Video Subtitling and Transcription Service

Transcription

1 Video Subtitling and Transcription Service Sanchit Gupta 8th July 16 1 Introduction Subtitling is the process of displaying text on a television, video screen, or other visual display to provide additional or interpretive information. It is also referred to captioning on many video platforms. Both are typically used as a transcription of the audio portion of a program as it occurs (either verbatim or in edited form), sometimes including descriptions of non-speech elements. However, there is a minor difference between them. Subtitles assume the viewer can hear but cannot understand the language or accent, or the speech is not entirely clear, so they transcribe only dialogue and some on-screen text. Captions aim to describe to the deaf and hard of hearing all significant audio content - spoken dialogue and non-speech information such as the identity of speakers and, occasionally, their manner of speaking - along with any significant music or sound effects using words or symbols. In this project, captioning was given a higher preference in order to make the video content more accessible to disabled viewers. Also, this approach made it possible to comply with the University Web Policy, which can be found at: The purpose of this project was to provide a recommendation to the University for effectively transcribing and, if needed, subtitle it s video content. It required exploring various options like manual transcribing and transcribing, automatic subtitling and obtaining third-party services and drawing conclusions based on the pros and cons of using them. 2 Manual Subtitling The first part of the project involved manual transcription and subtitling of the videos. A brief tutorial on YouTube videos was given, which had a dummy account attached to it. The account had a bunch of short videos that could be used for practice. In the later course, other options were also explored for the manual subtitling process. 2.1 Choice of videos Criteria: Once an acceptable level of subtitling experience was achieved, I was given the task of choosing a certain number of videos, taking the deadlines into consideration, from the News and Highlights section of the University s official YouTube 1

2 channel. After browsing through the list, I chose 11 videos based on the following criteria: 1. Length of Video: This feature was included to test whether the length of the video affects the total captioning time as the process could be difficult/tedious to complete in one sitting. In my set of videos, the minimum length was 1:28 and the maximum was 6: Number of speakers: This feature was included to cover videos with different people talking in the same frame and in case of voice over interviews with special guests. The different number of speakers covered in the list of videos were: 1,2,4,6,7 3. Accents: This feature was considered to see the effects of different accents on the complexity of the entire process. The different accents covered were: Scottish, Indian, German, African-American,South-Indian, English, South American(Brazilian) 4. Background Noise: One of the most important features that affect the transcribing time is the background noise in the video. In order to classify every video, I divided the noise in every video into three categories: Low Medium High List of videos: These are the videos that were chosen to manually subtitle in this project: 1. Bollywood Superstar receives honorary degree 2. Edinburgh strengthens India Links 3. Edinburgh represented at India Hackathon 4. Li-fi founder speaks to IIT Bombay students 5. Honorary degree for Jesse Jackson 6. Zia Haider and Richard Benson win the James Tait Prize 7. Poignant award marks life of student 8. Media Hopper MOOC Video about Marketing 9. Boys from Brazil on Hockey Tour 10. Indian partnerships centre stage Family medicine 11. Indian partnerships centre stage Animal Health 2

3 2.2 YouTube Closed Captioning The first method that I used to caption videos was the YouTube subtitling services. YouTube provides a Subtitles and CC feature to the video owner in the Creator Studio.The option can be used to add subtitles for any video through one of these four options: Upload a file This option allows the owner to directly add a transcription file or a subtitle file. The transcription file only contains the text version of the audio content in the video.the text has to be then synced with the video using the Set Timings feature provided after the upload. This process takes around 2-4 minutes on average depending on the length of video. On the other hand, the subtitle file, usually in a.srt format, has text with already transcribed timings,that has to be just matched to the video Transcribe and Auto Sync This feature allows the owner to transcribe the video on the YouTube platform itself. There is a text box on the web-page alongside the video, which makes writing and listening simultaneously easier. The Pause while typing option can be switched on to ensure that the transcriber can work at his/her pace conveniently. The keyboard controls allow to rewind and pause the video in case the transcriber misses any frame. Once done, the Set Timings feature can again be used to auto sync the written text Create new subtitles or CC This option allows the owner to subtitle the video and sync their timings simultaneously.in the above methods, the Set Timings feature is used initially to sync the subtitles/transcription. Here, the syncing process is manually done by the video owner YouTube Automatic Subtitles: YouTube also offers the option of Automatic Subtitles, which are generated by their own Speech Recognition software. They get published shortly after the video is uploaded by the creator.the creator cannot modify the original version of those automatic subtitles. However, it s possible to edit a copy of those subtitles and adjust their timings. Usage: Since, the videos were not initially on my channel, I uploaded them before a meeting or lunch break, to allow YouTube publish the Automatic Subtitles in the interim. Thereafter, the best possible way to properly caption the video was edit a copy of those subtitles and publish them. Results: The summary of the results I got after using this method is as follows: Total number of videos = 6 3

