The Handbook of Hearing and the Effects of Noise

Transcription

1 The Handbook of Hearing and the Effects of Noise Physiology, Psychology, and Public Health Karl D. Kryter San Diego State University San Diego, California Academic Press San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto

2 1 Definitions and Measurement of Noise and Sound Noise 1 Sound 2 Measures of Sound Events 5 Frequency-Band Measures of Sound Energy 8 Overall Frequencies Weighting Method 9 One-Third-Octave-Band Method 13 Impulses 14 References 15 2 Structures and Functions of the Ear Outer, Middle, and Inner Ear 16 Coding of Information by the Ear 20 Critical Bandwidth of the Ear 24 Time Constant of the Ear 26 Masking 28 xiii

3 viii Binaural Effects 36 Aural Reflex 38 References 46 3 Auditory Sensations and Perceptions Introduction 51 Loudness 54 Perceived Noisiness 63 Complex Spectral and Temporal Factors 66 Tonal Aspects 73 Durational Aspects 78 Background Noise for Judgment Tests 83 Perceived Noisiness of Impulses 84 Round-Robin Study of Loudness of Impulses 99 Accuracy of Different Procedures for Estimating Loudness and Noisiness 104 Summary 105 References Normal Hearing, Sociocusis, Nosocusis, and Hearing Loss from Industrial Noise Introduction 111 Methods of Measuring Hearing Level 113 Assessment of Presbycusis, Sociocusis, and Nosocusis 116 Analysis of Data for Noise-Exposed and Control Groups 131 Synthesis Function for NIPTS 149 Distributions of Percentile Presbycusis and NIPTS ISO (1990) Issues of Control Group and Overestimations of Exposures 166 Additional Research Studies 171 Appendix 172 Conclusion 179 References 179 Selected Bibliographies Derivation of a General Theory and Procedure for Predicting Hearing Loss from Exposure to Sound Introduction 186 Equal- and Effective-Energy Models for Predicting NIPTS 187 Response Characteristics of the Ear to Stimulation.. 189

4 ix Recovery Characteristics of the Ear and Modifications of Model 193 TTS in Humans from Interrupted Steady Noises NIPTS from Interrupted Steady and Implusive Industrial Noises 206 TTS and Predicted NIPTS from Gun Noise 213 Behavioral and Evoked Potential Thresholds of Hearing in Animals 229 TTS and NIPTS in Animals from Impulsive and Nonimpulsive Noise 246 Prediction of Equal TTS 2 and NIPTS by EE A 256 Bandwidth and Spectra as Factors in TTS and NIPTS 264 Effective Quiet, Effective Everyday Noise, and Sociocusis 266 Summary of the EE Procedure for Predicting NIPTS and TTS 275 Physiological Studies of the Cochlea 277 References 281 Selected Bibliographies 287 Speech Intelligibility in Quiet and in Noise Introduction 291 Physical Characteristics of the Speech Signal 292 Effects of Message Set, Noise, Vocal, and Binaural Variables on Speech Intelligibility 301 Ameliorating the Effects of Noise on Speech Intelligibility 311 Predicting Intelligibility from Acoustical Measures of Speech, Noise, and Hearing Levels: Articulation Index 320 References 332 The Assessment of Hearing Handicap»nd Damage Risk from Noise Introduction 336 Definitions of Hearing Handicap, Impairment, and Disability 337 Pure-Tone Hearing Levels and Speech Audiometry Summary of Correlations between Hearing Levels and Speech Tests 351 "New" Objective and Subjective Data Relevant to the Evaluation of Hearing Handicap 354 Intensities of Speech and Noise in Everyday Situations 354 Calculation of Articulation Index and the Intelligibility of Everyday Speech 355

5 x Hearing Difficulties, Handicap, and Deafness in Real-Life Situations (Self-Ratings and Task Errors) 360 Relations between Different Combinations of Hearing Levels 374 Comparison of Proposed and AAO Guides for the Evaluation of Hearing Handicap for Everyday Speech 376 Comparison of Assessments by Different Procedures of Risks and Hearing Damage and Handicap 379 References Mental and Psychomotor Task Performance in Noise Introduction 389 Physiological Variables 392 Task Variables 400 Aftereffects 411 Information Overload 415 Ancillary Variables 420 Industrial Field Studies 422 Summary 427 References Nonauditory System Responses to Sound and Noise and Relations to Health Introduction 435 Nonauditory Systems and Their Responses to Sound. 435 Laboratory Studies of Humans and Monkeys 438 Laboratory Studies of Lower Animals 456 Effects on Nonauditory Sensory Systems 465 Effects of Nonaudible Acoustic Energy 472 Studies of Sleep Disturbance 483 Nonauditory System Health Disorders 509 Long-Term Exposures to Industrial Noises 512 Health-Related Effects in Residential Communities Aircraft Noise and Admission Rates to Psychiatric Hospitals 526 Other Health Disorders Associated with Aircraft Noise 536 References Community Reactions to Environmental Noise Introduction 568 Methodology of Attitüde Surveys of Noise Annoyance 573

6 xi Annoyance from Aircraft and Ground-Based Vehicle Noise 581 Acoustical and Non-noise Factors in Noise Annoyance 600 Impulsive and "Special" Environmental Noises Complaint Reactions to Environmental Noise 618 House Depreciation Due to Environmental Noise Effects of Environmental Noise on Performance in Schools 624 Additional Research Questions Concerning L dn Possible Modifications of L dn 637 Summary of Overall Impacts of Environmental Noise and Specifications of Compatibility with Residential Areas 648 References