/ /8 10/12 2/ /12 12/12 1/ /12 7/8 3/8 2,000 / 8/8 2/2 6,500 8/8 28/28 25,000 / 8/8 20/ p00 6,500 25,000 VIABLE ORGANISMS INHALED FIG. 1. Infectivity of aged aerosols of Pasteurella tularensis for Macaca mulatta. plotted on logarithmic scale. Aerosol ages were: 60 min (0), 120 min (A), and 180 min (O).
3 2182 SAWYER ET AL. J. BACTERIOL. -j Coo) 180 min was approximately 10-fold. The results of exposure to aerosols aged 60 min corresponded to those obtained with dynamic aerosols only a few seconds old (, 5, 7). The course of disease was similar regardless of the age of aerosol. Although incubation periods among animals exposed to clouds of the same age varied inversely with dose, the incubation periods, irrespective of dose, were roughly the same for aerosols of different ages (Fig. 2). Most deaths occurred between 6 and 10 days after exposure, and the 30-day mortality was similar in all groups (Fig. 3). The small number of animals infected by low doses of the 180-min aerosol probably accounts for the wide fluctuation of AEROSOL AGE I 60- * 60 Minutes C] 120 Minutes C3 180 Minutes u 0- a 20-7: oofl offl 00., ri II INCUBATION PERIOD (days) FIG. 2. Incubation period of monkeys infected by aerosol-aged Pasteurella tularensis. 80- H60- H AEROSOL AGE * 60 Minutes O1 120 Minutes D 180 Minutes ,000 6, VIABLE ORGANISMS INHALED FIG. 3. Mortality of monkeys infected by aerosolaged Pasteurella tularensis. Only a few animals were infected by low doses of 180-min aerosol, i.e., one, two, and one at doses of50, 150, and 350 organisms, respectively. (Note that mortality percentages refer only to animals that were infected. and therefore do not include animals that were exposed but failed to contract the disease.) mortality in these groups (see legend to Fig. 3). Postmortem examination in all groups revealed widespread acute lesions, usually of bronchopneumonia, lymphadenitis, and splenitis; meningitis or encephalitis was also frequently observed (1). The effect of aerosol age on infectivity of airborne P. tularensis for man was similar (Table 2). Infectivity of aerosols aged 30 and 60 min was comparable to that of dynamic aerosols (12, 16), but was reduced when the clouds were aged 120 or 180 min. Neither the incubation period (Table 3) nor the severity of the clinical illness, however, varied with the age of the aerosol. Onset of illness was usually abrupt, and the predominant manifestations were fever, headache, myalgia, anorexia, and retrosternal discomfort. Early therapy with streptomycin (1 g every 12 hr for 7 days) rapidly terminated the illness without complications or relapses. Agglutinin responses were regularly demonstrated after overt illness, but were not detected in patients who remained free from symptoms. TABLE 2. Human infectivity of aged aerosols oj Pasteurella tularensis 30 min 60 min 120 min 180 min 80 0/ 150 2/ 3/ 0/ / 1/ 0/ 750 / 0/ 7,500 8/8 8/8 12,500 3/ 50,000 7/8 10/12 TABLE 3. Incubation periods in volunteers infected with aged aerosols of Pasteurella tularensis Incubation period No. of men 30-min 60-min 120-min 180-min aerosol aerosol aerosol aerosol days
4 VOL. 91, 1966 INFECTIVITY OF P. TULARENSIS IN AGING AEROSOLS 2183 Because men and monkeys were exposed simultaneously to certain aerosols, a direct comparison of susceptibilities could be made (Table ). Because of their lower respiratory volumes, monkeys exposed for 10 min inhaled approximately the same number of organisms as men exposed for 1 min; monkeys exposed 3 min therefore inhaled approximately 30% of the 1-min human dose. With allowances made for this difference, the data suggest that M. mulatta is about three times as susceptible to airborne P. tularensis as man. The infectivity of aged P. tularensis aerosols for immunied subjects was also diminished. Whereas none of 12 volunteers immunied 9 weeks earlier with live vaccine became ill after inhaling approximately 50,000 viable organisms in a 120-min aerosol, 7 of 8 nonvaccinated volunteers developed acute tularemia. In contrast, previous experiments have shown that a comparable dose from a dynamic aerosol produces illness in most vaccinated subjects (, 12, 16). Unlike the respiratory results in primates, the subcutaneous infectivity of P. tularensis for guinea pigs was not decreased by aging the aerosol for 180 min. Other experiments have shown that more prolonged aerosol aging of P. tularensis results in diminished intraperitoneal infectivity for guinea pigs (9). DISCUSSION The haard of exposure to airborne bacterial pathogens is not determined by the number of