A Study on Human Skeletal Remains from Porunthal, Tamil Nadu

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1 A Study on Human Skeletal Remains from Porunthal, Tamil Nadu Roopashree S. Talanki¹, Veena Mushrif Tripathy² and K. Rajan³ 1. #483, 12 th Main, BHCS Layout, Subramanyapura, Bangalore , Karnataka, India ( 2. Department of Archaeology, Deccan College Post graduate and Research Institute, Yerwada, Pune , Maharashtra, India ( 3. Department of History, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry , India ( Received: 03 July 2015; Accepted: 29 July 2015; Revised: 01 September 2015 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 3 (2015): Abstract: The present paper discusses on the study on the skeletal remains from Porunthal, dated to 5 th 6 th B.C.E. in Dindigul District of Tamil Nadu. The collection comprises of skeletal remains from three graves. The third author excavated this site for two seasons in 2009 and Disarticulated human skeletal remains were collected from Megalith I, Megalith II and Megalith IV graves in secondary context. Basic anthropological analysis was conducted at Deccan College in It is revealed that the skeletal assemblage has a total of 9 individuals which are represented by fragmented bones and teeth. The fragmentary nature of the bones makes it difficult to estimate age and sex for this series. Of the 9 individuals 2 are males, 1 is female and the determination for the remaining 6 is not possible. Out of 9 there are 2 young adults, 3 middle aged and 1 old adult. For the other 3 individuals age is difficult to estimate. Keywords: Porunthal, Amaravathi River, Skeletal Remains, Preservation, Dentition, Pathology, Morphology Introduction The village of Porunthal ( E; N) lies on the left bank of River Porunthilur ( a.k.a Porunthalaru/Porunthalar), a tributary of the Amaravathi River, at the foothills of the Western Ghats in Dindigul District of Tamil Nadu (Figs. 1a & 1b). The site of Porunthal was one of the 175 Iron Age and Early Historic sites discovered in March 2006 by V. P Yathees (Rajan et.al. 2009:180). The excavation was conducted for two seasons (2009 and 2010) by the third author to bore new insight towards the cultural transformation that took place between 5 6 th century BCE. More than 200 Iron Age graves were found near the eastern side of the habitation mound. Out of those, only four graves were excavated and three graves (Megalith I, Megalith III and Megalith IV) yielded human skeletal remains.

2 ISSN Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 3: 2015 Figure 1a: Map of Archaeological Sites in the Amaravathi River Valley Figure 1b: Location Map of Porunthal and Nearby Iron Age Sites 382

3 Talanki 2015: Archaeological Context of the Human Skeletal Findings The skeleton collection comprises of disarticulated human remains from Megalith I, Megalith III and Megalith IV graves. The remains of skulls, fibulae, humeri, tibiae, mandibles and other fragmentary bones are included. The human remains from Megalith I includes few cranial fragments, long bones like femur, tibia, humerus, radius and ulna. There is a considerable amount of human teeth found in Megalith III. There are also remains of two individuals found in Megalith III in two different urns and one set from Megalith IV. Megalith I Among the graves, the one found in the cultivated field on the eastern side of the main road was selected for excavation in May 2009 (Fig. 2). The capstone of this grave was missing and the northern and southern orthostats were exposed. The east facing rectangular transepted cist with passage was placed almost at the center of the center of the circle measuring 12.50m in diameter and built of 32 huge boulders. The main cist (301 x 187 cm) was divided into two equal chambers through a transept slab places in the east west orientation at the centre of the main chamber. The southern chamber was further divided by placing two more vertical slabs in the north south direction on either side of the porthole of the transepted slab, resulting in the division of the southern chamber into three square portions/ compartments. The broadness of the chamber at the base was due to the slanting positions of the orthostats. The transept slab had a trapeze slab connecting the northern and southern chamber. The porthole had a breadth of 42 cm at the top and 48 cm at the bottom with height of 44 cm. Figure 2: Megalith I, Stone circle with transepted cist at the centre 383