4 Number of videos already uploaded = 3 Number of new videos uploaded = 3 Avg. time for the Automatic subtitles to get published = 55 minutes approximately. The average time mentioned above is given for videos with an average length of 3 minutes. Review 1. This method is obviously more effective for videos that are already uploaded on YouTube as the Automatic Subtitles are published for them beforehand. However, to make this method more useful for new videos, I would suggest uploading the videos at the end of the day, before a meeting, before a lunch break or combine this process with another task that can be done in the meanwhile. 2. If the video is poorly recorded and is filled with a lot of background noise, the Automatic subtitle are not only inefficient but they also distract the transcriber from the actual content. One tends to think along the lines of these subtitles and rely more on them rather than the actual words.therefore, I wouldn t recommend using this method if the video has poor audio or background noise. 3. This method makes the transcribing task less tedious as you mostly edit a few complicated or poorly spoken words and then only change the timings. The total time reduced by a substantial amount using this method for 2 out of the 3 videos that were previously subtitled using another method.the one remaining video had almost the same time in both instances, probably as it was short and had a good audio quality YouTube Set Timings All of the above methods are the various methods to transcribe or add transcripts to a video. However, the majority of the time in the project was spent at the syncing stage. YouTube s Set Timings feature syncs the provided text with the video and divides them in the various subtitle boxes. However, they are rarely efficient in providing a perfect sync but can act as a good starting point. Usage Once the subtitles were divided, I used the audio waveform to sync the boxes as they provided a good indication of the starting and ending point for a particular chunk of speech.the waveform where the lines were comparatively higher than suggested actual speech rather than noise. I repeated this process for all the subtitles. Also, the text in every box was at time inconsistent with the previous box and also varied in length. I ensured that there is continuity in the text and the sentences should mainly be divided in the boxes after a full stop, comma or an and phrase. 4

5 Review 1. I would highly recommend relying on the audio waveform in the editor to sync the timings properly. The two high peaks for every subtitle box are mostly the accurate the starting and ending point of the video. 2. The set timings method doesn t necessarily divide the transcription text in the most efficient. I got a good feedback on my method of dividing the text between subtitle boxes and therefore I would recommend it as well. 2.3 Transcription using AudioNotetaker AudioNotetaker is a software, which was primarily developed to tackle problems of taking notes during lecture, seminars etc. This functionality can be extended to transcribe the audio versions of a video. The Import Audio feature can be used to add audio files to a blank project. The software automatically divides the audio into various chunks based on the occurrences of a pause.there are three main features that aid the transcription process from this stage: Slow Playback Mode: This mode allows the transcriber to play the video at a slower pace than the usual speed. The video can be played at any speed between 0.5x to 2.4x, where x is the normal speed of the video. By choosing an appropriate speed less than 1.0x, the audio is comes at a slower pace, which can make transcribing simultaneously easier. Pause Mode: This mode pauses the video automatically after a single chunk of it is played. This features ensures that the transcriber can complete a particular chunk before proceeding on to the next one. Audio Clean-up: This is a standard noise-removal feature that gets rid of any background noise that can hinder the transcription process Usage The Import feature was used to add the audio version of the video files to the Notetaker interface. Once, the audio clip was divided into chunks, I used to follow these steps: 1. Activate the Pause Mode and change the Playback speed to 0.5x. This helped in keeping up with pace of the audio. 2. Start the transcription process and use the Spacebar to play the video after every chunk has been completed. 3. Once done, the entire text was copied and pasted in the YouTube transcription text box available with the second option in YouTube subtitling (Transcribe and Auto Sync). 5