inhaled organisms that are viable, but rather by TABLE. the number that are infectious. That infectivity and viability may become dissociated during aerosol aging is demonstrated here and in earlier studies (7, 9, 17). Failure to recognie this fact may lead to misdirected efforts to control disease transmission by eliminating airborne microorganisms, as illustrated by the failure of dust control to prevent the spread of group A streptococcal infections (13). Unless structural or biochemical determinants of infectivity can be measured, the infectious potential of a microbial aerosol must be determined by direct exposure of the host concerned. Injection of air samples into susceptible animals by nonaerosol routes may be misleading, as illustrated in the present studies. Although susceptible laboratory animals may be used to measure the infectiousness of airborne bacteria, it must be borne in mind that their respiratory volumes are substantially less than that of man. Only if they have a relatively high degree of susceptibility, therefore, are they useful in studies of human airborne infection (1, 19). The way in which aerosol aging affects infectivity of P. tularensis is unknown. Whatever the mechanism may be, the state of the bacteria at the time of aerosoliation has an important bearing on the reduction of infectivity. The presence of chloride ions, yeast extract, or casein hydrolysate in either the growth medium or the spray suspension, for example, accelerates loss of infectivity in the aerosol (9). The age of the culture also influences the rate at which infectivity is lost (9); i.e., aerosols of stored cultures lose Infectivity of aged aerosols of Pasteurella tularensis for man and Macaca mulatta exposed simultaneously Aerosol concn (viable organisms per liter). Species Exposure time 60 min 120 min 180 min 8-18 Man / 0/ 0/8 Monkey / 0/8 Monkey /8 1/ 0/ Man / Monkey / Monkey / Man ,000 / 1/ 0/ Monkey / 0/ Monkey ,000 8/8 / 0/ 500-1,500 Man 1 5,000-15,000 8/8 11/12 Monkey 3 1,700-,100 8/8 12/12 Monkey 10 6,000-15,000 12/12,500-6,500 Man 1 5,000-65,000 10/12 Monkey 3 13,500-20,000 12/12 Monkey 10 5,000-50,000 /
5 218 SAWYER ET AL. J. BACIERIOL. infectivity more rapidly than those of fresh cultures (9). Factors operating during and after aerosoliation, e.g., temperature, relative humidity, and particle sie, may be important as well. Until all such variables have been defined, quantitative results must be interpreted with caution. Immuniation with live vaccine is quite effective in preventing tularemia in populations at high risk, such as residents of endemic areas (18), laboratory workers (), and other occupationally exposed groups (6). Whereas immunied volunteers exposed to dynamic aerosols of P. tularensis are fully protected only against relatively small doses (, 12, 16), the present studies have shown that those exposed to aged aerosols are resistant to relatively large doses, e.g., 50,000 viable organisms. These results suggest that the aged aerosols may simulate more closely the conditions of natural airborne transmission than do the dynamic aerosols. LITERATURE CITED 1. ARBITER, D Brain lesions in monkeys infected with Pasteurella tularensis. J. Infect. Diseases 112: ARMY REGULATION Use of volunteers as subjects of research. Department of the Army, Washington, D.C. 3. EIGELSBACH, H. T., AND C. M. DOWNS Prophylactic effectiveness of live and killed tularemia vaccines. I. Production of vaccine and evaluation in the white mouse and guinea pig. J. Immunol. 87: EIGELSBACH, H. T., W. D. TIGERTT, S. SASLAW, AND F. R. MCCRUMB Live and killed tularemia vaccines: evaluation in animals and man. Proc. Army Sci. Conf., U.S. Military Acad., West Point 1: EIGELSBACH, H. T., J. J. TULIS, E. L. OVERHOLT, AND W. R. GRIFFITH Aerogenic immuniation of the monkey and guinea pig with live tularemia vaccine. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 108: EVANS, L. R Experiences with tularemia vaccine. Am. J. Med. Sci. 29: GOODLOW, R. J., AND F. A. LEONARD Viability and infectivity of microorganisms in experimental airborne infection. Bacteriol. Rev. 25: GUYTON, A. C Measurement of the respiratory volume of laboratory animals. Am. J. Physiol. 