5 hr. Skin Care Enhancement and DTAE Health and Safety

Transcription

1 Click Here To Take Test Now (Complete the Reading Material first then click on the Take Test Now Button to start the test. Test is at the bottom of this page) 5 hr. Skin Care Enhancement and DTAE Health and Safety Course Description Upon completion this course you will have a thorough knowledge of the anatomy of healthy skin care. You will learn about important facts for defining healthy skin care. General skin care routines are discussed which include the use of masks, cleansing techniques, toning, moisturizing, and sun protection. This course will also outline the five categories of skin types. With emphasis on skin care awareness in the salon, common skin disorders will be covered which will help the cosmetologist and esthetician to identify lesions of the skin. This course will be summed up with important information about sun exposure protection and the ABCDEs of Melanoma. In summary, flash facts about histology of the skin will be demonstrated with pictorial examples.

2 Anatomy of the Skin Facts about the skin: The skin is the body's largest organ, covering the entire body. In addition to serving as a protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection, the skin also: Regulates body temperature. Stores water and fat. Is a sensory organ. Prevents water loss. Prevents entry of bacteria. Throughout the body, the skin's characteristics vary (i.e., thickness, color, texture). For instance, the head contains more hair follicles than anywhere else, while the soles of the feet contain none. In addition, the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands are much thicker. The skin is made up of the following layers, with each layer performing specific functions: Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous fat layer (subcutis) Epidermis The epidermis is the thin outer layer of the skin which consists of the following three parts: Stratum corneum (horny layer): This layer consists of fully mature keratinocytes which contain fibrous proteins (keratins). The outermost layer is continuously shed. The

3 Dermis Subcutis (also known as the subcutaneous layer) stratum corneum prevents the entry of most foreign substances as well as the loss of fluid from the body. Keratinocytes (squamous cells): This layer, just beneath the stratum corneum, contains living keratinocytes (squamous cells), which mature and form the stratum corneum. Basal layer: The basal layer is the deepest layer of the epidermis, containing basal cells. Basal cells continually divide, forming new keratinocytes, replacing the old ones that are shed from the skin's surface. The epidermis also contains melanocytes, which are cells that produce melanin (skin pigment). The dermis is the middle layer of the skin. The dermis contains the following: Blood vessels Lymph vessels Hair follicles Sweat glands Collagen bundles Fibroblasts Nerves The dermis is held together by a protein called collagen, made by fibroblasts. This layer gives skin flexibility and strength. It also contains pain and touch receptors. The subcutis is the deepest layer of skin. The subcutis, consisting of a network of collagen and fat cells, helps conserve the body's heat and protects the body from injury by acting as a "shock absorber." What is healthy skin?

4 Your skin is much more than an outer surface for the world to see. It protects you from bacteria, dirt and other foreign objects and the ultraviolet rays of the sun, and contains the nerve endings that let you know if something is hot or cold, soft or hard, sharp or dull. Your skin also plays an important role in regulating your body's fluids and temperature. Skin covering the average human body ranges between 1.7 and 2 square meters (~20 square feet) in length and weights about 6 pounds (2.7 kg). With so much skin to care about, lots of people ignore even the basic needs of a healthy skin. You really should pay more attention to it, knowing that the skin is actually one of the most powerful indicators of the overall health. It also eliminates toxins through perspiration via pores which is vital, not to mention the appearance and visual impact it has to people we interact with. Below the smooth, hairy outer skin, or epidermis, that we see every day is a thick, strong and elastic layer of tissue known as the dermis. The dermis is richly supplied with blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and nerve endings. Healthy skin is smooth, with no breaks in the surface. It is warm (not hot or red) and neither dry and flaky nor moist and wrinkled. Healthy skin is a mirror of a healthy body. Healthy skin is well hydrated skin. General Skin Care Routines

