A. Vaccines B. Breast milk C. Soy-based formulas D. Regular formula. A. Measles B. Smallpox C. Polio D. Influenza

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1 Vaccines Safety Infants are exposed to the greatest amount of aluminum from what? In 1916, rumors circulated that candy was the cause of what infectious disease? A. Vaccines B. Breast milk C. Soy-based formulas D. Regular formula A. Measles B. Smallpox C. Polio D. Influenza What are the chemical agents in vaccines that allow for lesser quantities of active ingredients and in some cases, fewer doses, while maintaining the ability of the vaccine to be protective? A. Adjuvants B. Helper proteins C. Booster proteins D. Chemicals How many different antibodies can a person make? A. Thousands B. Hundreds of thousands C. Millions D. Billions

2 The correct answer is C In 1916, rumors circulated that candy caused polio. Candy was also rumored as the cause other infectious diseases, such as cerebrospinal meningitis. In fact, candy was so frequently blamed for poisonings and injuries that the National Confectioners Association thoroughly investigated almost every report on candy poisonings. The investigators found that out of the hundreds of reports of candy poisonings, very few were based upon facts. The correct answer is C Infants are exposed to about 120 milligrams of aluminum during the first 6 months of life if they are fed soy-based formulas. In comparison, vaccines given during the first 6 months of life contain about 4 milligrams, breast-milk contains about 10 milligrams and regular infant formula about 40 milligrams. The correct answer is D Susumu Tonegawa, a Nobel Prize-winning immunologist, determined that antibodies are made by rearranging and recombining many different genes. From his work, he discovered that one person is capable of making about 10 billion different antibodies. Adjuvants are chemicals in vaccines that allow them to generate protective immunity despite lesser quantities of active ingredients and in some cases, fewer doses. An adjuvant commonly found in vaccines in the U.S. is aluminum salts.

3 Vaccines Safety In what city did people first organize to voice their concerns about vaccinations? Which religious groups prohibit the use of vaccines made using fetal tissue? A. Paris, France B. Venice, Italy C. London, England D. Sydney, Australia A. Jewish B. Catholics C. Muslims D. None of the these Why is separating, spacing out or withholding some vaccines detrimental? A. Infants will be susceptible to disease for longer periods of time B. It can increase the amount of stress a child may experience if they must return to the doctor more frequently than they would if the recommended vaccine schedule was followed C. Booster proteins D. Both A & B What is a stabilizer that is commonly used in vaccines to protect the active ingredients from degradation? A. Aluminum B. Monophosphoryl lipid A C. Gelatin D. Sodium dodecyl sulfate

4 The correct answer is D Jewish, Catholic and Muslim religions do not prohibit the use of vaccines that are made using fetal tissue because they can save lives by preventing life-threatening infections. Some people question whether Catholics are able to use these vaccines, but the Vatican Council declared that parents who give their children vaccines are not committing an immoral act. The correct answer is C The Anti-Vaccination League began in London, England, in 1853 and was the first organization for people to voice their concerns about vaccine safety. The correct answer is C Gelatin is commonly used in vaccines as a stabilizer to protect active ingredients from degradation. The gelatin used in vaccines is made by extracting collagen from the skin and hooves of pigs. The correct answer is D Separating, spacing out or withholding some vaccines can be detrimental because infants will be susceptible to diseases for longer periods of time. The recommended vaccine schedule is designed to make sure that vaccines are given at times that will allow infants and children to be protected when they are most likely to get the diseases. Likewise, studies have shown that levels of the stress hormone cortisol do not increase when multiple vaccines are given, but more visits will likely mean more stress. Another possible reason is increased opportunity for administration errors.

