Case study: Lumpy skin disease and other vector borne diseases in the Middle East

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1 Case study: Lumpy skin disease and other vector borne diseases in the Middle East Federica Monaco Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell Abruzzo e Molise G. Caporale Teramo, Italy OIE Reference Laboratory for BT and WND

"revolution in transportation and communication, which practically

2 A GLOBAL VILLAGE The "twentieth century" has been described by Hobsbawm (1998) as a short century since it brought an extraordinary "revolution in transportation and communication, which practically wiped out time and distance and made the globe become the basic operational unit"

3 These extraordinary changes while offering many benefits and opportunities, have also posed new risks as the emergence or re-emergence of new or old infections, respectively Air traffic in the 500 biggest international airports Hufnagel et al PNAS, 101 :

4 Emerging infectious diseases can be defined as infections that have newly appeared in a population or have existed but are increasing in incidence or geographic range. WHO-FAO-OIE Consultation May 2004

5 newly appeared: Schmallenberg (EFSA, May 2013)

6 increasing in geographic range: EHDV Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is an infectious viral disease transmitted by insects of the genus Culicoides The epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), belongs to the family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus

7 And in countries bordering the Mediterranean Basin

8 EHDV

9 FACTORS INFLUENCING EMERGENCE AND RE-EMERGENCE OF ANIMAL DISEASES(*) (*) Data from a worldwide OIE survey among Chief Veterinary Officers in 2004

correlated Although such correlations are most of the time complex and

10 The factors influencing the ecological dynamics which drives the emergence of Vector Borne Diseases are various and often strictly correlated Although such correlations are most of the time complex and difficult to interpret, some variables have indeed been shown to play a significant role.

11 BLUETONGUE Source: An example of trade influenced epidemic

12 Aetiology Family: Reoviridae, Genus: Orbivirus Serogroups: 20 (Bluetongue, African horse sickness, epizootic haemorragic disease, equine encephalosis etc.) Serotypes: 26 Grimes et al., 1998.

13 Biological vector Several species of Culicoides C. imicola (Africa, Mediterranean) C. obsoletus (Cyprus, 1977; Bulgaria, 1999) C. brevitarsis, C. fulvus, C. oxystoma, C. peregrinus (Australia) C. variipennis, C. insignis (North America)

BTV-1W 2002 BTV-2 & 2000 BTV-4 2006 2002 2006

14 BTV incursions in the Mediterranean Basin from 1998 to BTV BTV-4 BTV-1W 2002 BTV-2 & 2000 BTV BTV BTV-15 BTV BTV-1E 2001

15 Late 2006 BTV incursions (12) in Europe 2007 Early 2008 Late 2008 Early 2009 BTV-6 BTV-11 BTV-8 BTV-8 BTV-4* BTV-8 BTV-1* BTV-1w BTV-4* BTV-1w BTV-1w BTV-25 BTV-8 BTV-9 BTV-2 BTV-9 BTV-9 BTV-2 BTV-1w BTV-4* BTV-16 BTV-16 BTV-8 BTV-2 & BTV-1w BTV-9w BTV-9 BTV-16 BTV-4 BTV-4 BTV-16 BTV-15 BTV-8 BTV-24

16 How can VBDs spread? Two possible mechanisms: the import by viraemic vertebrates (humans, animals) import by virus-bearing arthropods

17 July 2000 on 24 July 2000 Source: SeaWiFS Project

17 Hypothesis of introduction of BTV in Sardinia Dust storm over the Mediterranean Sea originating from North Africa on 17 July 2000 on 24 July 2000 Source: SeaWiFS Project (NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center) and ORBIMAGE, OrbView-2 satellite

18 BTV from 1980 to 1999 source: OIE BT Lab-net

19 BTV from 2000 to 2009 source: OIE BT Lab-net

Pulicaris complex Obsoletus complex C. dewulfi C.

20 BTV was able to develop strategies of adaptation and evolution to spread into new areas and become established Other vector species Pulicaris complex Obsoletus complex C. dewulfi C. chiopterus Morphologically similar to Obsoletus complex, but phylogenetically separated

21 How can VBDs spread? Movement of viraemic vertebrates (humans, animals). It could be intentionally by their natural migration activities

22 WEST NILE DISEASE The role of wild animals

23 WEST NILE DISEASE Arbovirus Group (Arthropod Borne virus) Flavivirus genus includes approximately 70 viruses, most of which are transmitted by vectors (ticks and mosquitoes) West Nile Virus species Transmitted by mosquitoes Japanese encephalitis sero-complex viruses

24 WNV transmission cycle Vectors Incidental hosts Weak and short viremia Birds Furry et al., 2003

25 WND up to 1990

26 WND 2000

27 WND 2006

28 WND 2007

29 WND 2008

30 WND 2009

31 WND 2010

32 WND 2011

33 WND 2012

34 WND in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin Clinical cases and positivity detected ( ) Data updated to 31 March 2010

35 WND in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin Clinical cases and positivity detected ( ) Data updated to 31 March 2010 Marsh areas

36 WND in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin Clinical cases and positivity detected ( ) Data updated to 31 March 2010 Marsh areas Migratory birds: short distance routs