5 Cleansing Cleansing is the first essential step to any daily skin care routine. Cleansing the face at least twice a day is suitable for normal skin. If skin is oily, a more frequent cleansing or about four to five times a day is required. However, products that are water-based and gentle are ideal so as to not over-dry the skin. For dry skin, it is best to avoid frequent washing and a suitable oil-based cosmetic cleanser instead of soap is preferred. There are several alternatives to soap and water cleansing. Cleansers can be in the form of creams, milks, lotions, gels and liquids. All are a mixture of oil, wax and water which have been formulated to suit different skin types. A Cotton -pad dipped in fresh milk available at home, is an equally effective natural cleanser. To complete the cleansing process, the skin must be rinsed with water. Some who wear long wearing foundation may find it beneficial to pre-cleanse the face with a cleansing oil to remove any silicones left over from the foundation. Masks

6 Essentially all face masks have some sort of a cleansing action. Various ingredients are used in the masks, depending on the skin type. Clay forms an important constituent of many face masks that helps to remove dirt, sebum, and dead skin to refresh and soften the skin surface. Fullers earth is a special type of clay often used in face packs. It contains aluminum silicate and as it dries on the skin, it absorbs the superficial dead cells and blots up any excessive oil. It is therefore excellent for oily skin but should not be used on dry skin. Kaolin is also fine clay which removes grime, oils and dead cells. Again it is best for oily skin and should be avoided on dry skin. Another ingredient of some of the masks is a peeling or exfoliating agent which helps remove the top layer of dead cells from the skin, leaving behind fresh youthful skin. Oatmeal and bran are the commonly used peelers. In addition, natural ingredients such as cucumbers, curds, lemon juice and Brewer's Yeast are added to many masks to restore the acid / alkali balance of the skin. There are three general forms that masks come in: Clay, Peel, and Sheet. The clay formulation is one of the most common. It is usually composed of different clays to draw out the impurities in the skin. Peel masks usually have a gel like consistency and are peeled off of the skin to help exfoliate. Sheet masks are becoming more common in America; they are very popular in Asia. Sheet masks can be used to treat different skin concerns, but one of the most popular concerns is skin brightening. Toning Many skin care products include skin fresheners, toners and astringents which generally contain alcohol and water. These products are used after cleansing the skin to freshen and tone up and remove any traces of dirt or impurities from the skin, as well as restore the skin s acid/ alkali balance. Non-alcoholic fresheners are for dry and sensitive skin. Those with alcohol (astringent) are for oily skin. When servicing clients with combination skin, you should use both kinds for the different areas of their face. Moisturizing Regular use of a suitable moisturizer benefits the skin as it not only replaces water lost from the skin but also prevents the loss of water. It protects the skin against the drying influences of the environment including the harsh effects of the sun, cold and heat. Tinted moisturizers can be used under foundation cosmetics. It allows make-up to remain moist. Using a moisturizer is particularly beneficial for dry skins. Oil free moisturizers are also available for oily skins. There are two types of moisturizers: Oil - in water emulsions and water -in -oil emulsions. For normal and combination skin, a water based moisturizer

7 containing minimal oil is suitable. Sensitive and dry types of skin need moisturizers containing a high content of oil. Protecting The sun is the most damaging environmental factor to the health and appearance of skin. Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight can cause permanent damage to the skin causing it to sag, lose elasticity and form wrinkles. Severe sunburn can even cause skin cancer. Therefore, sunscreen and SPF-foundations protect the skin against these damaging effects. They also shield the skin from direct contact with dirt or pollutants in the air and help the skin retain necessary moisture. Sunscreen's come in lotions and creams. A sunscreen with the sun protection factor (SPF) of number 15 can block most of the sun's ultraviolet radiations before it can damage the skin. The SPF number indicates the length of time that the product will protect the skin, i.e. 15 hours. Sunscreens should be applied at least 10 minutes before exposure to the sun to ensure proper absorption and effective protection. Skin Types There are five basic skin types, including: Normal Skin This type of skin has a fine, even and smooth surface due to having an ideal balance between oil and moisture contents and is therefore neither greasy nor dry. People who have normal skin have small, barely-visible pores. Thus, their skin appears clear and does not develop spots and blemishes. This type of skin needs minimal and gentle treatment. Dry Skin Dry skin has a parched appearance and tends to flake easily. It is prone to wrinkles and lines due to the inability to retain moisture, as well as, the inadequate production of sebum by sebaceous glands. Dry skin often has problems in cold weather as it dries up even further. Constant protection in the form of a moisturizer by day and a moisture-rich cream by night is essential. Oily Skin As its name implies, this type of skin s surface is slightly to moderately greasy, which is caused by the over secretion of sebum. The excess oil on the surface of the skin draws dirt and dust from the environment to stick to it. Oily skin is usually prone to black heads, white heads, spots and pimples. It needs to be cleansed thoroughly every day. Combination Skin This is the most common type of skin. As the name suggests, it is a combination of both oily and dry skin where certain areas of the face are oily and the rest dry. The oily parts are usually found on a central panel, called T Zone, consisting of the forehead, nose and chin. The dry areas consist of the cheeks and the areas around the eyes and mouth. In such cases, each part of the face should be treated accordingly where the dry areas are treated as for dry skin and the central panel is treated as for oily skin. There are also skin care products made especially for those who have combination skin.