6 2.3.2 Review This software is quite helpful for transcription purposes because of it s exclusive features like Pause Mode and Audio Clean-up, which was unavailable in all the other subtitling methods. The software can only import videos in selected formats. For example, videos in.mov format couldn t be imported. Therefore, I downloaded a video format converter called Prism for this purpose. However, most of these applications are only files for under 100 MB or 150 MB and that s why I was unable to transcribe any longer videos with Audio Notetaker. Audio Notetaker only offers a one month free trial. Therefore, it is not the most cost-effective as the software has to be purchased after that month. The prices for different versions are provided in this link: Transcription using NotePad In order to contrast the results for a sophisticated software like Audio Notetaker, I used NotePad to analyze the difference. However, in order to accommodate the research on Amara, this part of the project was cut short and I only transcribed one video using this method Usage The video chosen for this part was already uploaded on YouTube. I changed the playback speed on the YouTube player to 0.5x to assist the transcription process. As I was using two desktops, it helped me avoid switching between the two windows on the same screen. I played the video on YouTube and wrote the transcription on the adjoining screen Review As mentioned above, due to time constraints, I wasn t able to deeply analyze the results. However, for the one video I did transcribe, the total transcription time to length of video ratio was higher than Audio Notetaker. 2.5 Subtitling using Amara Amara is an online application for subtitling, captioning and translating videos User Interface Amara has a user-friendly interface that includes an introductory tutorial for using its services. Further down on the web-page are links to online manual subtitling, joining the Amara community and requesting the services of their team for captioning, transcribing or subtitling purposes. 6

7 2.5.2 Online subtitling editor The subtitling editor is the main portal for both transcribing and then syncing the subtitles with the video. The web-page has some useful pointers that are loaded to indicate the main stages of the subtitling process: 1. Reviewing the guidelines: Amara has its own set of guidelines that can be followed to assist and improve the subtitling process for the video. These include pointers regarding the number of characters per subtitle, number of lines per second etc. 2. Checking the timing: This pointer indicates how every subtitle can be dragged around the edges to sync with the audio on-screen. 3. Submitting the work: This is a basic pointer to indicate the Save Draft or Publish options on the editor. The former can be used in case of incomplete work and the latter is used when both the transcription and syncing stages have been completed. One of the most helpful tools in Amara are it s keyboard controls. They are easy to learn and use for both transcribing and syncing Subtitling process with Amara In this project, Amara was mainly used to capture the use of online applications for generating subtitles. The entire process was roughly divided in the following sections 1. Importing the video on Amara using it s YouTube link: Personally, I uploaded all the videos on YouTube under the unlisted category and then pasted the video URL under the Subtitle a Video option. However, the description box says that formats like Vimeo,mp4, WebM, flv, ogg and mp3 are acceptable as well. 2. Transcribing the video: Using the Amara editor, I transcribed the video trying to comply with Amara s rule of having only 42 characters (including spaces) in a single subtitle. The keyboard controls that came handy during this process were as follows: Tab: Play/Pause Shift + Tab: Skip back Shift + Enter: Insert a line break 3. Syncing the subtitles: Once the subtitles have been transcribed, they are synced with the video. Amara has very effective keyboard controls that make this entire process comparatively faster than other methods. Once the video starts, the starting time and ending time for every subtitle can be altered using the UP and DOWN buttons on the keyboard. Therefore, one can solely use those buttons for syncing and iterate the process for further fine tuning the work. 7

8 4. Generating a subtitles file: For the purpose of this project, Amara s video platform wasn t used. Hence, it was used to create a subtitles file that could be later uploaded on YouTube. Amara had an option of creating such file in many formats including: SRT, VTT, TXT, SBV, DFXP and SSA Experience with Amara: 1. Initally, there was very slow progress due to unfamiliar an user interface and keyboard controls. I also started with a video that was around 6 minutes long, therefore the scope was damage was even more. However, after a 1-2 hour struggle, the instructions seem quite straightforward and easy to follow. 2. In the transcription stage, there are no extra features like slow playback or pause mode that can assist the process. However, once I got used to the keyboard controls, transcription became easier if not better than the methods mentioned above. 3. In the syncing stage, it is mandatory to grasp the keyboard controls and understand how they work. I faced a huge complication in my first video with Amara, as a huge number of my subtitle text boxes started overlapping each other when I tried to move them around with the mouse. This was hugely because I was avoiding the keyboard controls and opting to use the mouse to drag the subtitles in the editor. Most of the subtitles had to be deleted and re-transcribed to restart the syncing process, therefore making the entire experience very taxing. Beyond these complications, Amara is very helpful at the syncing stage as it takes the least amount of time for syncing compared to all the other methods. 4. Since this is an online application, I noticed a bit of inconsistency between the timing of the subtitles in the editor and the video player. The subtitles appeared one second later in the video player, whereas the timing seemed fine in the editor Final Review: This application can be used effectively for generating subtitle files in multiple formats and then uploading it on any video platform as per the user. I would highly recommend spending at least an hour with short videos on getting familiar with the user interface before actually attempting to subtitle any longer content. In order to tackle the lag problem, I would recommend applying final touches to the subtitle timings on the platform where the video is being uploaded and if that option is unavailable, relying on the timings set in the editor shall give good results as well. 8

