BIBLIOGRAPHY. African National Congress. 1994a. A national health plan for South Africa, Johannesburg: ANC Health Department.

Transcription

1 BIBLIOGRAPHY Abernathy, J. R., Graves, R. C., Greenberg, B. G., Bohannan, H. M. and Disney, J. A Application of life table methodology in determining dental caries rates. Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology, 4, African National Congress. 994a. A national health plan for South Africa, Johannesburg: ANC Health Department. African National Congress. 994b. The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), Johannesburg: African National Congress. Amatola Water Amatola Water Core Services - Water Supply, Anonymous Results of the workshop. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 49 (Special Issue), Anonymous Human resources planning in dentistry: a cautionary note. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 5, Arnold, F. A., Likins, R. C., Russell, A. L. and Scott, D Fifteenth year of the Grand Rapids fluoridation study. Journal of the American Dental Association, 65, Ast, D. B. and Fitzgerald, B Effectiveness of water fluoridation. Journal of the American Dental Association, 65, Backer Dirks, O., Houwink, B. and Kwant, G. W. 96. The results of 6 /2 years of artificial fluoridation of drinking water in the Netherlands. The Tiel-Culemborg experiment. Archives of Oral Biology, 5, Backer Dirks, O. B The relation between the fluoridation of water and dental caries experience. International Dental Journal, 7, Barmes, D. E Epidemiology of dental disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 4, Beeld [Great concern over exodus of professionals]. Beeld, 4 July,. Birch, S The relative cost effectiveness of water fluoridation across communities: analysis of variations according to underlying caries levels. Community Dental Health, 7, 3-0. Black, G. V. and McKay, F. S. 96. Mottled teeth - an endemic developmental imperfection of the teeth heretofore unknown in the literature of dentistry. Dental Cosmos, 58, Blayney, J. R. and Hill, I. N Fluorine and dental caries. Journal of the American Dental Association, 74, Booyens, S. J [The application of a selected model in planning oral health personnel for the Republic of South Africa with special emphasis on auxiliary staff for primary preventive services], MSc (Odont) Dissertation: University of Pretoria. Booyens, S. J [The planning of oral health personnel for the Republic of South Africa with the aid of World Health Organisation guidelines]. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 5, Brown, L. J., Beazoglou, T. and Heffley, D Estimated savings in U.S. dental expenditures, Public Health Reports, 09, Bibliography 77

2 Bui Dang Ha Doan. 98. Projection of supply and requirement of health manpower with particular reference to primary health care manpower. World Health Statistics Quarterly Rapport Trimestriel de Statistiques Sanitaires Mondiales, 34, Bureau for Economic Research The BER Building Cost Index, Burt, B. A Fluoridation and social equity. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 62, Burt, B. A. and Eklund, S. A Fluoride: Human Health and Caries Prevention; Fluoridation of Drinking Water. In Dentistry, Dental Practice and the Community. 6th ed., St. Louis: Elsevier/Saunders, Burt, B. A. and Fejerskov, O Water Fluoridation. In Fejerskov, O., Ekstrand, J. and Burt, B. A. Fluoride in Dentistry. 2nd ed., Copenhagen: Munksgaard, Burt, B. A., Ismail, A. I. and Eklund, S. A Root caries in an optimally fluoridated and a highfluoride community. Journal of Dental Research, 65, Campbell, N The National Human Resources plan for health in South Africa South African Dental Journal, 6, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Achievements in Public Health, : Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 48, Chikte, U. M. E Promoting oral health in South Africa: public perceptions of water fluoridation. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 52, Chikte, U. M. E. and Brand, A. A Attitudes to water fluoridation in South Africa 998. Part I. Analysis by age, sex, population and province. South African Dental Journal, 54, Chikte, U. M. E. and Brand, A. A Attitudes to water fluoridation in South Africa 998. Part III. An analysis of pro- and anti-fluoridation attitudes in South Africa. South African Dental Journal, 55, Chikte, U. M. E., Brand, A. A., Louw, A. J. and Sarvan, I Attitudes to water fluoridation in South Africa 998. Part II. Influence of educational and occupational levels. South African Dental Journal, 55, Churchill, H. V. 93. Occurrence of fluorides in some waters of the United States. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 23, Clarkson, J., McLoughlin, J. and O'Hickey, S Water fluoridation in Ireland--a success story. Journal of Dental Research, 82, Council for Medical Schemes National Reference Price List, Davies, G. N Fluoride in the prevention of dental caries. A tentative cost-benefit analysis. British Dental Journal, 35, 79-83, 3-34, 73-74, , Davies, G. N Cost and Benefit of Fluoride in the Prevention of Dental Caries, Geneva: World Health Organization. Davis Langdon & Seah International Building Cost Escalations, De Klerk, M Personal Communication. Pelchem. Bibliography 78