4 ISSN Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 3: 2015 Another main trapeze shaped porthole measuring 32cm at the top and 40 cm at the bottom with a height of 47 cm was found on the eastern slab against the northern chamber connecting passage and cist. A passage (240 x 110 cm) was constructed against the northern chamber on its eastern side. A slab, closing a porthole, was placed in the passage. Skeletal remains have been found in both the chambers i.e. northern and southern chamber. In the northern chamber, the skeletal materials have been found on the floor slab along with other grave goods like beads, arrow heads, pottery, knives etc. in the southern chamber, a few skeletal remains have been found on the closing slab used to cover the grave goods. Megalith III It is a double stone circle (diameter 8 m) entombing a double cist with a passage on the east. The inner circle was built using huge boulders and the outer using small boulders. The inner circle was almost intact with 27 boulders. Two cists were constructed adjacent to each other with a gap of 42 cm in a pit dug at the centre (diameter 5.40 cm). The capstones were missing and the top edges of some of the orthostats were exposed. The orthostats have developed cracks and have crumbled in many places. Four urns with several pots were unearthed from two cists. In both the cists, grave goods were packed without leaving any gap between two objects. The skeletal remains (skull, fibula, humerus, tibia, mandible and many other fragmentary bones) were found at the base of an urn in the northern chamber (Fig. 3). In southern chamber, the urn containing the skeletal remains was found in a horizontal position with its mouth facing southeast. Figure 3: In situ skeletal remains from Megalith III Northern chamber urn no: 1 (left) and northern chamber urn no: 2 (right) Megalith IV It is a stone circle built of huge boulders (diameter m) entombing a double cist with a passage on the east. The two cists were placed at the centre of the circle with the gap of cm in a circular pit (diameter 4.30 m). The total length of these cists including the passage is 3.60 m. The cists were in fragile condition. The first level of 384

5 Talanki 2015: grave goods in this Megalith appeared at the ground level. Four urns with several pots were unearthed from these two cists. In both the cists, the grave goods were packed without leaving any gap between two objects. In the southern chamber, a huge urn was placed in a horizontal position in the northwest southwest axis with its mouth facing southeast. The urn contained skeletal remains (skull, fibula, humerus, tibia, mandible and many other small fragmentary bones). Methodology The analysis of the physical remains was conducted by following the standard and universally accepted methodologies as outlined by Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994), Brothwell (1981), Olivier (1969), Stewart (1979) and Louis Scheuer and Sue Black OBE (2004) for determining the age and sex. Outlines given by Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994) and Steckel and Rose (2002) were used for assessing morphological features. For metric analysis, the framework given by Martin Saller (1975) was followed. For interpreting pathological observations procedures given by Larsen (1997), Ortner and Putschar (1981), Roberts and Manchester (1995) and Lukacs (1989) was followed. Dental morphology was done according to the framework provided by Turner II et al. (1991). Taphonomical Features and Preservation There are no complete set of bones available in the Porunthal skeletal series and the preservation of the skeletal remains are very fragile and brittle. The bones are fragmentary and show a high degree of weathering. Most of the long bones represented in the assemblage do not have proximal or distal ends but are fairly well preserved. Some long bones could not be identified due to the extent of weathering and poor preservation (Fig. 4). Dentition is fairly well preserved. Most of the molars Figure 4: Megalith I (a), Proximal view of the femur (Note the preservation of the bone) have been preserved. The crowns of some teeth are damaged. Some have black discoloration on the root as well as the crown. This could be caused by funerary 385

6 ISSN Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 3: 2015 practice or natural processes within the soil. In many cases the roots are either broken, completely missing or have a high degree on weathering which makes it hard for identification (See table no 11 for skeletal inventory). Taphonomical features include a depression on the right parietal near the coronal suture and sagittal suture on the inner crania of the skull from Megalith IV. There are lesions on the posterior and anterior side of the femur from the same Megalith. Lesions are informed due to an injury or disease. But these lesions found on this individual s femur have been identified as post excavation markers. Soil Analysis A basic soil analysis was done on four different samples from Megalith III and Megalith IV mainly to know about Water Logging Capacity. The Ph level, colour, texture was conducted and analyzed. The result indicates a slight difference in the alkalinity of soil. Soil from Megalith IV is highly alkaline when compared to soil from Megalith III. Difference in Ph levels of these soils is Water logging capacity of the soil is same in the case of the sample from Megalith III and skull A from Megalith IV. But difference in water logging capacity is observed in Megalith IV, Skull B. This soil has more capacity to hold water for a loner time as compared to other soils. This is responsible for the brittleness in the Skull B. An interesting feature is the difference in soil color. XRD analysis, which is used to know the elemental composition of soil, should be conducted to better understand the soil composition and to find out the reasons for the high degree of weathering observed on the remains. Demography The skeletal assemblage has a total of 9 individuals which are represented by bones and teeth. The fragmentary nature of the bones makes it difficult to estimate age and sex for this series. There is also a problem of understanding the exact number of individuals. Some bones are mixed, for example the Megalith I have two individuals. This was based on repetition of some bones and by examining the morphology of the bones. In the case of Megalith III, there are two chambers and also within one chamber different pots with human bones have been encountered. Anthropologically it is difficult to understand whether they belong to one individual or if they belong to more than one individual. To avoid any kind of confusion, human teeth from these pots are labeled as separate individuals, resulting in more number of individuals. Therefore even though there are three Megaliths, the numbers of individuals are nine. The sex determination is based on the grading of the Mastoid process, occipital and robusticity of the bones. Though a partial sciatic notch is available from Megalith I, it is not reliable in this case. Age determination is done on the basis of the fusion of the Epiphysis and Diaphysis on the bones. Wherever possible, the age estimation based on cranial sutures has been done. There is no defined age bracket for any of the individual. Teeth attrition has also 386