9 3 Subtitling using 3rd Party Services The second part of my project focused on acquiring the services of third party companies for subtitling/captioning University video content. Since this initiative was only for a single project, we didn t go through the Procurement office for completing the process. 3.1 Initial Communication The initial projected plan was to contact companies and as per the price and turnaround negotiations, we would finalize the purchase orders with 5 companies. However, due to the following reasons, we could only work with three companies: 1. Most of the companies didn t reply back to our common message stating the project specifications and expected turnaround time. 2. Some of the companies replied back saying that they have a minimum price for projects and will only be willing to work on this if there is a strong probability of future procurement. 3. One of the companies replied back saying their subtitling services are handled by their parent company who didn t reply to my common message. 4. One of the companies couldn t process our project as they only caption videos for US broadcast only. 5. A special mention to Cielo24, which is based in the Us, as they were willing to work on the project but their company policy didn t allow them to work on this project. However, they agreed to work in case of a longterm procurement. 6. We had also received quotes from Intonation Co. but they missed our deadline of final negotiations. We wanted to finalize the details before the 26th of July 16 as it was the end of the financial year for the University. Due to the above reasons, there was not much choice left in the companies available for this project and we managed to work with three companies. 3.2 VSI TV (Company 1) Experience Initially, I got a reply from a member of their Sales and Marketing team, Mr. Sam Wolf, who set up the final quote according to our demands.also, Sam tried to help me reduce costs by pointing out the options of transcripts or long term requirements as they could vary total cost of the project. The initial quote from VSI was out of our budget requirements. After a second negotiation, I received a prompt second quote on the same day that fit our budget. 9

10 Once the project moved to the next stage of exchanging videos, my communication was transferred to their project manager, Monica Kubieniec, who sent me a FTP (File Transfer Protocol) link to securely transfer the videos. I received the rough.srt files, in word format, for a final approval on 25th July to review the work and make any changes, if required. Once I sent back the changes back, the response was again extremely prompt and I received the final.srt files on the same day. The next stage of the project was handled by Jyoti Shah, who sent me an invoice on 26th July 16, which was forwarded to the finance department afterwards Review This company was highly organized and the communication was always smooth and prompt. One of the highlights was that they had a different member of staff for every stage of the project, which made the entire process quite smooth. The subtitle files received were extremely accurate and there was a perfect audio and text sync onscreen. VSI TV have their own set of guidelines for reviewing their subtitling files and get an idea about their captioning process. The most useful guidelines were: 1. The length of each line should not be more than 37 characters (15 Chinese or Japanese characters, 13 for Korean, 32 characters for lines in upper case) including spaces, punctuation, etc. so please do not make the lines any longer. Please note that for English SDH subtitles to be viewed alongside a BSL signer, each line should contain no more than 33 characters. 2. The length of each line should not be more than 37 characters (15 Chinese or Japanese characters, 13 for Korean, 32 characters for lines in upper case) including spaces, punctuation, etc. so please do not make the lines any longer. Please note that for English SDH subtitles to be viewed alongside a BSL signer, each line should contain no more than 33 characters. Similar to my style of captioning, VSI managed to capture the secondary audio like clapping, cheering etc. They also displayed the speaker s name on occasions when there was a voice-over or when there was a slight chance of ambiguity in deciding who s speaking in the video. This feature was useful as there were many such instances in the videos they captioned. In order to comply with their above guidelines, they edited the transcription without changing the meaning, which doesn t change the viewing experience substantially. 10

