Pathogens and Disease
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1 Pathogens and Disease 1 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
2 2 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
3 Some micro-organisms are pathogens 3 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Organisms that cause disease are called pathogens. What are the four major types of pathogen? bacteria fungi virus protozoa
4 Diseases caused by pathogens 4 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
5 How pathogens enter the body 5 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Pathogens must enter the body in order to cause infection. They can enter the body: through the nose, for example airborne micro-organisms through the mouth, for example contaminated water or contaminated food through the skin, for example insect bites, cuts or infected needles via the reproductive organs, for example in the semen.
6 Examples of transmission 6 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
7 Preventing transmission of disease 7 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
8 Plants defend themselves too 8 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Plants, as well as animals, can be attacked by pathogens. Plant diseases caused by pathogens include blight and root rot. Some plants produce chemicals to protect themselves from pathogenic disease. In some cases, these substances can be used to treat human disease. Examples include: salicylic acid, on which aspirin is based quinine used to treat cramp and malaria opiate painkillers, like morphine and codeine.
9 9 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
10 Invasion! 10 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012 What happens when a pathogen enters your body? The pathogen begins to reproduce and may make toxins. The pathogen or toxins may destroy the body s cells and make you feel unwell. Painkillers can relieve the symptoms of an infection but do not kill the pathogen. Your immune system must begin to mount an attack.
11 How do pathogens cause illness? 11 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012 The stages of an infectious disease include: Entry Pathogens enter the body via food, water, airborne droplets, contact, etc. Reproduction The number of pathogens rapidly increases. This can damage a cell, even causing it to burst. Toxins The pathogens will produce toxins. These are harmful substances that poison the body s tissues and enzymes. Immune response and symptoms Symptoms of the infection will appear as a result of the accumulation of toxins, for example as a fever.
12 The growth rate of pathogens 12 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
13 13 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
14 Incidence of disease 14 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
15 Factors affecting disease 15 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012 The spread of diseases like cholera and food poisoning can increase after natural disasters, such as earthquakes. Why do you think this is? Those left without homes may migrate to safer areas and transfer pathogens. Damaged infrastructure disrupts the health services, meaning injured people are left untreated. Damaged water and sewage systems allow pathogens to spread more easily via water, food and poor sanitation. A lack of electricity may result in food decay.
16 16 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
17 Combating infection 17 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012 The pathogen or the toxins that they produce may destroy the body s cells and make the person feel unwell. What are treatments for illness? Some medicines, like painkillers, relieve the symptoms of an infection but do not kill the pathogen. Some drugs, like antibiotics, help to combat the illness by killing bacteria. To prevent the spread of illness in hospitals, antiseptics are used to keep surfaces clean, equipment is sterilized or thrown away after use and medical staff wash their hands.
18 Discovering how to treat disease 18 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
19 Antibiotics 19 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Antibiotics are powerful medicines that help to cure many diseases by killing bacteria inside the body. There are different types of antibiotic, including penicillin. Not all antibiotics can be used to kill the same bacteria. If these drugs had not been available during World War II, at least 300,000 more people would have died. However, antibiotics do not affect viruses so cannot be used to treat viral infections.
20 Chemicals that fight infection 20 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
21 What are superbugs? 21 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Some species of bacteria can double in number every minutes. When bacteria divide, random changes called mutations sometimes occur in their genes. The mutant and normal bacteria are subject to natural selection. Mutations that offer competitive advantages spread rapidly through the population. A common type of mutation amongst bacteria is to develop resistance to an antibiotic. This means the antibiotic will become much less effective, or not work at all. If bacteria become resistant to several antibiotics, they are known as superbugs.
22 The evolution of superbugs 22 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
23 Antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria 23 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
24 Using antibiotics sensibly 24 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, several methods of prevention and control have been adopted: Patients should finish the complete course of antibiotics if not, there is a risk that any remaining resistant bacteria will survive and multiply. Patients should only be prescribed antibiotics if their body is unable to fight the infection itself. Reserve stronger antibiotics for serious infections this will reduce the risk of the development of resistance.
25 25 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
26 Glossary 26 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
27 Anagrams 27 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
28 Multiple-choice quiz 28 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2012
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