7 Talanki 2015: been used to age the individuals from Porunthal. The age estimation is given in certain age brackets wherever possible. In cases, where bones are available but are fragmentary, it is identified as adult without any specific age group. The adult age group is divided into three groups: (i) young (around years), (ii) middle age (around years) and (iii) old age (around 45 years and above). The attrition observed only in molars has been taken under consideration. The attrition grades of the all the teeth is represented in table no. 2. The sex determination was possible only for three individuals and the age estimation was possible for seven individuals. The adult status is given on the basis of bone morphology. The age and sex for skeletal remains is summarized in Table no. 1. Table 1: Summary of sex determination and age estimation for the entire series Specimen No. Sex Age Megalith I Male: Overall Robusticity. The Adult: The Epiphysis and Nuchal crest is of Grade 4 Diaphysis have been indicating that it s a male (Fig. 5) completely fused. Megalith I Undetermined. Undetermined Megalith III (Northern chamber, urn no: 1) Megalith III (urn no. 2) Northern chamber) Megalith III (Southern chamber, urn no: 1) Megalith III (Southern chamber, urn no: 2) Megalith III (Northern chamber, urn no: 2) Megalith IV (southern chamber) Megalith IV (Northern chamber) Female: Mastoid process is of grade 1, indicating a female Undetermined Undetermined Undetermined Undetermined Male: based on the grading of the mastoid process, which is grade 4 Undetermined Young (around18 25 years): cranial sutures are not completely fused. Undetermined Adult (around 45 and above years) : Based on the attrition on molars Undetermined Adult (around years): based on the attrition on molars Young adult: cranial sutures are not completely fused. Undetermined Skeletal Pathology The skeletal pathology is very minimal because of the fragmentary nature of the bones. The Schormal s nodes, named after pathologist C.G Schormal, are protrusions of cartilage compressed into the vertebrate which fairy common in aging spine which 387

8 ISSN Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 3: 2015 Figure 5: Megalith I (a), Cranium, norma occipitalis (Note the Nuchal crest) occur as a result of intervertebral disc pressure on the vertebral bodies and are associated with other forms of degenerative change like formation of bony spurs or osteophytes extending from the vertebral bodies. The evidence of these nodes on young individuals usually indicates that the person might have been in an occupation mostly involving heavy lifting (Waldron, 2008). This anomaly can be seen on the anterior portion of the lumbar vertebrate belonging to Megalith I (Fig. 6). Since no definite age bracket was applicable to this individual, it is hard to access whether the nodes were results of aging or due to constant heavy lifting. The same pathological anomaly can also be found in the specimen II of trench ZJ26, from the Kodumanal series (Mushrif Tripathy et al., 2011). Dental Pathology Dental pathology is quite limited in the skeletal assemblage. All the 35 teeth appear to be permanent dentition. The most common pathological finding one could find in teeth is caries infection. Low ph phases are low enough to demineralize enamel, cement and dentine (Waldron, 2008). The caries infection can be witnessed in two individuals from Megalith III. The caries on the right third molar from Megalith III (northern chamber urn no: 2) appears to have been infected all the way till the Enamel Dentine junction (EDJ). The tooth belonged to an adult (around years). The caries could have occurred due to the dietary habits rich in fermentable carbohydrate (such as sucrose) or due to dental plaque (bacterial film living in the fissures of the crown and in the interproximal area). The other tooth is the right mandible premolar; from 388