150: HOOD, A. M Infectivity of Pasteurella tularensis clouds. J. Hyg. 59: JEMSKI, J. V Maintenance of monkeys experimentally infected with organisms pathogenic for man. Proc. Animal Care Panel 12: JEMSKI, J. V., AND G. B. PHILIPS Aerosol challenge of animals, p In W. I. Gay [ed. ], Methods of animal experimentation. Academic Press, Inc., New York. 12. MCCRUMB, F. R., JR Aerosol infection of man with Pasteurella tularensis. Bacteriol. Rev. 25: PERRY, W. D., A. C. SIEGEL, AND C. H. RAMMEL- KAMP, JR Transmission of group A streptococci. II. The role of contaminated dust. Am. J. Hyg. 66: RILEY, R. L Airborne pulmonary tuberculosis. Bacteriol. Rev. 25: SASLAW, S., AND S. CARHART Studies with tularemia vaccines in volunteers. III. Serologic aspects following intracutaneous or respiratory challenge in both vaccinated and nonvaccinated volunteers. Am. J. Med. Sci. 21: SASLAW, S., H. T. EIGELSBACH, J. A. PRIOR, H. E. WILSON, AND S. CARHART Tularemia vaccine study. II. Respiratory challenge. Arch. Internal Med. 107: SCHLAMM, N. A Detection of viability in aged or injured Pasteurella tularensis. J. Bacteriol. 80: TIGERTT, W. D Soviet viable Pasteurella tularensis vaccines. Bacteriol. Rev. 26: TIGERTT, W. D., A. S. BENENSON, AND W. S. GOCHENOUR Airborne Q fever. Bacteriol. Rev. 25:
Effect of Vaccine, Route, and Schedule on Antibody
APPUED MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1969, p. 355-359 Copyright 1969 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 17, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Vaccine, Route, and Schedule on Antibody Response of Rabbits to Pasteurella
More informationAerogenic Immunization of Man with Live Tularemia Vaccine
BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Sept., 966 Vol. 30, No. 3 Copyright 966 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A Aerogenic Immunization of Man with Live Tularemia Vaccine RICHARD B. HORNICK AND HENRY
More informationAerosol Particle Size and Infectivity
Aerosol Particle Size and Infectivity Today s presentation will describe two important variables and how they interact to cause infections in primary aerosols Particle Size and Agent Concentration Much
More informationSUSCEPTIBILITY OF SUCKLING MICE TO VARIOLA VIRUS
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SUCKLING MICE TO VARIOLA VIRUS RONALD G. MARSHALL AND PETER J. GERONE U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland Received for publication December, 6 ABSTRACT MARSHALL,
More informationCOAGULATION OF HUMAN PLASMA BY PASTEURELLA PESTIS'
COAGULATION OF HUMAN PLASMA BY PASTEURELLA PESTIS' DANIEL M. EISLER Naval Biological Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California Received for publication June 27,
More informationEXPERIMENTAL SALMONELLOSIS
EXPERIMENTAL SALMONELLOSIS INTRACELLULAR GROWTH OF Salmonella enteritidis INGESTED IN MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES OF MICE, AND CELLULAR BASIS OF IMMUNITY SUSUMU MITSUHASHI, ICHIEI SATO, AND TOKUMITSU TANAKA
More informationTO Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
UNCLASSIFIED AD NUMBER AD424660 NEW LIMITATION CHANGE TO Approved for public release, distribution unlimited FROM Distribution authorized to U.S. Gov't. agencies and their contractors; Administrative/Operational
More informationDDC DATE: TRANSLATION NO. 9 DDC AVAILABILITY NOTICE. Qualified requestors may obtain copies of this document from DXC.
TRANSLATION NO. 9 DATE: DDC AVAILABILITY NOTICE Qualified requestors may obtain copies of this document from DXC. This publication has been translated from the open literature and is available to the general
More informationISOLATION OF ENTEROVIRUSES FROM THE "NORMAL" BABOON (PAPIO DOGUERA)l
ISOLATION OF ENTEROVIRUSES FROM THE "NORMAL" BABOON (PAPIO DOGUERA)l R. FUENTES-MARINS,2 A. R. RODRIGUEZ, S. S. KALTER, A. HELLMAN, AND R. A. CRANDELL The Southwest Foundation for Research and Education,
More informationEffect of Relative Humidity and Temperature on Airborne Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1971, p. 194-199 Copyright 1971 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 22, No. 2 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Relative Humidity and Temperature on Airborne Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
More informationAEROSOL INFECTION OF MAN WITH PASTEURELLA TULARENSIS
AEROSOL INFECTION OF MAN WITH PASTEURELLA TULARENSIS FRED R. McCRUMB, JR. University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Tularemia acquired by natural means is manifested by a variety of
More informationTO Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
UNCLASSIFIED AD NUMBER AD450109 NEW LIMITATION CHANGE TO Approved for public release, distribution unlimited FROM Distribution authorized to U.S. Gov't. agencies only; Specific Authority; Aug 1964. Other
More informationC for 2 hr at 22,620 X G. The supernatant fluid. was discarded and the sediment resuspended to