3 Dean, H. T Distribution of mottled enamel in the United States. Public Health Reports, 48, Dean, H. T Classification of mottled enamel diagnosis. Journal of the American Dental Association, 2, Dean, H. T Chronic endemic dental fluorosis (mottled enamel). Journal of the American Medical Association, 07, Dean, H. T Endemic fluorosis and its relationship to dental caries. Public Health Reports, 53, Dean, H. T., Arnold, F. A. and Elvove, E Domestic water and dental caries. V. Additional studies on the relation of fluoride domestic waters to dental caries experience in 4,425 white children aged 2-4 years of 3 cities in 4 states. Public Health Reports, 57, Dean, H. T. and Elvove, E Studies on the minimal threshold of the dental sign of chronic endemic fluorosis (mottled enamel). Public Health Reports, 50, Dean, H. T. and Elvove, E Some epidemiological aspects of chronic endemic dental fluorosis. American Journal of Public Health, 26, Dean, H. T., Jay, P., Arnold, F. A. and Elvove, E. 94. Domestic water and dental caries. II. A study of 2,832 white children aged 2-4 years, of eight suburban Chicago communities, including L. acidophilus studies of,76 children. Public Health Reports, 56, Dean, H. T. and McKay, F. S Production of mottled enamel halted by a change in common water supply. American Journal of Public Health, 29, Department of Health National Symposium on Water Fluoridation, Pretoria: Government Printer. Department of Health National Oral Health Survey South Africa 988/89, Pretoria: Government Printer. Department of Health Draft National Oral Health Policy, Pretoria: Department of Health. Department of Health. 200a. A comprehensive primary health care service package for South Africa, Pretoria: Government Printer. Department of Health. 200b. The primary health care package for South Africa - a set of norms and standards, Pretoria: Government Printer. Department of Health. 2003a. Minutes of the meeting of the National Fluoridation Committee, 5 February 2003, Pretoria: Department of Health. Department of Health. 2003b. Report: National Children's Oral Health Survey South Africa , Pretoria: UP Printers. Department of Health. 2003c. Water Fluoridation - A Manual for Water Operators, Department of Health South African National Oral Health Strategy, Department of Health. 2006a. A National Human Resources Plan for Health, Pretoria: Department of Health. Department of Health. 2006b. The Uniform Patient Fee Schedule, Bibliography 79

4 Department of Public Service and Administration Salary Levels with effect from July 2005 for Full-Time Employees: Public Service Act Appointees, 4 7_06_2005_AnnexusAtoH.xls Department of Public Service and Administration Salary Levels with effect from July 2006 for Full-Time Employees: Public Service Act Appointees, _05_2006_AnnexesA_H_updated.xls Doessel, D. P Cost-benefit analysis of water fluoridation in Townsville, Australia. Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology, 3, Dreyer, A. G. and Grobler, S. R [Fluoride levels in the drinking water of South Africa and South West Africa]. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 39, Dreyer, W. P., De Vries, J., Du Plessis, J. B., Moola, M. H., Naidoo, L. C. D., Van Rensburg, B. G. J., Preston, C. B. and Zietsman, S. T An optimal oral health care workforce for South Africa. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 48, Dreyer, W. P., Lemmer, J. and Dreyer, A. G The dental manpower situation in South Africa. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 39, Dreyer, W. P., Lemmer, J., Dreyer, A. G., Becker, L. H. and Heydt, H The future dental manpower needs of South Africa. Report of the ad hoc Committee appointed by the Federal Council of the Dental Association of South Africa. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 42, Dreyer, W. P., Rossouw, L. M. and Chikte, U. M Clinical oral health personnel planning. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 52, Du Plessis, J. B Water fluoridation in South Africa: what should the optimum concentration of fluoride in the drinking water be? A review of the literature. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 50, Du Plessis, J. B., Van der Walt, R., De Leeuw, J. and Dames, J A comparison of the effects of different concentrations of fluoride in the drinking water in different parts of Port Elizabeth and Despatch: a first report. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 5, Du Plessis, J. B., Van Rooyen, J. J., Naude, D. A. and Van der Merwe, C. A Water fluoridation in South Africa: will it be effective? Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 50, Ehsani, J. P. and Bailie, R Feasibility and costs of water fluoridation in remote Australian Aboriginal communities. BioMed Central Public Health, 7, 00. Erasmus, M Personal Communication. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Fédération Dentaire Internationale. 98. Cost-effectiveness of Community Fluoride Programmes for Caries Prevention. FDI Technical Report Series No. 3, Chicago: Quintessence. Fédération Dentaire Internationale Call to action to promote dental health by using fluoride, Forrest, J. R Caries incidence and enamel defects in areas with different levels of fluoride in the drinking water. British Dental Journal, 00, Forum on Fluoridation Dublin: Stationery Office. Gauteng Provincial Government Amendment regulations relating to the classification of and fees payable by patients at provincial hospitals, Provincial Gazette Extraordinary Vol., No. 526, Pretoria: Government Printer. Bibliography 80

5 Germishuys, P. J [Dental manpower: a shortage?]. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 34, Germishuys, P. J [Loss of South African qualified dentists during the period ]. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 49, Gilbert, L. and Chikte, U. M Community acceptance of fluoridation programmes--review of sociological issues. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 48, Griffin, S. O., Jones, K. and Tomar, S. L An economic evaluation of community water fluoridation. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 6, Grobler, S. R., Chikte, U. M. E. and Louw, A. J Fluoride Concentrations of Drinking Water in the Nine Provinces of South Africa. South African Dental Journal, 6, 446. Grobler, S. R. and Dreyer, A. G Variations in the fluoride levels of drinking water in South Africa. Implications for fluoride supplementation. South African Medical Journal, 73, Grobler, S. R., Janse van Rensburg, S. D., Rossouw, R. J. and Holtshousen, W. S The fluoride concentration in the drinking water of towns in the Transvaal, Orange Free State and Natal. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 49, Grobler, S. R., Van Wyk Kotze, T. J. and Cleymaet, R. 99. [Fluoride concentration in drinking water in small villages in the Cape province]. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 46, Gugushe, T. S Compulsory Community Service Audit for Dentists in South Africa, Pretoria: Medical University of Southern Africa. Hall, T. L Demand. In Hall, T. L. and Mejía, A. Health Manpower Planning: Principles, Methods, Issues, Geneva: World Health Organization, Harris, M. J. and Zwane, N. P Expectations and perceptions of professional satisfaction in a cohort of Medunsa dental graduates in compulsory community service. South African Dental Journal, 60, Health Professions Council of South Africa Statistics, Holtshousen, W. S. J Letter to the Editor. Hands-On, 5, 43. Holtshousen, W. S. J. and Van Wyk, P. J From SA to UK: a profile of South African qualified dentists registered with the General Dental Council. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 52, Horowitz, H. S The effectiveness of community water fluoridation in the United States. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 56, Horowitz, H. S. and Heifetz, S. B Methods of assessing the cost-effectiveness of caries preventive agents and procedures. International Dental Journal, 29, Hutton, W. L., Linscott, B. W. and Williams, D. B Final report of local studies on water fluoridation in Brantford. Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique, 47, Institute of Estate Agents of South Africa More double-digit building-cost inflation on the horizon, James, P. M. C. 96. Dental caries prevalence in high and low fluoride areas of East Anglia. British Dental Journal, 0, Bibliography 8

