AHS. Some different. Emerging Vector borne Viral Diseases Netherlands, November Control and eradication

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1 Control and eradication Emerging Vector borne Viral Diseases Netherlands, November 2008 REFERENCE LABORATORY ANIMAL HEALTH UNIVERSITY COMPLUTENSE, MADRID Prof. José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno AHS. Some different

AHS TOOLS VECTORS 2,5 10exp-1 10exp-1 Fluorescence 2 1,5 1

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

10exp-3 10exp-4 10exp-4 10exp-4 10exp-5 10exp-5 10exp-5

2 AHS TOOLS VECTORS 2,5 10exp-1 10exp-1 Fluorescence 2 1,5 1 0, exp-1 10exp-2 10exp-2 10exp-2 10exp-3 10exp-3 10exp-3 10exp-4 10exp-4 10exp-4 10exp-5 10exp-5 10exp-5 10exp-6 10exp-6 10exp-6 10exp-7 10exp-7 10exp-7-0,5 Cycle number VACCINE

3 Culicoides identification, capture and distribution Samples. Good diagnosis techniques Agüero et al., 2002 Fernández, et al., 2006, 2008 Agüero et al., 2006 Rodriguez et al 2007, 2008

4 AHSV VACCINES LIVE MODIFIED (MONO- POLY) (Blackburn, 1987; House,, 1993) INACTIVATED (S4) (House y col; 1994; Laviada y col.1995) RECOMBINANTS (Martínez nez-torrecuadra y col, 1996) Lives Inactivated DIVA Recombinant DIVA EPIDEMIOLOGY INFECTIOUS BUT NOCONTAGIOUS DISEASE MORTALITY: Arbovirus, Fam. Reoviridae MULES: 50% DONKEYS: 10% VIRAEMIA: 28 DAYS MORTALITY 70-95% VIRAEMIA: 4-8 DAYS 18 DAYS

5 Molecular Structure Molecular Structure Etiology RNA Genoma NS1 NS2 Proteínas no estructurales NS3 Differential diagnosis Proteínas estructurales serotype VP2 VP5 VP7 VP3 VP6 VP4 VP1 Proteínas de la cápside externa Proteínas de la cápside interna Proteínas menores internas AHSV serotypes AHSV serotypes Nine different serotypes In the mediterranean countries: Setrotypes 9 (1966) and 4 ( )

Historical Distribution Historical Distribution BUT http://ec.europa.

6 Historical Distribution Historical Distribution BUT

7 Source: FAO AHSV 2007 OUTBREAKS Serotype 7 Senegal Serotype 2 Nigeria y Senegal Serotype 4 Kenya

8 2008 Etiopía Serotipo 2 CLINICAL PICTURES CLINICAL PICTURES RESPIRATORY FORM CARDIAC FORM

9 W N S E OEDEMA OF LUNGS HYDROPERICARDIUM SUBCUTANEUS GELATINE EPICARDIA AND ENDOCARDIA Routes of AHS introduction Wind Animal trade Transport Contaminated vaccines

The amount of Culicoides that can be carried by

10 The amount of Culicoides that can be carried by the wind. Dust transportation short distances. Source: The amount of Culicoides that can be carried by the wind. and long distances Source:

11 The amount of Culicoides that can be carried by the wind. DREAM: Dust REgional Atmospheric Model Origin, Altitude, Quantity, Destination Figure 1. Coverage of DREAM Figure 2. Example of DREAM output Source: Modeling the number of Culicoides transported by the wind Source:

2006 Source: SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and ORBIMAGE The amount of Culicoides that

12 The amount of Culicoides that can be carried by the wind. 0.5 microgram 0.1 to 10 microgram Barnum et al to 6.1 microgram Perez et al Source: SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and ORBIMAGE The amount of Culicoides that can be carried by the wind. Analysis of 5680 outputs (daily prediction of dust deposition into Europe from 2004 to 2007) Source:

13 surface concentration of dust (ug/m3) Analysis: Kernel density BTV introduction in Balearic Islands 50 Dust in Baleares Outbreaks in Baleares Outbreaks in Tunisia Outbreaks in Argelia Outbreaks in Morrocco Precipitation T_max_abs T_min_abs

14 BTV introduction in Andalucía Dust Andalucía Outbreaks Andalucía Tunisia Outbreaks Argelia Outbreaks Morrocco outbreaks T_min_abs T_max_abs precipitation Conclusion Culicoides (BTV+) most likely are carried by the wind from N. Africa to Spain Outbreaks in Argelia or Tunisia risk of introduction by the wind in the Balearic Islands Outbreaks in Morocco risk of introduction by the wind in Andalucía.

15 AHS IN SPAIN. A REVIEW HISTORY OF AHS IN SPAIN HISTORY OF AHS IN SPAIN June 1987

16 surface concentration of dust (ug/m3) Analysis: Kernel density MODELIZATION. BT MODEL. : Tmin Tminmin Tmax Altitud Precipitation vector Humedity Permeability 1) no 2) Low 3) Midium 4) High Vegetation

17 N W E S Insignificant Low. Moderate. High Martínez et al., 2003 AHS in SPAIN II AHS in SPAIN II Animals died Andalucía

AHS, 1987 Virus: No well Know Poor Diagnosis:

Unknow AHS ERADICATION PROGRAMME 87-90 AHS

vaccines are good for the Control diseases but

Inactivated vaccines are better Live attenuated

18 AHS, 1987 Virus: No well Know Poor Diagnosis: (CF, SN) Live Vaccine Location of Vectors: Unknow AHS ERADICATION PROGRAMME AHS ERADICATION PROGRAMME Prophylaxis: Live vaccines are good for the Control diseases but not for eradication. Inactivated vaccines are better Live attenuated POLIVALENT MONOVALENT (S 4) INACTIVATED (S4) Good and fast diagnostic techniques: Differential

Study of the climatic factors in the area Study of the climatic factors in the area Vector is present all through the year in the area Vector cycle is interrupted in cold areas AHS ERADICATION

19 Study of the climatic factors in the area Study of the climatic factors in the area Vector is present all through the year in the area Vector cycle is interrupted in cold areas AHS ERADICATION PROGRAMME AHS ERADICATION PROGRAMME Other key points of AHS eradication success Inmovilization of equidae and all equine contact prohibited Sacrifice or isolation of sick animals (animals who survives are not carrier) Control of vectors Vaccination of all the equine population

Fuente EEA, IPPC Estimación de variación de Tª por encima de 2080 Cambios de Tª respecto al periodo 1961-1990 The amount of Culicoides that can be carried by the

21 Fuente EEA, IPPC Estimación de variación de Tª por encima de 2080 Cambios de Tª respecto al periodo The amount of Culicoides that can be carried by the wind. 0.5 microgram 0.1 to 10 microgram Barnum et al to 6.1 microgram Perez et al Source: SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and ORBIMAGE

22 WHAT CAN WE DO?

Duration of virus infectivity in all afected species.

24 Research need Diva Multi-serotypes vaccine. Identification of vector trasmitting in Europe (C. Obsoletus, C.Pulicaris????). Duration of virus infectivity in all afected species. Other animal reservoir Understanding of Orbivirus persists between years. Risk Analysis and Modelling BANK VACCINE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCE LABORATORY

25 Thank you Gracias

Vaccination against Bluetongue

Vaccination against Bluetongue Ivo Claassen Symposium on Bluetongue virus serotype 8, April 19th, Lelystad Vaccination against Bluetongue Introduction Desired characteristics of BT vaccines BT Vaccines