9 Talanki 2015: Megalithic III (southern chamber, urn no: 1) shows the same degree of infection. This tooth also belongs to an adult (around years). Figure 6: Lumbar vertebrate, inferior view (Note the Schormal s node on the vertebral body) Dental Attrition Dental attrition is the most commonly reported phenomenon on archaeological skeletons. It is the gradual and regular loss of tooth substance as a result of natural mastication (Pindborg 1970). It is the mechanical process, reflecting daily and intimate contact of the people with their environment. Attrition of the occlusal surfaces destroys enamel, exposing the underlying dentine. The enamel is fairly well preserved. Some teeth have a black discoloration. This could be the result of a funerary practice or natural processes in the soil. Table 2 and 3 gives attrition grades observed on teeth. Dental Metry Dental inventory includes 35 teeth, out of which 18 are mandibular and 17 are maxillary. The crown index, crown area and crow module has been measured and calculated using a digital caliper. Odontometric observations are given in Tables 4 to

10 ISSN Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 3: 2015 Teeth Table 2: Grades of attrition on Maxillary dentition Megalith III Megalith III Megalith III (Northern (Northern (Southern chamber chamber, Chamber, Urn no.1) urn no: 2) urn no: 1) Megalith III (southern chamber, urn no: 2) Pm1 R L 5 7 Pm2 R 4 M1 R 7 7 L 7 M2 R L 7 5 M3 R 4 L 4 Teeth Table 3: Grades of attrition on Maxillary dentition Megalith III (Northern chamber Urn no. 1) Megalith III (Northern chamber, urn no: 2) Megalith III (Southern chamber, urn no: 1) I1 L 4 I2 L 5 C R 4 4 L 4 Pm1 R 5 Pm2 R 5 L 5 M1 R 7 L 7 7 M2 R 5 6 L 6 6 M3 R 4 4 L 4 Table 4: Odontomentric data of maxillary teeth, Megalith III (SC, urn 2) Tooth MD BL CA CI CM Pm1 (R) Pm2 (R) M2 (?) (R)

11 Talanki 2015: Table 5: Odontometric data for maxillary and mandibular teeth Megalith III (SC, urn 1) Maxillary Teeth Tooth MD BL CA CI CM MI (L) M2 (R) `` M2 (L) M3 (R) M3 (L) Pm1 (R) `` 8.4 Pm2 (R) 9.55 Mandibular Teeth Tooth MD BL CA CI CM M1 (R) M1 (L) M2 (R) M2 (L) M3 (R) C (R) C (L) Pm1 (L) Pm2 (R) 8.89 Pm2 (L) I (L) 5.61 Table 6: Odontometric data for maxillary and mandibular dentition Megalith III (northern chamber) Maxillary Teeth Tooth MD BL CA CI CM Pm1 (R) Pm1 (L) Pm2 (R) M1 (R) M1 (L) M2 (L) Mandibular Teeth Tooth MD BL CA CI CM I2 (L) C (R) 5.65 M1 (L) M2 (R)

12 ISSN Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 3: 2015 Table 7: Odontometric data for maxillary and mandibular teeth Megalith III (NC, urn 2) Maxillary Teeth Tooth MD BL CA CI CM M2 (R) Mandibular Teeth Tooth MD BL CA CI CM M2 (R) M3 (R) Dental Morphology The morphological assessment has been done only for the molars. In total, 20 teeth are assessed for the morphological pattern on their occlusal surface. All the maxillary molars show the absence of the Metaconule and no evidence of Carabelli s cusp is seen. The gradation of the Hypocone and Metacone seems to be between 0 4. Most of the mandibular molars show a Y groove pattern, expect for one (Megalith III, northern chamber). All the mandibular molars seem to have all four cusps and no evidence of the fifth cusp is observed (tables 8 to 11). The Kodumanal dentition series have + groove pattern on the mandibular molars all the molars have 4 cusps. An interesting find is that the presence of an extra root on the maxillary LM3 (Megalith III, southern chamber, urn no:1) (Fig.6). The extra root is on the disto buccal root. This phenomenon is attributed to the change in the growth pattern at locations where the crown morphology is particularly visible. This is called supernumerary root which occurs because of modification in tooth morphology and size due to environmental factors (Alexandersen and Carlsen, 1998). Table 8: Dental Morphology for Megalith III (Southern chamber, urn 1) Teeth Side Hypocone Metacone Groove Pattern Cusp Number M1 R L 3 3 M2 R 3 L 3 M3 R 3.5 Mandible L 3 M1 R 4 L Y 4 M2 R Y 4 L Y 4 M3 R Y 4 L 4 392