6 Janse van Rensburg, S. D., Van der Merwe, C. A., Pitout, M. J. and Coetzee, W. J. 99. [Fluoride status of a community and fluoride concentration in its drinking water]. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 46, Kissoon-Singh, P Planning oral health human resources for the province of KwaZulu-Natal, MSc (Dentistry) Dissertation: University of Pretoria. Kwant, G. W., Houwink, B., Dirks, O. B., Groeneveld, A. and De Jager, W. O [Artificial fluoridation of drinking water]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Tandheelkunde, 79, Kwant, G. W., Pot, T. J., Groeneveld, A. and Purdell Lewis, D [Fluoridation of drinking water. V. Comparison of dental health in 7 and 8 year-old adolescents in Culemborg and Tiel, Netherlands]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Tandheelkunde, 8, Lalloo, R., McMillan, W., Gugushe, T. S., Ligthelm, A. J., Evans, W. G. and Moola, M. H Gender and race distribution of dental graduates ( ) and first year dental students ( ) in South Africa. South African Dental Journal, 60, Lalloo, R., Naidoo, S. and Myburgh, N Dental specialist training in South Africa--demographic characteristics South African Dental Journal, 6, 0-2. Leopold, P Personal Communication. Süd-Chemie. Louw, A. J. and Van Wyk, P. J Placental transfer of fluoride. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 39, Ludwig, T. G The Hastings Fluoridation Project V. Dental effects between 954 and 964. New Zealand Dental Journal, 6, Ludwig, T. G. 97. Hastings fluoridation project V--Dental effects between 954 and 970. New Zealand Dental Journal, 67, Manji, F. and Sheiham, A CPITN findings and the manpower implications of periodontal treatment needs for Kenyan children. Community Dental Health, 3, McDonagh, M. S., Whiting, P. F., Wilson, P. M., Sutton, A. J., Chestnutt, I., Cooper, J., Misso, K., Bradley, M., Treasure, E. and Kleijnen, J Systematic review of water fluoridation.[see comment]. British Medical Journal, 32, McKay, F. S. 98. Progress of the year in the investigation of mottled enamel with special reference to its association with artesian water. Journal of the National Dental Association, 5, McKay, F. S The relation of mottled enamel to caries. Journal of the American Dental Association, 5, McKay, F. S Mass control of dental caries through the use of domestic water supplies containing fluorine. American Journal of Public Health, 38, Medical Research Council. 99. Symposium on Water Fluoridation for Southern Africa. Recommendations, Parow: Medical Research Council. Medical Research Council Water fluoridation and health, London: Medical Research Council. Mejía, A The health manpower process. In Hall, T. L. and Mejía, A. Health Manpower Planning: Principles, Methods, Issues, Geneva: World Health Organization, Mejía, A. and Fülöp, T Health manpower planning: an overview. In Hall, T. L. and Mejía, A. Health Manpower Planning: Principles, Methods, Issues, Geneva: World Health Organization, Moola, M. H Fluoridation in South Africa. Community Dental Health, 2, Bibliography 82

7 Murray, J. J Appropriate use of fluorides for human health. In Community Water Fluoridation, Geneva: World Health Organisation, Murray, J. J., Rugg-Gunn, A. J. and Jenkins, G. N. 99a. Community fluoridation schemes throughout the world. In Fluorides in Caries Prevention. 3rd ed., Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, Murray, J. J., Rugg-Gunn, A. J. and Jenkins, G. N. 99b. A history of water fluoridation. In Fluorides in Caries Prevention. 3rd ed., Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, Naidoo, S. and Chikte, U Community dental service--the first year. South African Dental Journal, 57, National Medical and Dental Association Workshop on Dental Health Policy for South Africa, Durban: National Medical and Dental Association. Newbrun, E Effectiveness of water fluoridation. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 49, NHS Centre for Review and Dissemination A Systematic Review of Public Water Fluoridation (Report No. 8), York: University of York. Ockerse, T. 94. Endemic fluorosis in the Kenhardt and Gordonia districts, South Africa. Journal of the American Dental Association, 28, Ockerse, T Endemic fluorosis in South Africa, DDS Thesis: University of the Witwatersrand. Ockerse, T Incidence of dental caries among schoolchildren in South Africa, Pretoria: Government Printer. Ockerse, T. and Meyer, H. P. 94. Endemic fluorosis in the Pilansberg area and the occurrence of fluorine in the Saltpan, Pretoria district. South African Dental Journal, 5, 62. Padarath, A., Ntuli, A. and Berthiaume, L Human Resources. In Ijumba, P., Day, C. and Ntuli, A. South African Health Review 2003/4, Durban: Health Systems Trust, Page, R. C. and Morrison, E. C Summary of outcomes and recommendations of the workshop on (CPITN). International Dental Journal, 44, Pelchem Product information sheets, Petersen, P. E The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 2st century--the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology,, Pick, W. M., Nevhutalu, K., Cornwall, J. T. and Masuku, M Human resources for health: a national strategy, Pretoria: Department of Health. Prinsloo, P. M The losses/wastages/attrition of dental therapists in South Africa. Journal of the Oral Hygienist Association of South Africa, 6, 4-7. Rand Water. 2002a. About Rand Water: Overview, Rand Water. 2002b. Fluoridation of Rand Water drinking water, Rapport [SA doctors not allowed to work in Britain anymore]. Rapport, 25 February, 5. Republic of South Africa Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Fluoridation, Pretoria: Government Printer. Bibliography 83