37 WND in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin Clinical cases and positivity detected ( ) Data updated to 31 March 2010 Marsh areas Migratory birds: short distance routs Migratory birds: long distance routs

38 WNV: phylogenetic analysis Whole viral genome (Bakonyi et al., EID, 2006) Different strains Different virulence Lineage 1a Lineage 1: worldwide distribution: West Africa, Middle East, East and Southern Europe, America and Australia Lineage 1b Lineage 2 Proposed lineage 3 Proposed lineage 4 Lineage 2: Africa, Senegal, Uganda, R.C.A., Kenya, Madagascar, Central Europe Lineage 3 e 4: Central Europe Lineage 5: Indian strains

arboviruses, mainly human activities seem to contribute to

39 While bird-associated mosquito-borne viruses seem to be transported mainly by migrating birds, for tick-borne arboviruses, mainly human activities seem to contribute to the spread and the establishment in new ecosystems changed by human activities

40 CRIMEAN-CONGO HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER The influence of environmental perturbation and vectors proliferation

41 Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever CCHFV is a tick-borne virus in the group of Nairovirus, family Bunyaviridae. High genetic diversity: 7 clades The main vector is a Hyalomma tick (H. marginatum marginatum) but the CCHFV has been identified in 28 different species of ticks The virus can be transmitted transovarially and trans-stadially by ticks

Pakistan, Afghanistan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Georgia,

42 CCHF worldwide Endemic in Africa, Europe (Balcan) and Asia. Outbreaks in Turkey, Kosovo, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Georgia, Mauritania, Kenya, Senegal and South Africa since 2000 Da: Leblebicioglu H., 2010

43 CCHF 1990

44 CCHF 2000

45 CCHF 2012

CCHF in Turkey 2002-2010 2200 rural localities 5310 cases 5% mortality rate The sylvan infection cycle is maintained by the tick vector and extraordinarily diverse small mammal

46 CCHF in Turkey rural localities 5310 cases 5% mortality rate The sylvan infection cycle is maintained by the tick vector and extraordinarily diverse small mammal populations in varied terrain. The same ticks that maintain the sylvan cycle also act as bridge vectors for transmission of CCHFV to livestock, or less commonly, directly to humans.

47 Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 Lumpy Skin Disease

49 Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Family Poxviridae - Genus Capripoxvirus - Species Sheeppox Goatpox Lumpy skin disease - dsdna - genome of ±150 Kbp coding for 147 genes - envelope Only one serotype (conserved genome) Possible cross-reactions between species

50 Source: Tuppurainen, 2011 Geographic distribution of LSD

51 LSD: where are we now? During 2013, 234 outbreaks occurred: Lebanon (1), Jordan (2), Palestinian Autonomous Territories (58), Israel (172), Turkey (1) The total number of animals affected is: cases dead destroyed

Epidemiology of LSD Incubation period varies from one to four weeks Only half of the experimentally infected animals show clinical disease although viraemia in all animals Viraemic cattle without

52 Epidemiology of LSD Incubation period varies from one to four weeks Only half of the experimentally infected animals show clinical disease although viraemia in all animals Viraemic cattle without skin lesions are mechanically able to transmit the disease via arthropod vectors Minor transmission route: direct contact - Cutaneous lesions, saliva, nasal discharge, milk, semen, muscles No known carrier state Some wild ruminants can be infected Reservoirs?

Transmission of CaPV by bloodfeeding arthropods Aedes

, 2001) Stomoxys calcitrans transmission of SPPV (Kitching

, 1986) Novel evidence on the role of hard (ixodid) ticks

53 Transmission of CaPV by bloodfeeding arthropods Aedes aegypti mosquito of LSDV (Chihota et al., 2001) Stomoxys calcitrans transmission of SPPV (Kitching et al., 1986) Novel evidence on the role of hard (ixodid) ticks (Tuppurainen et al., 2012) What other insect species involved? Horn flies, horse flies, midges? Does the virus multiply in insect cells?

54 Lumpy skin disease outbreaks are difficult to predict, depending upon animal movements, immune status, and wind and rainfall patterns affecting vector populations. Human activities by moving infected animals or affecting the immune response of susceptible animals because of poor hygienic conditions could also favor the LSD dissemination LSD must be considered to have the potential to become established outside Africa. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011

55 Only effective method to control or eradicate the disease in endemic areas Sufficient herd immunity (80% coverage) needs to be created and maintained in large areas around infected zone Annual vaccinations Which vaccine? Vaccination against CaPV

56 Live attenuated vaccines available Lumpy skin Disease Vaccine for Cattle (Onderstepoort Biological Product, South Africa) Lumpyvax,MSD Animal Health (Merck) HerbivacLS (Deltamune/Ceva Sante Animale, South Africa) RM 65 (Bioindustries Centre, JOVAC Jordan) Tissue Culture Sheep Pox Vaccine (Kenyan S/GP 0240, VSVRI, Egypt)

57 Conclusions Complexity of the interrelationship between animal movements, hosts densities and vector distribution Need for multidisciplinary approach and international harmonized surveillance networks to properly face the new challenges None is a isle (globalization of the response) None can affirm to have the whole knowledge (complexity and multidisciplinary )

58 Thank you for the attention Thank you for the attention Muhammad al-idrisi, Arabic geographer AC

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