11 They handled instances of broken speech or incomplete sentences by displaying the entire sentence using..., which is usually the most common way of dealing with such speech. We sent them videos that had multiple accents including Scottish, English, Indian, African-American, and Chinese, and the transcription was perfect for all of them Project Logistics No. of videos sent= 5 Total duration = 21 minutes 31 seconds Total Price = (exc. VAT) Turnaround Time = 3 working days Overall work review = 4.5/5 Company review = 5/5 3.3 Today Translations (Company 2) Experience My main communication was set up with their Account Manager, Charles Jaja-Sackey, who was handling the entire project from the specific requirements to the payment process. There was a detailed communication about the project specifics including availability of transcripts, volume of videos, open or close captions, subtitle languages etc. Once those specs were finalized, I received a quote that was again out our budget. After the volume of videos was re-negotiated, a revised quote was received where we were charged their minimum rate for not providing transcripts and having a volume of videos less than their minimum length. The videos were transferred using WeTransfer and the payment was successfully processed using a Bank Transfer Review 1. The subtitle files didn t include any sound effects, speaker names or any other descriptive text to provide extra information. Since, the University has videos that often have instances with the speaker not being in the frame, not providing such information can be a disadvantage. 2. The subtitles were in perfect sync with the audio on-screen. 3. They handled instances of broken speech or incomplete sentences by displaying the entire sentence using..., which is usually the most common way of dealing with such speech. 11

12 4. This company might not be the most cost-effective option as their cost per minute was approximately 4 more than VSI with results of a lower standard than VSI. However, it is important to point out that since the charges might have been more with this company due to the low volume as they a minimum threshold for that. 5. The guidelines provided by them during the review process were helpful in understanding their subtitling process. Some of the useful ones were: The length of each line should not be more than 37 characters (15 Chinese or Japanese characters, 13 for Korean, 32 characters for lines in upper case) including spaces, punctuation, etc. so please do not make the lines any longer. Please note that for English SDH subtitles to be viewed alongside a BSL signer, each line should contain no more than 33 characters. The text will have been carefully edited in order to accommodate reading speed and the space available on the screen (general reading speed: 2 seconds per line of text, 3 seconds for a line and a half, 4 seconds for 2 lines). So even if a subtitle is less than 37 characters with your addition, it may still considered too fast, as there may not be enough time to read it Project Logistics No. of videos sent= 3 Total duration = 15 minutes 11 seconds Total Price = (exc. VAT) Turnaround Time = 4 working days Overall work review = 3/5 Company review = 4/5 3.4 AI-Media (Company 3) Experience Since my department had worked with this company in the past, I contacted the person who handled that project, Katherine Innes. However, since she wasn t working over there anymore, I was replied by another Sales and Marketing executive, Oliver Scotting. After a standard communication about the project specifics including requirement of transcripts and open or close captioning, I was given an option to choose between Word-Accurate and Content Accurate. Word-accurate captioning verbatim style closed captions. These cost 2.50/min (ex-vat) with a minimum 5min charge per file. Recommended for public videos on YouTube/Facebook that are readily available to the general public. 12

13 Content-accurate captions - captioned in the same method as our live captioning service. Does not capture every word, but instead includes paraphrasing while accurately converying the message of the content. This costs 1.50/min (ex-vat) with a minimum charge of 5min per file. Recommended for lecture recordings that are seen only by students. In order to test both the above options, I compiled a list of 13 videos in total. 7 of them were MOOC videos, only meant for students and 6 of them were again from the News and Highlights section on the University s official YouTube channel, including an hour long guest lecture. The estimated quote was 28 more expensive as they have a minimum 5- minute charge per video and all video duration are rounded to the nearest minute. For the transfer of videos, I received an from Jennifer Wardle, who sent me a link to AI-Media s DropBox folder, where I transferred the videos from my desktop Review Word Accurate Videos: 1. The word-accurate subtitles didn t have speaker names. However, there was a clear indication of a voice-over and a change in the speaker using a - symbol, which, in my opinion, was used to point out that change. This method was better than not having any pointers for such instances at all. 2. There were no guidelines available for reference to their subtitling files, which made it hard to understand their process. 3. The subtitles were in sync with the audio and the number of characters per subtitle were always a readable number. 4. During instances of broken speech or incorrectly structured sentences, the subtitles contained exact text, which can be confusing for a disabled reader. Content Accurate Videos Project Logistics No. of videos sent= 13 Total duration = Word Accurate: 93 minutes 37 seconds, Content Accurate: 44 minutes 49 seconds Total Price = (exc. VAT) Turnaround Time = 3 working days Overall work review = 3.5/5 Company review = 4/5 13