5 Vaccines Safety What animal does the gelatin used in vaccines come from? A. Horses B. Cows C. Pigs D. Ducks Why are some vaccines made using fetal cells? A. Fetal cells were the only cells available at the time some vaccines were made. B. Human cells are often better at supporting the growth of human viruses than animal cells are. C. Fetal cells are mortal, like humans. D. No vaccine is made using fetal cells. Which side effect is known to be caused by vaccines? A. Fever B. Hair loss C. Decrease in shoe size D. Profuse sweating Which people are negatively affected by aluminum? A. People whose kidneys are not working properly or at all B. People who have never been in contact with aluminum C. People who eat fish D. People who do not receive aluminum in their diet

6 The correct answer is B Some vaccines are made using fetal cells because viruses require cells to grow and human cells are often better at supporting the growth of human viruses than animal cells are. Fetal cells are also immortal, meaning they can reproduce forever so the same source of cells can be used indefinitely. Therefore, additional abortions are not needed. The correct answer is C Gelatin used in vaccines comes from pigs. For people to be negatively affected by aluminum, two criteria must be met: Having ill-functioning kidneys and being exposed to high quantities of aluminum over an extended period of time. In these people, because their kidneys don t effectively clear the aluminum, it accumulates and causes damage. Fever is a common side effect caused by vaccines. Fevers typically develop after a vaccine is given because the immune system is responding to the vaccine. Other common side effects that can occur after a vaccine include pain and redness or tenderness at the injection site.

7 Vaccines Safety The MMR vaccine-autism controversy was started by a British researcher. What is one flaw found in his work? Which vaccine can cause a temporary decrease in the number of cells needed to stop bleeding (platelets)? A. False data B. Large numbers of patients C. It was reproducible D. There were no flaws in the study A. Rubella vaccine B. Tdap vaccine C. Measles vaccine D. HPV vaccine Problems with which vaccine led to the Cutter Incident? A. Polio vaccine B. Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) C. Measles vaccine D. Rotavirus vaccine How do companies know the dose of vaccine that should be given? A. They study different doses to determine the lowest effective dose for the target group. B. They study different doses for the highest dose possible for the target group. C. They use doses used for other vaccines. D. The dose of the vaccine is chosen randomly.

8 The correct answer is C The measles vaccine is a rare cause of thrombocytopenia, a temporary decrease in the number of cells needed to stop bleeding (platelets). However, thrombocytopenia is much more common, and can be more severe, when it occurs as a result of natural measles infection. False data was just one flaw in the report that caused the MMR vaccine-autism controversy. Many other groups tried to repeat the British researcher s experiments, but were unable to do so. Small number of patients and lack of controls were also found to be issues. The study was subsequently retracted. Studies are performed to determine the lowest dose that will still provide enough immunity to prevent illness. The Cutter Incident occurred in 1955 when Cutter Laboratories in Berkeley, Calif., produced polio vaccine that contained live polio virus. More than 120,000 people received the vaccines and as a result, 40,000 of them were temporarily paralyzed; 200 were permanently paralyzed and 10 died.

9 Vaccines Safety What does an epidemiological study determine? What vaccine is not made using fetal cells? A. Groups of people are likely to get a disease B. The age group most likely to get a disease C. The number of people who get the disease and the number who die from it D. All of the these A. Rubella vaccine B. Chickenpox vaccine C. HPV vaccine D. Hepatitis A vaccine Vaccines were shown to cause what disease? A. Asthma B. Diabetes C. Multiple sclerosis D. None of these What chemical compound is used during the manufacture of vaccines to inactivate viruses or bacterial toxins? A. Water B. Formaldehyde C. Aluminum D. Gelatin

10 The correct answer is C The HPV vaccine is not made using fetal cells; however, vaccines against chickenpox, hepatitis A, rubella, rabies and one of the shingles vaccines are made using this technology. The correct answer is D Epidemiological studies determine who gets a disease (susceptibility), when a person gets a disease (seasonality) and the number of people who get a disease (morbidity). Epidemiological studies also determine the number of people who die from a disease (mortality). The correct answer is B Formaldehyde is used during vaccine manufacturing to inactivate viruses and bacterial toxins. Some concern surrounds the use of formaldehyde in vaccines because it is also used to preserve dead bodies. However, the amount of formaldehyde in vaccines is minimal because of purification processes used during the manufacturing process. The correct answer is D Numerous scientific studies have shown no link between vaccines and asthma, diabetes or multiple sclerosis.