SAFETY TEST FOR Q FEVER VACCINE SANFORD BERMAN, GERALD LE, JOSEPH P. LOWENTHAL, AND RAYMOND B. GOCHENOUR Department of Biologics Research, Division of Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,
More informationYellow Fever Vaccine: Direct Challenge of Monkeys Given Graded Doses of 17D
AppuzD MmcoaioLOGy, Apr. 1973, p. 539-544. Copyright i 1973 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 25, No. 4 Printed in U.SA. Yellow Fever Vaccine: Direct Challenge of Monkeys Given Graded Doses of 17D
More informationFACTORS INFLUENCING VARIOLA VIRUS GROWTH ON THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE OF EMBRYONATED EGGS
FACTORS INFLUENCING VARIOLA VIRUS GROWTH ON THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE OF EMBRYONATED EGGS NICHOLAS HAHON, MILTON RATNER, AND EDMUND KOZIKOWSKI U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
More informationTO Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
UNCLASSIFIED AD NUMBER AD422349 NEW LIMITATION CHANGE TO Approved for public release, distribution unlimited FROM Distribution authorized to U.S. Gov't. agencies and their contractors; Administrative/Operational
More informationMedical Bacteriology- Lecture 10. Mycobacterium. Actinomycetes. Nocardia
Medical Bacteriology- Lecture 10 Mycobacterium Actinomycetes Nocardia 1 Mycobacterium Characteristics - Large, very weakly gram positive rods - Obligate aerobes, related to Actinomycetes - Catalase positive
More informationGrowth and Metabolism of Live Vaccine Strain of Pasteurella tularensis
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, June 1968, p. 855-861 Copyright @ 1968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Growth and Metabolism of Live Vaccine Strain of Pasteurella tularensis JENO
More informationMETABOLIC INJURY TO BACTERIA AT LOW TEMPERATURES
METABOLIC INJURY TO BACTERIA AT LOW TEMPERATURES ROBERT P. STRAKA AND J. L. STOKES Western Regional Research Laboratory,' Albany, California Received for publication January 19, 1959 The death of bacteria
More informationMEASUREMENT OF THE DEGREE OF PROTECTION AFFORDED BY RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AGAINST MICROBIOLOGICAL AEROSOLS
PII: S0003-^878(96)00082-8 Ann. occup. Hyg., Vol. 41, Supplement 1, pp. 636-640, 1997 British Occupational Hygiene Society Crown Copyright 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain
More information\Ail AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SIMULTANEOUS VACCINATION AGAINST TULAREMIA AND TUBERCULOS Translation No./1449. May 1966
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SIMULTANEOUS VACCINATION AGAINST TULAREMIA AND TUBERCULOS 60 IS 00 Translation No./1449 V 10 May 1966 A U. S. ARMY BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES " FORT DETRICK, FREDERICK, MARYLAND,.
More informationReceived for publication February 8, 1960
EFFECT OF HOMOGENATES OF ORGANS FROM IMMUNIZED GUINEA PIGS ON THE RESPIRATION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS' ANNE S. YOUMANS, GUY P. YOUMANS, AND ANDREW HEGRE, JR. Department of Microbiology, Northwestern
More informationLD 60 determinations.-in order to study the resistance of mice to H. RESISTANCE INDUCED AGAINST HISTOPLASMA CAPSULA TUM: QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS*
RESISTANCE INDUCED AGAINST HISTOPLASMA CAPSULA TUM: QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS* GILBERT A. HILLt AND STANLEY MARCUS From the Department of Bacteriology, College of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
More informationAerosol Stability and Respiratory Infectivity of Japanese B Encephalitis Virus
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Nov. 198, p. 397-41 (X)19-957,/8/ 11-397/5$2./ Vol. ;#, No. 2 Aerosol Stability and Respiratory Infectivity of Japanese B Encephalitis Virus EDGAR W. LARSON,* JOSEPH W. DOMINIK,
More informationinoculated to give an initial viable count of approximately 104 to 105 cells per ml, and incubated at 37 C with shaking, or under the desired gas
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE POPULATION DYNAMICS AND THE RETENTION OF VIRULENCE OF PASTEURELLA PESTIS: THE ROLE OF CARBON DIOXIDE E. A. DELWICHE,1 G. M. FUKUI, A. W. ANDREWS, AND M. J. SURGALLA
More informationFundamental Principles about Bioterrorism
Fundamental Principles about Bioterrorism The following discussion provides a useful framework for putting into perspective the enormous volume of information being disseminated regarding health and Bioterrorism.
