Ascribe disease risk for the management of airborne transmitted disease in horticultural cropping systems
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1 Ascribe disease risk for the management of airborne transmitted disease in horticultural cropping systems Bio aerosols and disease transmission Cucumber gummy stem blight management Application for the pig industry? Comparing Cucumbers to Pigs? Alison Wakeham
2 Section 1: Bio aerosols and disease transmission Include fungi, viruses, bacteria, pollen, insects, plant and animal debris Broad size spectrum Location and environment driven
3 Bio aerosols: Health (Animals and Humans) Greenhouse, dairy and pig workers found to have a 25% increase of nasal irritation. Particles larger than 30µm diameter have low probability of entering into the nasal passages Respirable size fraction of <10µm particular concern. Particles <1.5 µm deposit within alveolar e.g. bacteria associated with pleurisy, farmers lung, organic dust toxic syndrome and asthma Typical Particle size (micron)
4
5 Bio aerosols: Plant Health
6 Disease spread is location and environment driven
7 Implication for plant health
8 Section 2: Cucumber gummy stem blight management Improving control of Gummy stem blight caused by Mycosphaerella melonis through airborne spore monitoring to aid disease forecasting and improve the timing of cultural, chemical and bio control measures
9 Improving control of gummy stem blight caused by Mycosphaerella melonis through airborne spore monitoring to aid disease forecasting and improve the timing of cultural, chemical and bio control measures
10 Monitoring gummy stem blight disease in bio aerosols Volumetric Spore Trap
11 Monitoring gummy stem blight disease in bio aerosols Sample (24 hrs) Gummy stem blight disease in collected bio aerosols Disease concentration in air /10/ /10/ /10/ /10/ /10/ /10/ /10/ /10/ /10/ /10/ /10/ /10/ /10/ /11/ /11/ /11/ /11/ /11/ /11/ /11/ /11/ /11/ /11/ /11/ /11/ /11/ :30 23:00 20:00 03:00 20:00 11:00 19:15 00:15 19:15 11:15 18:15 11:15 18:00 11:00 20:00 11:00 17:15 10:15 17:15 21:15 18:00 19:00 19:00 21:00 19:15 00:15 17:15 09:15 17:15 04:00 13:30 18:30 & 23:30 08:30 14:30 21:00 & 03:30 07:30 13:30 08:30 13:30 22:00 14:30 07:30 13:30 08:30 15:00 07:00 14:30 11:30 11:30 10:30 Continuous Continuous
12 Effect of control treatments applied Commercial Nursery 1. Crop Planted 2. Amistar drench 3. Bravo 4. Systhane 5. Systhane 6. Switch / chalk 7. Rocket 8. Crop out 9. Polythene removed 10. Pressure wash glasshouse (5 th to 10 th ) 11. Horticide spray space treatment 12. Polythene down No M.melonis ascospores trapped per cubic metre air sampled /12/ /12/ /12/ /12/ /12/ /12/ /12/ /12/ /12/ /12/ /12/2011
13 Developing more rapid systems to monitor crop bio aerosols for gummy stem blight disease Microtiter Immunospore Trap Air movement through a microtiter well (57 L per min) Air particulates are impacted on to the base of the microtitre well
14 Weekly bio aerosol measurement of Mycosphaerella melonis in commercial cucumber cropping systems
15 On site daily tests to monitor crop bio aerosols for gummy stem blight disease Multivial cyclone air sampler 0
16 On site monitoring for risk of white blister disease Disease tolerance zone
17 On site monitoring for risk of white blister disease Disease tolerance zone w/c 22nd August 2013 White blister infection model
18 Monitoring cucumber crops for emergence of powdery mildew species Golovinomyces orontii Podosphaera xanthii
19 Cucumber gummy stem blight disease management Identify disease early in bio aerosols Ascribe risk based on inoculum concentration Inoculum x environmental conditions will determine disease potential Provide capability for on site inexpensive testing for routine screening and the timely deployment of control measures Bio aerosol sampling provides opportunity to monitor more than one pathogen or strain Sanitation, sanitation, sanitation, sanitation, sanitation, sanitation, sanitation!
20 Section 3: Monitoring disease transmission in bio aerosols Pigs
21 Livestock bio aerosols Closed environments with high animal densities can create poor air quality High levels of dust, microorganisms, endotoxins and ammonia Acute and chronic symptoms relate to hours spent inside pig confinement houses: Headache, chest tightness, nasal and eye irritation, cough Reduced respiratory function, wheezing and chronic bronchitis Schenker et al. (1998). Respiratory health hazards in Agriculture. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med 158, S1-S76 Crook et al. (1991). Airborne dust, ammonia, microorganisms and antigens in pig confinement houses. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 52:
22 Community structure of bacteria and fungi in pig production bio aerosols Background Modern intensive husbandry practices can create poor indoor air quality, with high levels of airborne dust, endotoxins, ammonia and micro organisms. Air exchange in modern pig houses can depend on the temperature and relative humidity inside the building leading to large variations in air residency during a day. Air changes can range between 0.7 to 6.3 times per hour depending on time of day and season Animal concentration and activity, ventilation rates, feeding, day /night, bedding, floor type and waste handling likely to influence bio aerosol composition Previous studies relied on small air volumes and short period of time (0.06m 3 ) Study Continuous monitoring Compare viable counts to total genomic DNA Anja Krestiansen et al., (2012). Community structure of bacteria and fungi in aerosols of a pig confinement building. FEMS Microbial Ecol. 80:
23 Community structure of bacteria and fungi in pig production bio aerosols Main finding A previously undescribed diversity of fungi and bacteria which could create poor indoor air quality Future work? Type of air samplers Sampling periods Environmental factors Comparison bio aerosols outside of the pig production area Sampling position Anja Krestiansen et al., (2012). Community structure of bacteria and fungi in aerosols of a pig confinement building. FEMS Microbial Ecol. 80:
24 Relationship between airborne virus and disease in pigs? Problem Key route of transmission for Influenza A is by aerosol transmission. Influenza transmission in pigs mainly through nose to nose contact and aerosolized droplets. Likelihood of a pig farm being positive for influenza significantly associated with density. 22% pig herds reported problems of influenza in USA. Considered endemic in many countries and regions of the world. Study Characterise time dynamics of bio aerosol detection in a population of infected pigs. One inoculated seeder pig / replicate Nasal swabs daily and bio aerosol sampling 3 x day. Explore relationship between the number of infected pigs and the probability of detecting influenza in bio aerosols during the course of an infection Cesar Corzo et al (2013). Relationship between airborne detection of Influenza A virus and the number of infected pigs. Doi: /j.tvjl
25 Monitoring disease transmission in bio aerosols Findings Seeder pig tested positive at 1 day post challenge Positive air samples detected at 2 days post challenge Seeder pig and three contact pigs positive at 2 days post challenge Positive bio aerosols consistently detected between days 3 and 6. The measurement of influenza in the air correlated to the increasing number of influenza positive pigs For bio aerosol detection a requirement of four infected pigs shedding influenza
26 Ascribing disease risk for the management of airborne transmitted disease in horticultural cropping systems Good sanitation practice throughout Environmental conditions Certification of disease free plants / pigs? Bio aerosol monitoring Irrigation / water, soil (bedding) and feed lines Comparing Cucumbers to Pigs?
27 Water, air and cleanliness are the chief articles in my pharmacopoeia Napoleon 1
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