8 Republic of South Africa Commission of Enquiry into Dental Services and Training of Non- White Dentists, Pretoria: Government Printer. Republic of South Africa. 997a. Medical, Dental and Supplementary Health Service Professions Amendment Act, 997 (Act 89 of 997). Government Gazette Vol. 390, No. 8504, Pretoria: Government Printer. Republic of South Africa. 997b. White Paper for the Transformation of the Health System in South Africa. Government Gazette Vol. 382, No. 790, Pretoria: Government Printer. Republic of South Africa Regulations on fluoridating water supplies. Government Gazette Vol. 423, No. 2533, Pretoria: Government Printer. Republic of South Africa National Health Act, 2003 (Act 6 of 2003). Government Gazette Vol. 469, No , Pretoria: Government Printer. Ringelberg, M. L., Allen, S. J. and Brown, L. J Cost of fluoridation: 44 Florida communities. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 52, Ripa, L. W A half-century of community water fluoridation in the United States: review and commentary. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 53, Rossouw, L Influencing the delivery of primary oral health care at community, district, provincial and national levels. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 50, Rossouw, L Dentists, the Oral Health Team, their numbers, distribution and income profiles in South Africa: AD. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 5, Rossouw, L. and Van Rensburg, J. F. J Practice trends programme. Unit for Practice Management, University of Pretoria, (unpublished data). Rudolph, M. J., Brand, A. A. and Gilbert, L Private dental practitioners in South Africa--a professional profile. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 50, 9-2. Smalberger, L [Water fluoridation: an economic model for Gauteng], MSc Dissertation: University of Pretoria. Smit, J Personal Communication. Department of Health. Smith, M. and Cleaton-Jones, P Dentists in the RSA, 972 and 982. A study of geographic spread and dentist to population ratios. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 40, South African Dental Association SADA position paper on dental therapists - December 999. South African Dental Journal, 55, South African Reserve Bank Dates of Change in the Prime Overdraft Rate of Banks, CFF0E.29d44b9ee5b4df442256d860053d63/$Body/0.DF0 Stamm, J. W., Banting, D. W. and Imrey, P. B Adult root caries survey of two similar communities with contrasting natural water fluoride levels. Journal of the American Dental Association, 20, Statistics South Africa Census 200 in brief, Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. Statistics South Africa Mid-year population estimates, South Africa 2006, Staz, J Fluoridation of Public Water Supplies. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 8, Bibliography 84

9 Taljaard, L. T The artificial correction of fluoride deficiencies. Proceedings of the South African Congress on Water, 6-. Tickle, M Improving the oral health of young children through an evidence-based approach. Community Dental Health, 23, 2-4. Treasure, E. T., Chestnutt, I. G., Whiting, P., McDonagh, M., Wilson, P. and Kleijnen, J The York review--a systematic review of public water fluoridation: a commentary. British Dental Journal, 92, Van Wyk, P. J [A human resources plan for optimal oral health in South Africa], PhD Thesis: University of Pretoria. Van Wyk, P. J., Holtshousen, W. S. J. and Geldenhuys, D. J Reasons why South African qualified dentists are working in the UK. South African Dental Journal, 54, Van Wyk, P. J., Kroon, J. and Cleaton-Jones, P. E Geographical distribution of dental operators in South Africa over the period Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 49, Van Wyk, P. J., Kroon, J. and Holtshousen, W. S Cost evaluation for the implementation of water fluoridation in Gauteng. South African Dental Journal, 56, Van Wyk, P. J., Louw, A. J. and Du Plessis, J. B Caries status and treatment needs in South Africa: report of the National Children's Oral Health Survey. SADJ, 59, Weaver, R Fluorosis and dental caries on Tyneside. British Dental Journal, 76, Weaver, R Fluorine and wartime diet. British Dental Journal, 88, White, B. A., Antczak-Bouckoms, A. A. and Weinstein, M. C Issues in the economic evaluation of community water fluoridation. Journal of Dental Education, 53, Wiltshire, W. A Editorial: Leaving for London or packing for Perth. Hands-On, 4, 3. Wiltshire, W. A Editorial: Despite the "chicken run" overseas dentists flock to South Africa. Hands-On, 5, 6. World Health Organization Report on Expert Committee on Water Fluoridation. WHO Technical Report Series No. 46, Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization Fluoridation and Dental Health. WHO Chronicle, 23, World Health Organization. 97. The development of studies in health manpower: report of a WHO scientific group. WHO Technical Report Series No. 48, Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Planning and Evaluation of Public Dental Health Services, Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization International Conference on Primary Health Care: Alma Ata, USSR, 6-2 September 978, Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization Planning Oral Health Services, Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion: An International Conference on Health Promotion, the move towards a new public health, November 7-2, 986, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization Global consultation on oral health through fluoride, Bibliography 85

10 World Health Organization/Fédération Dentaire Internationale Health Through Oral Health: Guidelines for Planning and Monitoring for Oral Health Care, London: Quintessence Publishing Company. Wright, J. C., Bates, M. N., Cutress, T. and Lee, M The cost-effectiveness of fluoridating water supplies in New Zealand. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25, Zietsman, S. 99. Spatial variation of fluorosis and fluoride content of water in an endemic area in Bophuthatswana. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, 46, -5. Bibliography 86

11 ANNEXURES ANNEXURE : PER CAPITA COST, COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND COST-BENEFIT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER FLUORIDATION FOR THE CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY (PRETORIA) Category A: >700 Ml/day Note: Data is needed for all shaded fields Category B: <700; >00 Ml/day City Category Category C: <00 Ml/day Tshwane (Pretoria) Category A Chemical name Chemical formula Molecular mass [a] Available fluoride [b] Purity Fluorosilicic acid H 2 SiF % 40.0% Variable Formula Value (A) CHEMICAL COST: [] Daily water purification rate (litre per day) 722,000,000 [2] Natural fluoride content of water (mg F/litre) 0.20 [3] Adjustment of fluoride level to (mg F/litre) 0.7 [4] Fluoride needed per day (metric tonne) []x([3]-[2])/( x 0 9 ) 0.36 [5] Fluoride needed per year (metric tonne) [4]x [6] Chemical needed per year (metric tonne) [5]/([a]*[b]) [7] Cost of chemical (Rand per metric tonne) R7, [8] Percentage handling fee by agent 2.5 [9] Delivery cost (metric tonne) R80.00 [0] Total delivery cost of chemical [7]+([7]x[8]/00)+[9] R8,04.50 (A) Cost of chemical per year [6]*[0] R3,375,24.66 (B) LABOUR COST: [] Average operator salary R255,62.87 [2] Number of operators needed 6 [3] Annual operator salary for number of operators needed []x[2] R,56, [4] Number of hours needed per operator per day (B) Annual labour cost for number of hours needed per day [3]/8x[4] R95,99.60 (C) MAINTENANCE COST: [5] Capital cost per Mega litre of water processed R8, [6] Percentage cost of buildings and storage 2 [7] Cost of buildings and storage []/,000,000*[5]*[6]/00 R,326, [8] Percentage cost of mechanical and electrical plant 79 [9] Cost of mechanical and electrical plant []/,000,000*[5]*[8]/00 R4,990, [20] Total capital cost [7]+[9] R6,37, [2] Percentage 2.4 (C) Maintenance cost: % of total capital cost [20]x[2]/00 R5, Annexure 87

12 Variable Formula Value (D) OPPORTUNITY COST: [22] Prime Overdraft Rate of Banks.5 (D) Opportunity cost: % of total capital cost [20]x[22]/00 R726,52.50 (E) CAPITAL DEPRECIATION: [23] Years for building and storage 5 [24] Capital depreciation of buildings and storage [7]/[23] R88, [25] Years for mechanical and electrical plant 8 [26] Capital depreciation of mechanical and electrical plant [9]/[25] R623,853.3 (E) Total capital depreciation per annum [24]+[26] R72,298.3 (F) OPERATING COST: Chemical cost + Labour cost + Maintenance cost (A)+(B)+(C) R3,72, (G) TOTAL COST: Opportunity cost + Capital depreciation + Operating cost (D)+(E)+(F) R5,60, (H) PER CAPITA COST: [27] Population served by water provider 2,00,000 [28] Per capita cost for total population (G)/[27] R2.46 [29] Percentage of population younger than 5 years [30] Population served by water scheme younger than 5 years [27]x[29]/00 555,660 [3] Per capita cost younger than 5 years (G)/[30] R9.29 (I) CARIES DATA [32] DMFT.8 [33] Age for DMFT score 5 [34] DMFT increment per year [32]/([33]-6) 0.20 Variable Formula Value (J) COST-EFFECTIVENESS (the cost per person per year to save DMFT) [35] Decrease in caries incidence (%) [36] Decrease in DMFT per child per year [35]/00x[34] (J) Cost-effectiveness for total population [28]/[36] R22.20 R40.73 R24.44 (J) Cost-effectiveness for population younger [3]/[36] R46.8 R53.94 R92.36 than 5 years (K) COST-BENEFIT RATIO (the cost of implementation of water fluoridation divided by savings in cost of treatment) [37] Cost of a 2 surface amalgam restoration R55.90 [38] Cost of a 2 surface anterior resin restoration R74.60 [39] Cost of a 2 surface posterior resin restoration R86.20 [40] Average cost of a 2 surface restoration ([37]+[38]+[39])/3 R72.23 (K) Cost-benefit ratio for total population [28]/([36]x[40]) (K) Cost-benefit ratio for population younger than 5 years [3]/([36]x[40]) Annexure 88

13 ANNEXURE 2: DETAILED INFORMATION ON WATER PROVIDERS Classification of water providers: Category A: Water purification rate of more than 700 Mega litre per day Category B: Water purification rate of less than 700 and more than 00 Mega litres per day Category C: Water purification rate of less than 00 Mega litres per day Number of plant superintendents required: Water purification rate of more than 250 Mega litre per day: 4 plant superintendents Water purification rate between 00 and 249 Mega litre per day: 3 plant superintendents Water purification rate between 50 and 99 Mega litre per day: 2 plant superintendents Water purification rate less than 50 Mega litre per day: plant superintendent Water purification rate less than Mega litre per day: Assumed that superintendents from other plants service this plant Salary adjustments: Information on salaries of plant superintendents was supplied in Adjustments for 2005 and 2006 were based on the annual salary adjustments recommended by the Department of Public Service and Administration for post levels to 2 (Department of Public Service and Administration, 2005; Department of Public Service and Administration, 2006): 2005: 4.6% adjustment of 2004 salary rates 2006: 5.3% adjustment of 2005 salary rates Annexure 2 89

14 Category A water providers: Cape Town Current production Faure Blackheath Wemmershoek Voëlvlei Steenbras Witzands Kloof Nek Somerset West Brooklands Albion Spring Constantia Nek Population served superintendents Same team as Faure Unmanned R558, R558, R558, R558, R372,58.28 R86,079.4 R86,079.4 R86,079.4 R86,079.4 Total ,350,000 8 R3,349, Umgeni Water Midmar D.V. Harris Durban Heights Wiggins Hazelmere Amanzimtoti Mtwalumi Craigie Burn Umzinto Umbumbulu Ixopo Current production Population served 800,000 50,000,750, ,000 40,000 75,000 5,000 5,000 60,000 0,000 7,000 superintendents R,0, R275, R,0, R826, R220, R220, R220, R220, R220, R220, R220, Total,07.5 3,422,000 9 R4,846, Durban/Pietermaritzburg combined Midmar D.V. Harris Durban Heights Wiggins Hazelmere Amanzimtoti Current production Population served 800,000 50,000,750, ,000 40,000 75,000 superintendent R,0, R275, R,0, R826, R220, R220, Total,083 3,35,000 4 R3,744, Annexure 2 90

15 Durban Midmar (60%) D.V. Harris (60%) Durban Heights Wiggins Hazelmere Amanzimtoti Craigie Burn Umbumbulu Current production Population served superintendent R660, R65,25.70 R,0, R826, R220, R220, R200, R200, Total ,064,624 4 R3,594,70.20 Note: 60% of water processed by the Midmar and D.V. Harris plants (Umgeni Water) is supplied to Durban, therefore Durban is responsible for 60% of the cost of superintendents for these plants Rand Water Current production Population served superintendent Vereeniging Zuikerbosch 4 4 R,0, R,0, Total 3,558 2,000,000 8 R2,202, Johannesburg Current production Population served superintendent Vereeniging (36%) Zuikerbosch (36%) R396,57.68 R396,57.68 Total,280 3,225, R793, Note: 36% of water processed by the Vereeniging and Zuikerbosch plants (Rand Water) is supplied to Johannesburg, therefore Johannesburg is responsible for 36% of the cost of superintendents for these plants Tshwane (Pretoria) Rietvlei Temba Roodeplaat Fonteine, Grootfontein, Sterkfontein Rand Water (4%) Current production Population served superintendent 2 2 Unmanned.2 R250, R50, R50, R308, Total 722 2,00, R,56, Note: 4% of water processed by Rand Water is supplied to Tshwane, therefore Tshwane is responsible for 4% of the cost of superintendents for these plants Annexure 2 9

16 Category B water providers: Port Elizabeth Current production Linton Loerie Churchill Elandsjagt Groendal Springs Nooitgedacht Population served superintendent Unmanned 2 R20,563.5 R403,26.3 R403,26.3 R403,26.3 R20,563.5 R403,26.3 Total 282,200,000 0 R2,05,63.54 Amatola Water Current production Sandile Laing Nahoon Peddie Binfield Park Wesley Coastal Mascincedane Debe Nek Rooikrantz Pleasant View Dabi Upper Mnyameni Glenmore Upper Gxulu Population served superintendent R32,72.56 R32,72.56 R32,72.56 R32,72.56 R32,72.56 R32,72.56 R32,72.56 R32,72.56 R32,72.56 Total 02.2,20,286 9 R,89, Pietermaritzburg Current production Midmar (40%) D.V. Harris (40%) 00 8 Population served superintendents R440, R0,43.80 Total 8 500,000 2 R550,79.00 Note: 40% of water processed by the Midmar and D.V. Harris plants (Umgeni Water) is supplied to Pietermaritzburg, therefore Pietermaritzburg is responsible for 40% of the cost of superintendents for these plants Annexure 2 92

17 Bloem Water Welbedacht Rustfontein Groothoek Bethulie Gariep Philippolis Sterkspruit Current production Population served 600, ,000 25,000 24,000 4,000 4,000 40,000 superintendents 3 R72,78.80 R237, R237, R237, R237, R237, R237, Total 65.7,027,000 9 R2,36, Bloemfontein Current production Welbedacht (88%) Rustfontein (4%) Population served 528,000 3,200 superintendents R626,77.34 R9, Total , R636,23.06 Note: 88% of water processed by the Welbedacht and 4% of the Rustfontein plants (Bloem Water) is supplied to Bloemfontein, therefore Bloemfontein is responsible for 88% and 4% of the cost of superintendents for these plants Kimberley Current production Riverton Ritchie 28.7 Population served superintendents 3 R454, R5, Total ,000 4 R606,43.36 Category C water providers: Buffalo City (East London) Current production Population served Sandile Laing Nahoon superintendents R32,72.56 R32,72.56 R32,72.56 Total ,379 3 R396,57.68 Botshabelo Current production Population served superintendents Rustfontein (93%) , R200, Note: 93% of water processed by the Rustfontein plant (Bloem Water) is supplied to Botshabelo, therefore Botshabelo is responsible for 93% of the cost of superintendents for these plants Annexure 2 93

18 Mafikeng Mmabatho Mafikeng Current production 0 27 Population served superintendents R37, R37, Total 37 70,000 2 R275, Nelspruit Nelspruit Matsulu Current production 28 4 Population served 35,000 60,000 superintendents R32,72.56 R32,72.56 Total 42 95,000 2 R264,345.2 Polokwane Polokwane Seshego Houtrivierdam Molepodam Chuenespoortdam Current production Population served 47,565 70,99 53,600 28,400 superintendents R09, R09, R09, R09, R09, Total ,556 5 R547,387.5 Annexure 2 94