More informationMedical Bacteriology- lecture 13. Mycobacterium Actinomycetes
Medical Bacteriology- lecture 13 Mycobacterium Actinomycetes Mycobacterium tuberculosis Large, very weakly gram positive rods, Obligate aerobes, related to Actinomycetes, non spore forming, non motile
More informationLESSON ASSIGNMENT. After completing this lesson, you should be able to:
LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 6 Tuberculosis. TEXT ASSIGNMENT Paragraphs 6-1 through 6-11. LESSON OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you should be able to: 6-1. Identify the characteristics, signs/ symptoms,
More informationChapter 7 8/23/2016. Asepsis and Infection Control. Asepsis. Asepsis (Cont.) Microorganisms. Infection control and prevention
Chapter 7 Asepsis and Infection Control All items and derived items 2015, 2011, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Asepsis Microorganisms Tiny microscopic entities capable
More informationAerosol Generation, Ventilation and Risk Assessment
Aerosol Generation, Ventilation and Risk Assessment CDC Biosafety Symposium 2014 Contents Laboratory Acquired Infection and Aerosols (1910-79). Where the regulations came from How many Pascals? The Laboratory
More informationInfection Control Standard Precautions and Isolation
Infection Control Standard Precautions and Isolation Michael Bell, M.D. Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention History of Infection Control Precautions in the
More information(From the Biological Department, Chemical Corps, Camp Derrick, Frederick, Maryland)
OBSERVATIONS ON THE AGGLUTINATION OF POLYSACCHARIDE- TREATED ERYTHROCYTES BY TULAREMIA ANTISERA B~ MARY M. ALEXANDER,* PH.D., GEORGE G. WRIGHT, PH.D., AND AGNES C. BALDWIN" (From the Biological Department,
More information1959. These data comprise an extension. of those already reported and, in addition, In the school years 1955 through
Since 1955, an epidemiologic investigation of streptococcal infection has been conducted in three Philadelphia schools. On the basis of their findings, the investigators question the utility of school
More informationTHE USE OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS MODIFIED BY IN VITRO CULTIVATION FOR HUMAN IMMUNIZATION
THE USE OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS MODIFIED BY IN VITRO CULTIVATION FOR HUMAN IMMUNIZATION BY MAX THEILER, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., ANn HUGH H. SMITH, M.D. (From the Laboratories of the International Health Division,
More informationNOTES CONTAMINATION OF CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY KIDNEY CELL CULTURES BY HEMAGGLUTINATING SIMIAN VIRUS (SV 5)
Japan. J. Med. Sci. Biol., 18, 151-156, 1965 NOTES CONTAMINATION OF CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY KIDNEY CELL CULTURES BY HEMAGGLUTINATING SIMIAN VIRUS (SV 5) Since the extensive use of cynomolgus monkey kidney cell
More informationhowever, and the present communication is concerned with some of
THE AGGLUTINATION OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES MODIFIED BY TREATMENT WITH NEWCASTLE DISEASE AND INFLUENZA VIRUS' ALFRED L. FLORMAN' Pediatric Service and Division of Bacteriology, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New
More informationAEROBIOLOGY: HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT, AND PROGRAMS
Aerobiology: History, Development, and Programs Chapter 29 AEROBIOLOGY: HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT, AND PROGRAMS DOUGLAS S. REED, PhD*; AYSEGUL NALCA, MD, PhD ; and CHAD J. ROY, PhD INTRODUCTION CONCEPTUAL BASIS
More information(From the Department of Animal and Plant Pathology of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, New Jersey)
THE YIELD OF RABIES VIRUS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO BY BJORN SIGURDSSON, M.D.* (From the Department of Animal and Plant Pathology of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, New Jersey) (Received
More informationAerosol Vaccination with Tetanus Toxoid
BACrERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Sept., 1966 Vol. 3, No. 3 Copyright 1966 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Aerosol Vaccination with Tetanus Toxoid HERBERT M. YAMASHIROYA, RICHARD EHRLICH, AND
More informationBacterial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
Bacterial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity 1 st Lecture Introduction Infection and Disease A. Definitions B. Generalized Stages of Infection C. Virulence Factors and Toxins A. Definitions Disease and Infectious
More informationINTRABULBAR INOCULATION OF JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS TO MICE
THE KURUME MEDICAL JOURNAL Vol. 15, No. 1, 1968 INTRABULBAR INOCULATION OF JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS TO MICE TOSHINORI TSUCHIYA Department of Microbiology, and Department of Ophthalmology, Kurume University
More informationEXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA IN MICE FOLLOWING THE INHALATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS H2EMOLYTICUS AND OF FRIEDLANDER'S BACILLUS.
EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA IN MICE FOLLOWING THE INHALATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS H2EMOLYTICUS AND OF FRIEDLANDER'S BACILLUS. BY ERNEST G. STILLMAN, M.D., AND ARNOLD BRANCH, M.D. (From the Hospital of The Rockefeller
More informationHow Do You Know If Your Sterilized Instruments Remain Sterile?
How Do You Know If Your Sterilized Instruments Remain Sterile? Disclosure Harry Shaffer is the first author of the sterility maintenance study covered in this presentation and has been compensated by Halyard
More informationHow Do You Know If a Sterilized Package Remains Sterile?
How Do You Know If a Sterilized Package Remains Sterile? 1 Acknowledgments Bioaerosol and Applied Microbiology Team Brian Heimbuch, MS Group Lead Del Harnish, MS Lead Technical Mike McDonald, MS Lead Engineer
More informationChapter 4 Coxiella burnetii
Chapter 4 Coxiella burnetii 4. General overview of Coxiella burnetii and Q fever Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium, is the causative agent of Q fever. C.
More informationModule 1 : Influenza - what is it and how do you get it?