14 4 Subtitling experience across University As part of my third and final part of the project, I held a short discussion with a few people working in the University about their subtitling experience.all of them briefed me about the challenges they faced, how they overcame them and also made some suggestions regarding the subtitling situation in the University of Edinburgh. 4.1 Discussion 1 My first discussion was held two people who work in the same department as me, Learning Teaching and Web Services, and recently did a short subtitling project for the School of Divinity in May My first guest was Lauren Tormey, who has been working with the University for more than a year and did have a bit of transcribing experience before the project. My second guest was John Wilson, who has been working in the University for the past four years and was completely new to subtitling. Subtitling Tools Both John and Lauren were using YouTube subtitling methods.lauren used to edit and sync the Automatic Subtitles on the editor and John opted to transcribe the video himself on Microsoft Word and paste the transcription on the text box in the Transcribe and Auto-Sync option. Challenges Both the guests felt that subtitling can often be taxing and tedious, especially since if it is not part of your actual job profile.in the beginning, John struggled to keep up with the pace of the video while transcribing, which can always be a genuine problem, especially with the videos where the frequency of speech is high. However, with practice, he was able to deal with the problem quite well. The second main problem that was faced by both the speakers was the unfamiliarity with certain words associated with a specific topic. Most of the times, it is hard to transcribe a word that is only know to specialists in a field but can be a challenge to decode for someone who doesn t belong to that field. Both of them used to search the probable terms on Google to see if their guesses made sense in that context or not. Suggestions After our brief discussion, both John and Lauren gave some very useful suggestions: 1. For academic content, especially lectures, speeches and talks about specific topics, it will be very helpful if the teacher or speaker can provide a copy of their notes, speech etc. This can save time while transcribing and also help the transcriber spell out complicated terms related to a specific topic. 2. Subtitling University content can be made a student part-time job for anyone who wants to earn and can spare time doing this work. A better option will be that videos that are from a particular School 14

15 can be transcribed by students who are studying there as they would be more familiar with the topics than everyone else. 3. When given the choice between a third-party service or a internal subtitling team, both of them preferred the latter version as it would be cost-effective for the University and would easier work flow. Project logistics Total amount of content = 10.5 hours (11 lecture videos) Total number of people working on the project = 4 Total number of days taken to complete the project = 109 hours (15.5 days) Cost of subtitling = 350/working day 4.2 Discussion 2 My second and final discussion was held Laura Bowles, Senior Web Content Management Officer in College of Humanities and Social Sciences. She has been working with video production at the University for the last two and a half years and has also been involved in subtitling video content for the last 2 years. She previously worked at Scottish Television before where she was involved in subtitling. She is essentially involved in subtitling e-learning videos, promotional videos and short lecture videos. Subtitling tools Laura primarily works with Amara for subtitling by uploading the videos on its platform and then downloading the subtitle file for further use. Challenges 1. Similar to my initial experience, Laura also took some time getting used to Amara and her total time per video gradually reduced from 2 hours to an hour. Also during my work with Amara, I contacted her about my problems and she rightly suggested me to use the keyboard controls smartly and get used to them. 2. Since she also deals with a lot of academic content, there is a similar struggle of being unfamiliar with certain terms that are specific to a particular topic. She used Google or another person s view on the phrase to confirm its transcription. 3. One of the common problems Laura faced was when Amara used to crash or stop working due to website failure, which she dealt by reloading the site or visiting it after a while. Suggestions 1. Laura suggested that it will be a better option for the University to get a paid software that can automatically transcribe videos and then any minor errors can be corrected later on. 15

16 2. She also suggested that there should be some official subtitling guidelines that are followed across the entire University. This will ensure the same standard of subtitles for all University owned videos and remove the inconsistency between subtitling and captioning. 3. The idea of having transcripts or written notes for academic video content was also discussed and she highly recommended that option to save time searching the web for probable phrases. 4. After discussing the choice between procuring a third party service or setting up a subtitling department in the University, she also preferred the latter option as it would be a cost-efficient and faster process than dealing with other companies. Project Logistics Laura majorly works with the video production team and subtitling videos is part of her packaged deal. She mentioned that the videos are usually 3-5 minutes in length. 16