8 Sensitive skin Sensitive skin has a very fine texture and is excessively sensitive to changes in the climate. This skin type is easily irritated, bruised and/or scarred from bleaching, waxing, threading, perfumes, temperature extremes, soap, shaving creams, etc. People who belong to this skin type should avoid products with dyes, perfumes, or unnecessary chemical ingredients that may aggravate the skin. Common Skin Disorders Acne What is acne? Acne is a disorder of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands. With acne, the sebaceous glands are clogged, which leads to pimples and cysts. Acne is very common - nearly 80 percent of individuals in the US between 11 and 30 years old will be affected by this condition at some point. Acne most often begins in puberty. During puberty, the male sex hormones (androgens) increase in both boys and girls, causing the sebaceous glands to become more active - resulting in increased production of sebum. How does acne develop? The sebaceous glands produce oil (sebum) which normally travels via hair follicles to the skin surface. However, skin cells can plug the follicles, blocking the oil coming from the sebaceous glands. When follicles become plugged, skin bacteria (called Propionibacterium acnes or P. acnes) begin to grow inside the follicles, causing inflammation. Acne progresses in the following manner: 1. Incomplete blockage of the hair follicle results in blackheads (a semisolid, black plug).

9 2. Complete blockage of the hair follicle results in whiteheads (a semisolid, white plug). 3. Infection and irritation cause whiteheads to form. Eventually, the plugged follicle bursts, spilling oil, skin cells, and the bacteria onto the skin surface. In turn, the skin becomes irritated and pimples or lesions begin to develop. The basic acne lesion is called a comedo. Acne can be superficial (pimples without abscesses) or deep (when the inflamed pimples push down into the skin, causing pus-filled cysts that rupture and result in larger abscesses). What causes acne? Rising hormone levels during puberty may cause acne. In addition, acne is often inherited. Other causes of acne may include the following: Hormone level changes during the menstrual cycle in women Certain drugs (such as corticosteroids, lithium, and barbiturates) Oil and grease from the scalp, mineral or cooking oil, and certain cosmetics may worsen acne Bacteria inside pimples Acne can be aggravated by squeezing the pimples or by scrubbing the skin too hard. What are the symptoms of acne? Acne can occur anywhere on the body. However, acne most often appears in areas where there is a high concentration of sebaceous glands, including the following: Face Chest Upper back Shoulders Neck The following are the most common symptoms of acne. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: Blackheads Whiteheads Pus-filled lesions that may be painful Nodules (solid, raised bumps)

10 Dry Skin What is dry skin? Dry skin is a very common skin condition, usually characterized by irritated skin and itchiness. Dry skin often worsens in the winter, when the air is cold and dry. In addition, frequent bathing can aggravate dry skin. With no treatment, dry skin may become flaky or scaly. It is important to note, however, that dry skin symptoms may resemble other skin conditions, or result from other disorders such as an under-active thyroid or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Always consult your physician for a diagnosis. Treatment for dry skin: Treating dry skin may be as simple as keeping the skin moist by taking fewer baths and using ointments or creams that keep the moisture in. Treatment may also include: Avoiding harsh soaps, detergents, and perfumes, which tend to dry the skin Avoiding rubbing or scratching the skin, which can aggravate the symptoms and cause infection Applying a salicylic acid solution or cream (which removes the top layer of skin) if the skin is scaly Call your doctor if: There is itching without a visible rash. The itching and dryness are so bad you can't sleep. You have scratched so hard that you have open cuts or sores. Home remedies have not relieved the dryness and itching.