Module 1 : Influenza - what is it and how do you get it? Responsible/facilitators General Objective Specific Objectives Methodology Agency medical coordinator Understand the mechanism how influenza is
More informationEffect of Complement and Viral Filtration on the
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, JUlY 1968, p. 1076-1080 Copyright @ 1968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 7 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Complement and Viral Filtration on the Neutralization of Respiratory
More informationTHE INFECTION OF MICE WITH SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Published Online: 1 October, 1935 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1084/jem.62.4.561 Downloaded from jem.rupress.org on August 19, 2018 THE INFECTION OF MICE WITH SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS BY RICHARD E. SHOPE,
More informationSurvival of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria in
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1968, p. 445-449 Copyright 1968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Survival of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria in Chicken Meat During Freeze-Dehydration,
More informationChanges in the Microflora of Bovine Colostrum During Natural Fermentation
27 f. Milk Food Techno/. Vol. 39. No. I, Pages 27-31!January, 1976) Copyright 1976, International Association of Milk, Food, and Environmental Sanitarians Changes in the Microflora of Bovine Colostrum
More informationNEW LIMITATION CHANGE TO Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
UNCLASSIFIED AD NUMBER AD456683 NEW LIMITATION CHANGE TO Approved for public release, distribution unlimited FROM Distribution authorized to U.S. Gov't. agencies and their contractors; Administrative/Operational
More informationBreaking the Chain of Infection Designated Officer Education Day September 3, 2014 Jodi-Marie Black RN BScN PHN
Breaking the Chain of Infection Designated Officer Education Day September 3, 2014 Jodi-Marie Black RN BScN PHN Topics Covered in Presentation The Chain of infection and how to break the chain Role of
More informationGroup C. Pathogen Survival on Fomites ACB. Berge, D. Durham, M. Wong, R Austin, S. Singh, C. Haas
Group C. Pathogen Survival on Fomites ACB. Berge, D. Durham, M. Wong, R Austin, S. Singh, C. Haas Introduction With increases in microbial outbreaks and interactions between humans and wildlife, it is
More informationSmall living organism Not visible to the naked eye Must be viewed under a microscope Found everywhere in the environment, including on and in the
Small living organism Not visible to the naked eye Must be viewed under a microscope Found everywhere in the environment, including on and in the human body Many Microorganisms are part of normal flora
More informationRELATIONSHIP TO RESISTANCE IN KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LACTOSE FERMENTATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO RESISTANCE IN KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE VICTOR J. CABELLI' AND M. J. PICKETT Department of Bacteriology, University of California, Los Angeles,
More informationPreventing & Controlling the Spread of Infection
Preventing & Controlling the Spread of Infection Contributors: Alice Pong M.D., Hospital Epidemiologist Chris Abe, R.N., Senior Director Ancillary and Support Services Objectives Review the magnitude of
More information"GUARDING AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS AS A FIRST RESPONDER"
MAJOR PROGRAM POINTS "GUARDING AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS AS A FIRST RESPONDER" Training For THE CDC "TUBERCULOSIS PREVENTION GUIDELINES" "Quality Safety and Health Products, for Today...and Tomorrow" Outline
More information(From the Hospital of The Rockefeller Institute far Medical Research) (Received for publication, May 13, 1936)
Published Online: 1 October, 1936 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1084/jem.64.4.553 Downloaded from jem.rupress.org on October 30, 2018 A SKIN TEST FOR DETECTING GROUP C HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION
More informationAscribe disease risk for the management of airborne transmitted disease in horticultural cropping systems
Ascribe disease risk for the management of airborne transmitted disease in horticultural cropping systems Bio aerosols and disease transmission Cucumber gummy stem blight management Application for the
More information1918 Influenza; Influenza A, H1N1. Basic agent information. Section I- Infectious Agent. Section II- Dissemination
1918 Influenza; Influenza A, H1N1 Basic agent information Section I- Infectious Agent Risk Group: - RG3 Synonym or Cross reference: - Spanish Flu - 1918 Flu - El Grippe Characteristics: - SELECT AGENT
More informationWhat is Legionnaires' disease?