13 Talanki 2015: Table 9: Dental morphology for maxillary and mandibular teeth (Megalith III, southern chamber, urn 2) Teeth Side Hypocone Metacone Groove pattern Cusp number M2 R 3.5 Figure 7: Megalith III (Northern chamber, urn no: 2), Occlusal view of the mandibular RM3 Table 10: Dental morphology for maxillary and mandibular teeth (Megalith III, northern chamber, urn 2) Teeth Side Hypocone Metacone Groove Pattern Cusp Number M2 R 4 Mandible M2 R 4 M3 R Y 3 Table 11: Dental Morphology for maxillary and mandibular teeth (Megalith III, northern chamber) Teeth Side Hypocone Metacone Groove Pattern Cusp Number M1 R 1 3 L M2 L 4 Mandible M1 L X 393

14 ISSN Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 3: 2015 Figure 8: Megalith III (northern chamber, urn 1), Lateral view of LM3 of the maxilla (Note the presence of the fourth root next to the disto buccal root) Conclusion The primary objective of this study was to observe the preservation and to find any palaeopathological anomalies. The preservation is fairly well. Some bones are extremely brittle and chip easily. This is a secondary burial as the bones were in fragments and stored in the burial pot. No complete set of human remains have been found at Porunthal. A comparison between the site of Kodumanal and Porunthal was also studied. The site of Kodumanal is well preserved and well excavated site from the anthropological perspective. The Megaliths in Porunthal and Kodumanal differ vastly. The variation is also seen in the graves good offered to the disposed. At Porunthal, the four graves excavated, are all similar. These graves have a transepted cist with a passage (northern and southern chamber). The graves were surrounded by stone circles of huge boulders where in Kodumanal we find two different modes of burials. Period I yielded disarticulated secondary burials and Period II yielded articulated pit burials. There is also visible evidence in the differences between these two periods also. Six graves belonging to Period I were excavated. Types of graves included a pit burial, cairn circles with entombing transepted cists and menhirs on the outer circle and an urn burial. In Period II three pit burials were found with articulated human remains. The optimum life expectancy among the individuals from ancient populations is generally between years. There are no individual above this age bracket either in 394

15 Talanki 2015: the Kodumanal or Porunthal skeletal series. No evidence of any skeletal lesions has been observed on the Kodumanal series. There is two lesions on the posterior of the femur from Megalith I. This is has been identified as a post excavation marker. Other than this is also no other lesions present in the Porunthal skeletal remains. The dentition form the Kodumanal population is fairly well preserved and no dental pathologies like dental carries, dental hypoplasia or dental crowding has been reported (Mushrif Tripathy et al., 2011) whereas in the Porunthal skeletal remains dental carries has been observed from two individuals from Megalith III. The dentition is fairly well preserved. Some of the teeth have missing roots. A tooth from Megalith III (Northern chamber) has four roots. The skeletal pathology in the Porunthal skeletal remains is very limited in comparison to the Kodumanal skeletal remains due to the fact that the bones are disarticulated and fragmented. The only pathology observed and recorded is the Schormal s node. The research on the Porunthal skeletal remains is very limited due to the nature of the human bones and very limited literature on anthropological aspect but this paper would contribute to the human osteology research of the subcontinent. References Bass, W Human osteology: A laboratory and field manual of human skeleton. Missouri: Missouri Archaeological Society. Brothwell D.R Digging up Bones. London: British Museum. Buikstra, J.E and D.H, Ubelaker Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. Arkansas: Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series, No.44. Dahlberg, A.A Analysis of the American Indian Dentition, Dental Anthropology (D.R. Brothwell, Ed.) New York: Pergaman Press. pp Larsen, C.S Bioarchaeology: Interpreting Behaviour from Human Skeleton. United Kingdom: Cambridge University press. Lukacs, J.R Dental Paleopathology: Methods for Reconstructing Dietary Patterns, in Reconstruction of Life from Skeleton (M.Y.Iscan and K.A.R.Kennedy Eds.), pp New York: Alan R. Liss. Martin, R. and K. Saller Lehrbuch Der Anthropologie. Band 1. Stuttgart: Gustav Fsher Verlog. Moorrees, C.F.A Mesiodistal Crown Diameters of the Deciduous and Permanent Teeth in Individuals, Journal of Dental Research 36: Mushrif Tripathy, V., Rajan K. and Walimbe, S.R Megalithic builders of South India, Archaeo Anthropoloical Investigations on Human Skeletal remains from Kodumanal. Bhopal: Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya. Olivier, G Practical Anthropology. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C.Thomas. Ortner, D.J. and W.G.J. Putschar Identification of Pathological Condition in Human Skeletal Remains. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Potter, R.H.Y., R.S. Corruccini, and L.J. Greene Variance of Occlusion Traits in Twins, Journal of Craniofacial Developmental Biology 1:

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