Introduction. Health; Oral vaccine. Animals & Location. Objectives

Transcription

1 Introduction It has been stated that water is the forgotten nutrient (Brooks, 1994) Drinking behavior of seven week old pigs when water is either with held or provided ad libitum A. K. Johnson* and. J. Jackson, Iowa State University, Ames Water function, quality, and requirements are all essential to the well-being of the individual pig (Brumm, 2001; McGlone and Pond, 2003; Brumm, 2006) Factors affecting drinking behavior of the pig Age Health* Exogenous factors (temperature / RH) Health; Oral vaccine Enterisol Ileitis, Lawsonia intracellularis vaccine Provides protection against proliferative enteropathy (ileitis), 47 % of swine units from (Alberta Pork, 2007), Estimated to cost the U. S. swine industry $98 million annually (Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, 2003). Ratio of pigs to the drinker Social hierarchy Objectives Determine the number and length of drinking visits and water disappearance for seven week old pigs when water was either withheld or not withheld for 15 hours over two consecutive days Animals & Location Institutional Animal are and Use ommittee 194 PI (USA) pigs Starting age 49 ± 4 d Start weight ± 5.38 kg (48.4 lbs.) Research was conducted over two days in May 2006 limate controlled commercial nursery facility 1

2 Diets & Water Diets Diets provided through a five hole stainless steel feeder Ad-libitum access to a corn-soy diet 3264 kcal and 20 % P formulated to meet NR requirements (NR, 1998) Water Water provided through a stainless steel nipple-cup drinker cm deep x cm high x cm wide (Farmweld DRIK-O-MAT, IL) ex.html Housing & Husbandry Housing Pen dimensions; 1.52 x 3.66 m, Providing 0.24 m 2 / pig (2.60 ft 2 ) Tenderfoot flooring Husbandry 9:15 Light: Dark cycle Observation by farm personnel at 0700 and 1530 Treatments Eight pens 23 pigs / pen (four barrow and four gilt pens) Pigs were randomly assigned to pens and blocked by sex A cross over design of treatments was utilized Treatments Treatments 1 Withheld (; n = 4) Defined as a pen of nursery aged pigs that had no access to water for 15-h Pens 1,4,5, to 6:59:59 Water available Day One 0700 to 12:59: to 15:59:59 behavior not collected 2 ontrol (; n = 4) Defined as a pen of nursery aged pigs that had ad-libitum access to water 2,3,6,7 Pens Water Withheld (15 h) 1600 to 6:59:59 Day Two 0700 to 12:59:59 behavior not collected ,3,6,7 Water available End of trial 1,4,5,8 Water Withheld (15 h) End of trial 2

3 limatic Measurements Temperatures were recorded Average Temperature Day (79.14 o F) Day (83.77 o F) Average over two days of trial; o (81.46 o F) om/solutions/products/lo ggers/_showloggerfamily.php5?lf=11 NPB, 2003 limatic Measurements Relative Humidity were recorded Average Relative Humidity, % Day % Day % Average over two days of trial; 47.27% om/solutions/products/lo ggers/_showloggerfamily.php5?lf=11 Behavioral Equipment & Acquisition Social facilitation of drinking related behaviors One day prior to visual recording Pigs were identified with an individual number One 12 V black and white TV camera was positioned over each drinker Behavioral Equipment & Acquisition The acquisition of drinking behavior ollected by one experienced observer, DVD s viewed using a 24-h mode (1 frame / s), Recorded observational data using Observer software (The Observer, Ver Noldus Information Technology). Recordings were made over two consecutive days from 0700 to 1300 h Behavioral Measurements Drinking behavior was expressed On an hourly basis Three two hour time blocks B1 summed :59:59 B2 summed :59:59 B3 summed 1 12:59:59 How quickly did all pigs visit the drinker? Number of visits and duration of time spent ( 5 s) were recorded A drinking visit was defined as each time the pigs head was in and terminated when the pigs head moved out of the nipple cup drinker (Turner et al., 1999) Water Study lip.wmv 3

4 Water Flow Rates & Disappearance Water flow rates met industry flow standards (NPB, 2007) Water meters (DLJ-hose Bibb ) Installed on the water line to each pen Water disappearance within all pens was recorded at 0700, 0800, 0900, 0, 1 and 1200 hour Experimental Design and Analysis Experimental unit = nursery pen Total number of visits and visit lengths on an hourly and block basis Analyzed using the PRO MIXED procedure of SAS Model Day (one or two), Treatment (control or water withholding), Sex (barrows or gilts), All interactions, Body weight (kg) was used as a linear covariate, Pen nested within treatment and day was included as a random effect in the model, Non-significant (P > 0.05) main effects (sex and day) and interactions were removed from the final model. Experimental Design and Analysis Accumulative water disappearance Analyzed using the PRO MIXED procedure of SAS Model Main effects of treatment, sex and day, Two-way and three-way interactions were not significant sources of variation (P > 0.05) and were removed from the final model before analysis, Pen nested within treatment and day was included as a random effect in the model. Descriptive percentages of the time (h) for seven week old pigs to make a first visit of 5 s or longer to the nipple cup drinker Day B Block B2 B3 Descriptive percentages of the time (h) for seven week old pigs to make a first visit of 5 s or longer to the nipple cup drinker Day B1 79 Block B2 B3 Drinking Visits Total number of drinking visits Differed (P = ) with pigs having fewer total visits to the nipple cup drinker when compared to their counterparts = ± 0.77 total visits = ± 0.77 total visits 4

5 Number of drinking visits to a nipple cup drinker of 5 s or longer Treatment SE P-value Length of Drinking Visits Total length of drinking visits Differed (P = ) with pigs spending less time at the nipple cup drinker when compared to their counterparts ± 17. s ± s Length of drinking visits to a nipple cup drinker of 5 s or longer Treatment Water usage l / pig Treatment P-values P-values ± ± ± ± ± ± to to ± ± ± ± 0.07 < ± ± to ± ± ± ± to ± ± ± ± to ± ± onclusion % of the pigs from both treatment groups visited the nipple cup drinker over the observed period Descriptively pigs over the 6-h observational period visited and spent longer at the water nipple drinker Breaking down visits and length of time spent at the nipple cup drinker differences between the treatments were seen in the first hour after water restoration After this there were no differences Water disappearance over the 6-h period resulted in more water (l / pig) being used in the group versus the Implications Withholding water over the 15-h period to make sure all pigs receive sufficient time to visit the water bowl drinker IF a vaccine is being delivered is not recommended Furthermore, it might warrant extra management attention in regards to making sure the water gets turned on after the withholding period 5

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