Understanding Legionnaires disease: A Fact Sheet For Workers Organization(s): New York Committee for Occupational Safety and Health Other languages: Spanish Summary Statement: This NYCOSH fact sheet is
More informationDr Tara Anderson ACIPC 24 th November 2015
Dr Tara Anderson ACIPC 24 th November 2015 Measles Virus (MeV) Genus Morbillivirus Family Paramyxoviridae Spherical, enveloped, non-segmented, singlestranded, negative-sense RNA virus 120-250 nm diameter
More informationCHAPTER 7 Medical/Surgical Asepsis and Infection Control
CHAPTER 7 Medical/Surgical Asepsis and Infection Control 1 Slide 1 Microorganisms Microscopic. Naturally present on and in the human body and environment. Some microorganisms (pathogens) cause specific
More informationBiological Warfare Agents
Biological Warfare Agents Chapter 29 Biological Warfare Agents The reader is strongly advised to supplement material in this chapter with the following reference: US Army Medical Research Institute of
More informationU. S. ARM I, ' THE USE OF HIGUCHI-SMITH MEDIUM FOR IMPROVING THE IMMUNOGENIC PROPERTIES OF PLAGUE VACCINE STRAINS
ri THE USE OF HIGUCHI-SMITH MEDIUM FOR IMPROVING THE IMMUNOGENIC PROPERTIES OF PLAGUE VACCINE STRAINS TranslationNo V April 1966 U. S. ARM I, ' BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES FORT DETRICK, FREDERICK, MARYLAND,:
More informationMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET SECTION 1 - CHEMICAL PRODUCT & COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Pfizer Consumer Healthcare Pfizer Inc 201 Tabor Road Morris Plains, New Jersey 07950 Emergency telephone Hours of operation
More informationPrinciples of Disease and Epidemiology
Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Symbiosis living together An association between two or more species and one species is typically dependent on the other Mutualism - Commensalism - Parasitism - Infection
More informationRespiratory Protection and Swine Influenza
PAGE 1 TechUpdate Respiratory Protection and Swine Influenza Frequently asked Questions The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have recently issued
More informationFundamentals of Tuberculosis (TB)
TB in the United States Fundamentals of Tuberculosis (TB) From 1953 to 1984, reported cases decreased by approximately 5.6% each year From 1985 to 1992, reported cases increased by 20% 25,313 cases reported
More informationHost Parasite Relationship. Prof. Hanan Habib Department of Pathology, College of Medicine,KSU
Host Parasite Relationship Prof. Hanan Habib Department of Pathology, College of Medicine,KSU OBJECTIVES Define core terms important in host-parasite relationship. Know host response to parasite invasion
More informationTransmission (How Germs Spread) Module 1
Transmission (How Germs Spread) Module 1 Learner outcomes By the end of this module you will be able to: State the goal of infection prevention and control. List the links in the chain of transmission.
More informationRelation of the Heat Resistance of Salmonellae to
APPLED MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1970, p. 9- Copyright 1970 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 19, No. Printed in U.S.A. Relation of the Heat Resistance of Salmonellae to the Water Activity of the Environment1
More informationINFECTION CONTROL PRACTICES
INFECTION CONTROL PRACTICES U N D E R S T A N D I N G T H E K E Y P O I N T S Dr Nik Azman Nik Adib Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu It may seem a strange principle to enunciate as the very
More informationon Infectivity of Air on a Hospital Ward
Materials for Online Data Supplement for AJRCCM Surgical Face Masks Worn by Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Impact on Infectivity of Air on a Hospital Ward Authors: Ashwin S. Dharmadhikari
More informationBiological Warfare & Terrorism
Biological Warfare & Terrorism COL Ted Cieslak, MC, USA Director, Clinical Services Division U.S. Army Medical Command Ft Sam Houston TX USAMRIID: A Unique National Resource Page 1 Page 2 USAMRIID 9/15/2011
More informationRHODOCOCCUS EQUI. Post-mortem Environmental Persistence Specific Control Measures Release of Animals from Isolation
RHODOCOCCUS EQUI Definition Clinical Signs Transmission Diagnostic Sampling, Testing and Handling Post-mortem Environmental Persistence Specific Control Measures Release of Animals from Isolation Biosecurity
More informationPUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE SEASONAL INFLUENZA AVIAN INFLUENZA SWINE INFLUENZA
INFLUENZA DEFINITION Influenza is an acute highly infectious viral disease characterized by fever, general and respiratory tract catarrhal manifestations. Influenza has 3 Types Seasonal Influenza Avian
More information"GUARDING AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN INSTITUTIONAL FACILITIES"
MAJOR PROGRAM POINTS "GUARDING AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN INSTITUTIONAL FACILITIES" Training For THE CDC "TUBERCULOSIS PREVENTION GUIDELINES" "Quality Safety and Health Products, for Today...and Tomorrow"
More informationUSE OF PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT. Standard and Isolation precautions Ana M. Bonet 6/2017
USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Standard and Isolation precautions Ana M. Bonet 6/2017 Three principal elements required for an infection to occur: a source or reservoir, a susceptible host with a
More informationFactors Affecting the Resistance of Staphylococcus
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Jan., 1967, p. 97-101 Copyright 1967 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 15, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Factors Affecting the Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to Hydrogen Peroxide
More informationagainst phage B was prepared by intravenous inoculation of 5 pound rabbits CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE1
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE CHANGE TO VIRULENCE OF BACTERIOPHAGE-INFECTED AVIRULENT STRAINS OF CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE1 VICTOR J. FREEMAN" AND I. UNA MORSE Department of Public Health and Preventive
More informationThe Chain of Infection
The Chain of Infection As healthcare professionals, it is important to understand two facts about infection: 1.The various ways infection can be transmitted. 2. The ways the infection chain can be broken.
