LANGUAGE INTERPRETATION AND COMMUNICATION

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1 LANGUAGE INTERPRETATION AND COMMUNICATION

2 NATO CONFERENCE SERIES I Ecology II Systems Science III Human Factors IV Marine Sciences V Air-Sea Interactions III HUMAN FACTORS Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4a Volume 4b Volume 5 Volume 6 Monitoring Behavior and Supervisory Control Edited by Thomas B. Sheridan and Gunnar Johannsen Biofeedback and Behavior Edited by Jackson Beatty and Heiner Legewie Vigilance: Theory, Operational Performance, and Physiological Correlates Edited by Robert R. Mackie Recent Advances in the Psychology of Language: Language Development and Mother-Ch ild Interaction Edited by Robin N. Campbell and Philip T. Smith Recent Advances in the Psychology of Language: Formal and Experimental Approaches Edited by Robin N. Campbell and Philip T. Smith Cognitive Psychology and Instruction Edited by Alan M. Lesgold, James W. Pellegrino, Sipke D. Fokkema, and Robert Glaser Language Interpretation and Communication Edited by David Gerver and H. Wallace Sinaiko

3 LANGUAGE INTERPRETATION AND COMMUNICATION Edited by David Gerver University of Stirling Stirling, Scotland and H. Wallace Sinaiko Smithsonian Institution Washington, D. C. Published in coordination with NATO Scientific Affairs Division PLENUM PRESS, NEW YORK AND LONDON

5 PREFACE Language Interpretation and Communication: a NATO Symposium, was a multi-disciplinary meeting held from September 26 to October 1st 1977 at the Giorgio Cini Foundation on the Isle of San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice. The Symposium explored both applied and theoretical aspects of conference interpretation and of sign language interpretation. The Symposium was sponsored by the Scientific Affairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, and we would like to express our thanks to Dr. B. A. Bayrakter of the Scientific Affairs Division and to the Members of the NATO Special Programme Panel on Human Factors for their support. We would also like to thank Dr. F. Benvenutti and his colleagues at the University of Venice for their generous provision of facilities and hospitality for the opening session of the Symposium. Our thanks are also due to Dr. Ernesto Talentino and his colleagues at the Giorgio Cini Foundation who provided such excellent conference facilities and thus helped ensure the success of the meeting. Finally, we would like to express our appreciation and thanks to Becky Graham and Carol Blair for their invaluable contributions to the organization of the Symposium, to Ida Stevenson who prepared these proceedings for publication, and to Donald I. MacLeod who assisted with the final preparation of the manuscript. David Gerver H. Wallace Sinaiko v

6 CONTENTS SECTION 1. CONFERENCE INTERPRETATION - AN INTRODUCTION Language Interpretation and Communication : Introduction to the Proceedings David Gervcr and H. Wallace Sinaiko How Conference Interpretation Grew Jean Herbert Selection and Training of Conference Interpreters Walter Keiser Reflections on the Training of Simultaneous Interpreters: A metalinguistic approach Claude Namy Intercultural Communication and the Training of Interpreters at the Monterey Institute of Foreign Studies EtiIvia Arjona An Integrated Programme for Training Interpreters Patricia Longley 1 5 1J SECTION 2. SIGN LANGUAGE AND SIGN LANGUAGE INTERPRETATION The Role of Oral Language in the Evolution of Manual Language Harlan Lane and Robbin Battison Sign Language Interpretation: The State of the Art Rita L. Domingue and Betty L. Ingram Research in Sign Language Interpreting at California State University, Northridge Harry J. Murphy Uta

7 VIZZ Contents 10. Sign Language and Psycholinguistic Process: Implications for Interpretation Ryan D. Tweney Fact, Hypotheses and Sign Language Interpretation and General Theories of Language, Interpretation and Communication Robert M. Ingram 109 SECTION 3. BILINGUALISM, TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION Linguistic Abilities in Translators and Interpreters John B. Carroll Psychological Approaches to Bilingualism, Translation and Inter pretation Wallace E. Lambert True Bilingualism and Second Language Learning Christopher Thiery Translating as an Innate Skill Brian Harris and Bianca Sherwood Four Generations of Machine Translation Research and Prospects for the Future Yorick Wilks SECTION 4. LINGUISTIC, SOCIOLINGUISTIC AND SOCIAL APPROACHES On the Distinction between Linguistics and Pragmatics E. M. Uhlenbeck Language Meaning and Message Meaning: Towards a Sociolinguistic Approach to Translation Maurice Pergnier Contributions of Cross Cultural Orientation Programs and Power Analysis to Translation/Interpretation Richard W. Brislin Interpreter Roles and Interpretation Situations: Cross-Cutting Typologies R. Bruce W. Anderson Behavioral Aspects of Liaison Interpreters in Papua New Guinea: Some Preliminary Observations Ranier Lang

8 Contents IX SECTION 5. PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES 22. On the Representations of Experience Paul A. Kolers The Bilingual's Performance: Individual Differences Stanislav Domic Language Dominance, Stress, and Summary and Recall of Text in First and Second Languages: Some Factors Contributing to Performance Differences John Long and Edith Hanling-Esch Psychoscmantics and Simultaneous Interpretation J e a n - F r a n ~ o i s Lc Ny An Information-Processing Model of Understanding Speech Dominic W. Massaro SECTION 6. THEORY AND RESEARCH IN CONFERENCE INTERPRETATION Human Factors Approach to Simultaneous Interpretation H. McIlvaine Parsons Simultaneous Interpretation- Units of Meaning and Other Features Marianne Lederer Language and Cognition Danica Seleskovitch Syntactic Anticipation in German-English Simultaneous Interpreting Wolfram Wilss Simultaneous Interpretation: A Hypothetical Model and its Practical Application Barbara Moser Adult Simultaneous Interpretation: A Functional Analysis of Linguistic Categories and a Comparison with Child Devdopmcnt Annette Karmiloff-Smith SECTION 7. CONCLUSION 33. The Contribution of Cognitive Psychology to the Study of Interpretation G. B. Flores d'arcais Appendix A. Discussion Report

9 x Appendix B. List of Participants Name Index Subject Index Contents

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND INSTRUCTION

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND INSTRUCTION NATO CONFERENCE SERIES I II III IV V Ecology Systems Science Human Factors Marine Sciences Air-Sea Interactions III HUMAN FACTORS Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume