TESTING AND MEASUREMENT. MERVE DENİZCİ NAZLIGÜL, M.S. Çankaya University
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1 TESTING AND MEASUREMENT MERVE DENİZCİ NAZLIGÜL, M.S. Çankaya University
2 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS Reliability can take on values of 0 to 1.0, inclusive. There are various ways of testing reliability: 1. test-retest reliability: The same test is administrated on two occasions to the same individuals under the same conditions. o This yields two scores for each person and the correlation between these two sets of scores is the test-retest reliability coefficient. o If the test is reliable, there will be a high positive association between the scores.
3 TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
4 ANALYZE CORRELATE BIVARIATE TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY BIVARIATE PEARSON FLAG SIGNIFI
5 Pearson Correlation Result: r = TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
6 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS 2. split-half reliability: Split the scale in half and administer it to one subject Only need one administration. o The test items are divided into two halves, with the items of the two halves matched on content and difficulty. o If the scale is consistent, the subject should obtain 2 similar scores.
7
8 SPLIT-HALF RELIABILITY ANALYZE SCALE RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
9 MODEL SPLIT-HALF SPLIT-HALF RELIABILITY STATISTICS SCALE SCALE IF ITEM CORRELATIONS
10 Guttman Split-half = SPLIT-HALF RELIABILITY If deleting item it4, the Alpha will raise to
11 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS 3. Cronbach's alpha, which splits data in two in every possible way and computes the correlation coefficient for each split.
12 Scale for Measuring Attitudes Towards Mathematics or Science Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly disagree Cronbach's alpha 1. I want to develop my mathematical (science) skills and study this subject more. 2. Mathematics (science) is not a very interesting subject. 3. Mathematics (science) is a very worthwhile and necessary subject. 4. Mathematics (Science) makes me feel nervous and uncomfortable. 5. I have usually enjoyed studying mathematics (science) in school. 6. I don t want to take any more mathematics (science) than I absolutely have to Other subjects are more important to people than mathematics (science). 8. I am very calm and unafraid when studying mathematics (Science). 9. I have seldom liked studying mathematics (Science) I am interested in acquiring further knowledge of mathematics (science)
13 REVERSE SCORING BUT FIRST; REVERSE SCORING E.g; item 2 (Mathematics (science) is not a very interesting subject.) was phrased the opposite way. Therefore, if you have reverse phrased items then you have to also reverse the way in which they re scored before you conduct reliability analysis. Positively worded items from the questionnaire: 1, 3, 5, 8, 10 Negatively worded items from the questionnaire: 2, 4, 6, 7, 9
14 REVERSE SCORING REVERSE SCORING 1 = strongly disagree 2 = disagree 3 = undecided 4 = agree 5 = strongly agree We need to reverse scale! 1 = strongly agree 2 = agree To reverse the scoring find the max value of your response scale (in this case 5) and add one to it. Then, for each person you take this value and substract from it the score they actually got. s/o who scored originally 5, now gets 6-1=5
15 TRANSFORM COMPUTE...
16 Cronbach's alpha ANALYZE SCALE RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
17 MODEL ALPHA Cronbach's alpha STATISTICS SCALE SCALE IF ITEM CORRELATIONS
18 Cronbach's alpha Cronbach Alpha Results: Alpha = If deleting item 7, the Alpha will raise to Corrected item-total correlation should not be <.3
19 SD = Strongly disagree, D = Disagree, N = Neither, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree S D D N A S A 1 Statistics makes me cry O O O O O 2 My friends will think I'm stupid for not being able to cope with SPSS. O O O O O 3 Standard deviations excite me. O O O O O 4 I dream that Pearson is attacking me with correlation coefficients. O O O O O 5 I don't understand statistics. O O O O O 6 I have little experience of computers. O O O O O 7 All computers hate me. O O O O O 8 I have never been good at mathematics. O O O O O 9 My friends are better at statistics than me. O O O O O 10 Computers are useful only for playing games O O O O O 11 I did badly at mathematics at school. O O O O O People try to tell you that SPSS makes statistics easier to understand 12 but it doesn't. O O O O O I worry that I will cause irreparable damage because of my incomptence 13 with computers. O O O O O Computers have minds of their own and deliberately go wrong 14 whenever I use them. O O O O O 15 Computers are out to get me. O O O O O 16 I weep openly at the mention of central tendency. O O O O O 17 I slip into a coma whenever I see an equation. O O O O O 18 SPSS always crashes when I try to use it. O O O O O 19 Everybody looks at me when I use SPSS. O O O O O 20 I can't sleep for thoughts of eigenvectors. O O O O O I wake up under my duvet thinking that I am trapped under a normal 21 distribution. O O O O O 22 My friends are better a SPSS than I am. O O O O O 23 If I am good at statistics people will think I am a nerd. O O O O O The SAQ
20 We will determine reliability for each of the 4 subscales separately: RELIABILITY ANALYSIS Factor Subscale of SAQ Items 1 Fear of computers 6,7,10,13,14,15,18 2 Fear of statistics 1,3,4,5,12,14,10,21 3 Fear of mathematics 8,11,17 4 Fear of negative peer evalution 2,9,19,22,23
21 Subscale 1: Fear of computers ANALYZE SCALE RELIABILITY ANALYSIS Transfer all items of 1 factor to the Item's window, here: Subscale 1 (Items 6,7,10,13,14,15,18). Proceed alike with the other 3 subscales Leave the default setting for model: Cronbach's Alpha. Tick 'List Item Lables'
22 Reliability analysis on SPSS For a basic realibility check, just tick 'Scale if item deleted' and 'correlations' 'Scale if item deleted' tests whether alpha decreases if one item is deleted. In a reliable test, this should not matter much. We therefore expect still a high alpha (>.8) if an item is delete. Click OK
23 Subscale 1: 'fear of math' Item-total Statistics The individual values should not be greater than the overall since then their deletion would improve reliability! None of the items here affect reliability substantially The Corrected Item-total correlation give us the correlations between each item and the total score from the questionnare. In a reliable scale, all items should correlate with the total. Values should not be <.3. Cronbach's is >.7 for all items. Average =.8234 (=Cronbach's ) Subscale 1 is reliable.
24 Subscale 4: Fear of negative peer evaluation Subscale 4, however, has a poor Cronbach's =.5699 Individual 's are not higher than the overall. Subscale 4 is not reliable. Q23 has low item-total correlation What's wrong with this subscale? It might have too heterogeneous questions which decreases internal consistency. This subscale should be rethought!
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