19 ANNEXURE 3: PER CAPITA COST OF DELIVERING THE MINIMUM PACKAGE OF ORAL CARE TO THE 5-YEAR-OLD AGE COHORT Anticipated % caries reduction due to water fluoridation 0 NRPL 2006 Examination/bitewings included Examination/bitewings excluded Variable: [] [2] [3]; [4] [7] [8] [3]; [4] [7] [8] Examination % of Pop est Treatment Fee code: 80 % of Per capita population 2006 need Fee: R03.50 total cost National 987, R02,26, R03.50 Western Cape 84, R8,795, R03.50 Northern Cape 7,40 00 R,773, R03.50 Eastern Cape 74, R8,083, R03.50 Free State 62, R6,42, R03.50 KwaZulu-Natal 25, R22,33, R03.50 Gauteng 39, R4,427, R03.50 North West 76, R7,967, R03.50 Mpumalanga 7, R7,40, R03.50 Limpopo 44, R5,005, R03.50 Bitewings % of Pop est Treatment Fee code: 82 % of Per capita population 2006 need Fee: R4.90 total cost National 987, R82,760, R83.80 Western Cape 84, R7,2, R83.80 Northern Cape 7,40 00 R,436, R83.80 Eastern Cape 74, R4,64, R83.80 Free State 62, R5,98, R83.80 KwaZulu-Natal 25, R8,080, R83.80 Gauteng 39, R,68, R83.80 North West 76, R6,450, R83.80 Mpumalanga 7, R6,000, R83.80 Limpopo 44, R2,49, R83.80 Prophylaxis Mean no Pop est Treatment Fee code: 859 % of Per capita Fee code: 859 % of Per capita of sextants 2006 need Fee: R24.90 total cost Fee: R24.90 total cost National 987, R92,760, R93.92 R92,760, R93.92 Western Cape 84, R8,883, R04.54 R8,883, R04.54 Northern Cape 7, R,389, R8.06 R,389, R8.06 Eastern Cape 74, R8,374, R05.7 R8,374, R05.7 Free State 62, R4,835, R77.94 R4,835, R77.94 KwaZulu-Natal 25, R9,50, R90.43 R9,50, R90.43 Gauteng 39, R3,093, R93.92 R3,093, R93.92 North West 76, R6,44, R83.68 R6,44, R83.68 Mpumalanga 7, R6,099, R85.8 R6,099, R85.8 Limpopo 44, R4,24, R97.42 R4,24, R97.42 Consultation % needing Pop est Treatment care 2006 need National 987, Western Cape 84, Northern Cape 7, Eastern Cape 74, Free State 62, KwaZulu-Natal 25, Gauteng 39, North West 76, Mpumalanga 7, Limpopo 44, Annexure 3 95

20 Topical fluoride application % of Pop est Treatment Fee code: 86 % of Per capita Fee code: 86 % of Per capita population 2006 need Fee: R63.60 total cost Fee: R63.60 total cost National 987, R5,776, R5.85 R5,776, R5.85 Western Cape 84, R78, R2.0 R78, R2.0 Northern Cape 7, R2, R.27 R2, R.27 Eastern Cape 74, R800, R4.58 R800, R4.58 Free State 62, R49, R2.42 R49, R2.42 KwaZulu-Natal 25, R,482, R6.87 R,482, R6.87 Gauteng 39, R85, R5.85 R85, R5.85 North West 76, R602, R7.82 R602, R7.82 Mpumalanga 7, R564, R7.89 R564, R7.89 Limpopo 44, R848, R5.85 R848, R5.85 Fissure sealant Mean no Pop est Treatment Fee code: 863 % of Per capita Fee code: 863 % of Per capita of teeth 2006 need Fee: R4.90 total cost Fee: R4.90 total cost National 987, R6,069, R6.84 R6,069, R6.84 Western Cape 84, R2,08, R4.43 R2,08, R4.43 Northern Cape 7, R95, R5.59 R95, R5.59 Eastern Cape 74, R207, R.9 R207, R.9 Free State 62, R5,807, R93.62 R5,807, R93.62 KwaZulu-Natal 25, R4,008, R64.93 R4,008, R64.93 Gauteng 39, R8,69, R6.84 R8,69, R6.84 North West 76, R,687, R2.92 R,687, R2.92 Mpumalanga 7, R4, R5.75 R4, R5.75 Limpopo 44, R8,964, R6.84 R8,964, R6.84 One surface restoration Mean no Pop est Treatment Average fee: % of Per capita Average fee: % of Per capita of teeth 2006 need R38.60 total cost R38.60 total cost National 987, R3,474, R4.90 R3,474, R4.90 Western Cape 84, R8,867, R R8,867, R Northern Cape 7,40.3 R3,06, R8.26 R3,06, R8.26 Eastern Cape 74, R5,3, R87.63 R5,3, R87.63 Free State 62, R,22, R80.72 R,22, R80.72 KwaZulu-Natal 25, R7,947, R83.8 R7,947, R83.8 Gauteng 39, R6,06, R4.90 R6,06, R4.90 North West 76, R4,692, R60.96 R4,692, R60.96 Mpumalanga 7, R9,48, R27.78 R9,48, R27.78 Limpopo 44, R6,658, R4.90 R6,658, R4.90 Two or more surface restoration Mean no Pop est Treatment Average fee: % of Per capita Average fee: % of Per capita of teeth 2006 need R total cost R total cost National 987, R60,20, R60.96 R60,20, R60.96 Western Cape 84, R9,289, R09.3 R9,289, R09.3 Northern Cape 7, R2,548, R48.69 R2,548, R48.69 Eastern Cape 74, R5,4, R29.43 R5,4, R29.43 Free State 62, R3,393, R54.70 R3,393, R54.70 KwaZulu-Natal 25, R2,844, R59.53 R2,844, R59.53 Gauteng 39, R8,497, R60.96 R8,497, R60.96 North West 76, R,857, R24.3 R,857, R24.3 Mpumalanga 7, R4,472, R62.46 R4,472, R62.46 Limpopo 44, R8,837, R60.96 R8,837, R60.96 Extraction Mean no Pop est Treatment Fee code: 820 % of Per capita Fee code: 820 % of Per capita of teeth 2006 need Fee: R63.60 total cost Fee: R63.60 total cost National 987, R3,33, R3.50 R3,33, R3.50 Western Cape 84, R2,58, R30.38 R2,58, R30.38 Northern Cape 7, R447, R26. R447, R26. Eastern Cape 74, R3,2, R8.38 R3,2, R8.38 Free State 62, R660, R0.65 R660, R0.65 KwaZulu-Natal 25, R2,659, R2.33 R2,659, R2.33 Gauteng 39, R443, R3.8 R443, R3.8 North West 76, R256, R3.34 R256, R3.34 Mpumalanga 7, R675, R9.44 R675, R9.44 Limpopo 44, R2,489, R7.7 R2,489, R7.7 Annexure 3 96