More informationPathogens and Disease
Pathogens and Disease 1 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012 2 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Some micro-organisms are pathogens 3 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Organisms that cause disease are called pathogens. What are
More informationSOME PROPERTIES OF ECHO AND COXSACKIE VIRUSES IN TISSUE CULTURE AND VARIATIONS BY HEAT
THE KURUME MEDICAL JOURNAL Vol. 9, No. 1, 1962 SOME PROPERTIES OF ECHO AND COXSACKIE VIRUSES IN TISSUE CULTURE AND VARIATIONS BY HEAT SHIGERU YAMAMATO AND MASAHISA SHINGU Department of Microbiology, Kurume
More informationkidney cells grown in 3 per cent inactivated horse serum, 5 per cent beef embryo significance of these observations is not clear at the present time
THE ISOLATION OF A NEW VIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY CLINICAL DISEASE IN HUMANS* BY WINSTON H. PRICE DEPARTMENTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND PUBLIC
More informationEnvironmental survival of Neisseria meningitidis
Environmental survival of Neisseria meningitidis Yih-Ling Tzeng, Emory University L.E. Martin, Emory University David Stephens, Emory University Journal Title: Epidemiology and Infection Volume: Volume
More informationCommunicable Disease. Introduction
Communicable Disease HIGHLIGHTS Seniors have the highest incidence rates of tuberculosis compared to other age groups. The incidence rates for TB have been higher among Peel seniors compared to Ontario
More informationHealth care workers (HCWs) caring for suspected (clinically diagnosed) or confirmed cases of. Influenza A(H1N1)v FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Health care workers (HCWs) caring for suspected (clinically diagnosed) or confirmed cases of Questions found here: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS What is pandemic flu? What is the difference between seasonal
More informationInfection Prevention and Control Induction Program. GRICG May 2015
Infection Prevention and Control Induction Program GRICG May 2015 What is an infection? An infection occurs when invading microorganisms cause ill health Viruses Bacteria Fungi Parasites Prions Pain, tenderness,
More informationMicrobiology of Atypical Pneumonia. Dr. Mohamed Medhat Ali
Microbiology of Atypical Pneumonia Dr. Mohamed Medhat Ali Pneumonia P n e u m o n i a i s a n infection of the lungs that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Atypical! Pneumonia Symptoms. X-ray
More informationTyphoid Fever II. Received for publication 6 May % saline was administered to human volunteers
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Dec. 1975, p. 1290-1294 Copyright( 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 12,, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Vi Antigen From Salmonella typhosa And Immunity Against Typhoid Fever
More informationOZONE EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC BACTERIA AND VIRUSES (
Bacterial infections and the spread of viruses relating to athletic gear are becoming a bigger concern each year. Numerous articles are being written and public awareness is growing rapidly to the health
More information"GUARDING AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN HEALTHCARE FACILITIES"
MAJOR PROGRAM POINTS "GUARDING AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN HEALTHCARE FACILITIES" Training For THE CDC "TUBERCULOSIS PREVENTION GUIDELINES" "Quality Safety and Health Products, for Today...and Tomorrow" Outline
More informationAGGLUTINATION PHENOMENA IN CANCER
AGGLUTINATION PHENOMENA IN CANCER N. WATERMAN AND L. DB KROMME (Laboratory of the Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuie, Amsterdam) In the course of our investigations into the cytolysis of cancer cells by different
More informationTemperature-Sensitive Mutants Isolated from Hamster and
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Nov. 1975, p. 1332-1336 Copyright i 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 5 Printed in U.S.A. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants Isolated from Hamster and Canine Cell Lines
More informationLife Threatening Vocational Hazards Diseases and Toxins
Life Threatening Vocational Hazards Diseases and Toxins INTRODUCTION What is the blood-borne pathogens standard? 29CFR 1910.1030 Who needs blood-borne pathogens (BBP) training? What content needs to be
More informationresulting from evaporation of the spray droplets and containing viable bacteria have measurable settling velocities. Under our
STUDIES ON MICROORGANISMS IN SIMULATED ROOM ENVIRONMENTS II. THE SURVIVAL RATES OF STREPTOCOCCI IN THE DARK' LEON BUCHBINDER AND EARLE B. PHELPS DeLamar Institute of Public Health, College of Physicians
More informationMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Page 1 of 6 1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/PREPARATION AND THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING Pfizer Inc Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Group 235 East 42nd Street New York, New York 10017 1-212-573-2222 Emergency telephone
More informationAvian influenza Avian influenza ("bird flu") and the significance of its transmission to humans
15 January 2004 Avian influenza Avian influenza ("bird flu") and the significance of its transmission to humans The disease in birds: impact and control measures Avian influenza is an infectious disease
More information