21 Variable: [] [5] [6] [5] [6] All procedures Pop est Total per Total per Total expense Total expense 2006 capita cost capita cost National 987,600 R53,590,84.02 R R346,63,36.02 R Western Cape 84,980 R67,736, R R5,89, R Northern Cape 7,40 R0,820, R63.27 R7,609, R Eastern Cape 74,720 R75,77,28.77 R R43,046, R Free State 62,040 R37,679, R R26,059, R KwaZulu-Natal 25,760 R08,865,24.50 R R68,453, R37.27 Gauteng 39,400 R73,595, R R47,486,84.35 R North West 76,980 R29,957, R389.5 R5,538, R20.85 Mpumalanga 7,600 R34,782,38.23 R R2,37,70.23 R Limpopo 44,980 R79,077, R R5,922, R358.4 Treatment need group % Rand % Rand National UPFS consultation Examination/bitewings R87.30 Prophylaxis 7.45 R R93.92 Topical F app/dental sealant 2.57 R R67.69 Curative/Extraction 35.8 R R R R Western Cape UPFS consultation Examination/bitewings R87.30 Prophylaxis 3.2 R R04.54 Topical F app/dental sealant 8.0 R R43.53 Curative/Extraction R R R R Northern Cape UPFS consultation Examination/bitewings R87.30 Prophylaxis 2.84 R R8.06 Topical F app/dental sealant.09 R R6.86 Curative/Extraction R R R R Eastern Cape UPFS consultation Examination/bitewings 43.9 R87.30 Prophylaxis R R05.7 Topical F app/dental sealant.33 R R5.77 Curative/Extraction 3.23 R R R R Free State UPFS consultation Examination/bitewings R87.30 Prophylaxis 2.83 R R77.94 Topical F app/dental sealant 5.8 R R96.03 Curative/Extraction R R R R KwaZulu-Natal UPFS consultation Examination/bitewings 37.2 R87.30 Prophylaxis 7.92 R R90.43 Topical F app/dental sealant 4.23 R R7.80 Curative/Extraction R R R R37.27 Gauteng UPFS consultation Examination/bitewings R87.30 Prophylaxis 7.79 R R93.92 Topical F app/dental sealant 2.82 R R67.69 Curative/Extraction 33.9 R R R R Annexure 3 97

22 North West UPFS consultation Examination/bitewings 48.3 R87.30 Prophylaxis 2.50 R R83.68 Topical F app/dental sealant 7.64 R R29.75 Curative/Extraction R R R R20.85 Mpumalanga UPFS consultation Examination/bitewings R87.30 Prophylaxis 7.53 R R85.8 Topical F app/dental sealant 2.8 R R3.63 Curative/Extraction 4.0 R R R R Limpopo UPFS consultation Examination/bitewings R87.30 Prophylaxis 7.86 R R97.42 Topical F app/dental sealant 2.4 R R67.69 Curative/Extraction R R R R358.4 UPFS 2006 (H2) Examination/bitewings included Examination/bitewings excluded Variable: [] [2] [3]; [4] [7] [8] [3]; [4] [7] [8] Examination % of Pop est Treatment Fee code: 0924 % of Per capita population 2006 need Fee: R40.00 total cost National 987, R39,504, R40.00 Western Cape 84, R3,399, R40.00 Northern Cape 7,40 00 R685, R40.00 Eastern Cape 74, R6,988, R40.00 Free State 62, R2,48, R40.00 KwaZulu-Natal 25, R8,630, R40.00 Gauteng 39, R5,576, R40.00 North West 76, R3,079, R40.00 Mpumalanga 7, R2,864, R40.00 Limpopo 44, R5,799, R40.00 Bitewings % of Pop est Treatment Fee code: 094 % of Per capita population 2006 need Fee: R5.00 total cost National 987, R29,628, R30.00 Western Cape 84, R2,549, R30.00 Northern Cape 7,40 00 R54, R30.00 Eastern Cape 74, R5,24, R30.00 Free State 62, R,86, R30.00 KwaZulu-Natal 25, R6,472, R30.00 Gauteng 39, R4,82, R30.00 North West 76, R2,309, R30.00 Mpumalanga 7, R2,48, R30.00 Limpopo 44, R4,349, R30.00 Prophylaxis Mean no Pop est Treatment Fee code: 0924 % of Per capita Fee code: 0924 % of Per capita of sextants 2006 need Fee: R40.00 total cost Fee: R40.00 total cost National 987, R29,707, R30.08 R29,707, R30.08 Western Cape 84, R2,845, R33.48 R2,845, R33.48 Northern Cape 7, R444, R25.96 R444, R25.96 Eastern Cape 74, R5,884, R33.68 R5,884, R33.68 Free State 62, R,548, R24.96 R,548, R24.96 KwaZulu-Natal 25, R6,248, R28.96 R6,248, R28.96 Gauteng 39, R4,93, R30.08 R4,93, R30.08 North West 76, R2,063, R26.80 R2,063, R26.80 Mpumalanga 7, R,953, R27.28 R,953, R27.28 Limpopo 44, R4,523, R3.20 R4,523, R3.20 Annexure 3 98