11 Psoriasis What is psoriasis? Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition characterized by inflamed, red, raised areas that often develop as silvery scales on the scalp, elbows, knees, and lower back. Psoriasis is estimated to affect 7.5 million people in the US. What causes psoriasis?

12 The exact cause of psoriasis is unknown, but experts believe that the immune system, genes, and environmental factors play central roles. Normally, old skin cells are replaced with new ones every four weeks. In people with psoriasis, the immune system triggers inflammation, causing new cells to move to the surface every three or four days. The resulting buildup forms the rash. Psoriasis cannot be passed from person to person, but it does tend to run in families. What are the symptoms of psoriasis? The following are the most common symptoms of psoriasis. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently, as psoriasis comes in several forms and severities. Symptoms may include: Discoid psoriasis Also called plaque psoriasis, this type of psoriasis is the most common. Symptoms may include patches of red, raised skin on the trunk, arms, legs, knees, elbows, genitals, and scalp. Nails may also thicken, become pitted, and separate from the nail beds. Guttate psoriasis This type of psoriasis affects mostly children. Symptoms may include many small patches of red, raised skin. A sore throat usually precedes the onset of this type of psoriasis. Pustular psoriasis Symptoms may include small pustules (pus-containing blisters) all over the body or just on the palms, soles, and other small areas. The symptoms of psoriasis may resemble other skin conditions. Always consult your physician for a diagnosis. How is psoriasis diagnosed? When the condition progresses to the development of silvery scales, the physician can usually diagnose psoriasis with a medical examination of the nails and skin. Confirmation of diagnosis may be done with a skin biopsy (taking a small skin specimen to examine under a microscope). Treatment for psoriasis Specific treatment for psoriasis will be determined by your physician based on: Your age, overall health, and medical history Severity of the condition Your tolerance of specific medications, procedures, or therapies Expectations for the course of the condition Your opinion or preference

13 The goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation and slow down the rapid growth and shedding of skin cells. At the present time, there is no cure for psoriasis. Treatment may include: Ointments and creams (to moisturize the skin) Sunlight or ultraviolet light exposure (under a physician's supervision) Steroids (such as cortisone creams) Vitamin D cream Creams containing salicylic acid or coal tar Anthralin--a drug that treats the thicker, hard-to-treat patches of psoriasis. Methotrexate--an anti-cancer drug that interrupts the growth of skin cells. Oral or topical retinoids Immunosuppressive medications (such as Cyclosporine) Outlook There is no known way to prevent psoriasis. Although it is a life-long condition, it often can be controlled with appropriate treatment. Keeping the skin clean and moist, and avoiding person-specific psoriasis triggers (excessive stress, for example) may help decrease flare-ups. Keratosis Pilaris What is keratosis pilaris? Keratosis pilaris is a common skin disorder characterized by small, pointed pimples. The pimples usually appear on the upper arms, thighs, and buttocks. The condition worsens in the winter and usually clears up in the summer. Keratosis pilaris has no known cause, but tends to run in families. This disorder does not get worse over time. It is harmless, and often disappears as the person ages. Treatment for keratosis pilaris: Usually no treatment is necessary for keratosis pilaris, since it normally clears up by itself. Treatment may include:

14 Using petroleum jelly with water, cold cream, or salicylic acid (which removes the top layer of skin) to flatten the pimples Using a tretinoin cream (a drug which is chemically related to vitamin A) Contact your health care provider if the condition does not respond to over-the-counter moisturizing lotions. Since this is a common, harmless skin condition, you can also discuss it during a routine office visit. Pityriasis Rosea What is pityriasis rosea? Pityriasis rosea is a mild, but common, skin condition. Characterized by scaly, pink, inflamed skin, the condition can last from four to eight weeks and usually leaves no lasting marks. What causes pityriasis rosea? The cause of pityriasis rosea is not known, but it is commonly believed to be caused by a virus. It is usually seen in children, adolescents, and young adults. Most people with the rash are 10 to 35 years of age. The condition is more prevalent in spring and fall. What are the symptoms of pityriasis rosea? Pityriasis rosea usually starts with a pink or tan oval area (sometimes called a herald or mother patch) on the chest or back. The main patch is usually followed (after a couple of weeks) by smaller pink or tan patches elsewhere on the body--usually the back, neck, arms, and legs. The following are other common symptoms of pityriasis rosea. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: Fatigue Aches Itching

15 The symptoms of pityriasis rosea may resemble other skin conditions. Always consult your physician for a diagnosis. How is pityriasis rosea diagnosed? Pityriasis rosea is usually diagnosed based on a medical history and physical examination. The rash of pityriasis rosea is unique, and the diagnosis is usually made on the basis of a physical examination. In addition, your physician may order the following tests to help aid in the diagnosis: Blood tests Skin biopsy--the removal of some of the diseased skin for laboratory analysis. The sample of skin is removed after a local anesthetic is administered. Treatment for pityriasis rosea Specific treatment for pityriasis rosea will be determined by your physician based on: Your age, overall health, and medical history Extent of the rash Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies Expectations for the course of the rash Your opinion or preference The goal of treatment for pityriasis rosea is to relieve symptoms associated with the condition, such as itching. Treatment may include: Medicated lotions and creams (to soothe the itching) Medications by mouth (to ease the itching) Cool baths with or without oatmeal (to soothe the itching) Ultraviolet exposure (under a physician's supervision) Cool compresses (to soothe the affected skin) There is no cure for pityriasis rosea. The condition will usually resolve on its own in about six to 12 weeks. Normally, it does not return. Rosacea What is rosacea?

16 Rosacea is a common skin condition that usually only affects the face and eyes. Characterized by redness, pimples, and broken blood vessels, rosacea tends to begin after middle age (between the ages of 30 and 60) and is more common in fair-skinned people. The cause of rosacea is unknown. An estimated 14 million people in the US have rosacea. What are the symptoms of rosacea? Rosacea often begins with easy blushing and flushing of the facial skin. Eventually, redness will persist around the nose area, extending to the rest of the face. Rosacea has a variety of clinical symptoms and is classified into the following four types, based on these different symptoms: Type Prerosacea Vascular rosacea Inflammatory rosacea Rhinophyma Symptoms Frequent episodes of blushing and flushing of the face and neck Swelling of blood vessels under the facial skin, leading to swollen, warm skin (common in women) Formation of pimples and enlarged blood vessels on the face Enlarged oil glands in the nose and cheeks that cause an enlarged, bulbous red nose Sebaceous Cysts What are sebaceous cysts?

17 Sebaceous cysts are harmless, slow-growing bumps under the skin, often appearing on the scalp, face, ears, back, or groin area. The cysts usually contain dead skin and other skin particles. Treatment for sebaceous cysts: Warm moist compresses placed over the cysts may help them drain and heal. Sebaceous cysts can usually be treated by a physician by puncturing the top and removing its contents. However, large cysts may reappear and may have to be surgically removed. If a cyst becomes swollen, tender, large, or infected, treatment may include administering antibiotics and then surgically removing the cyst. Section 2 Skin Disorder Awareness in the Salon While the level of knowledge needed by scientists is not necessary for cosmetologists, a thorough knowledge of the underlying structures of the skin nails and hair will benefit you in your role. Such knowledge will help you achieve the best possible results when providing hair, skin, and nail care services while at the same time providing the utmost protection for your client. Your training will help you to become familiar with common disorders and diseases of the skin and allow you to recognize those conditions that cannot be treated or serviced by a cosmetologist. Thoroughly analyzing the functions and components of the skin is the best way to understand how the skin works. With proper care, the skin can stay young and radiant-looking for many years. This course contains extensive new terminology which will seem overwhelming at first. We will cover the material in detail and introduce several exercises and activities that can be used to help you retain the terminology and definitions. The skin is the largest and one of the most important organs of the body. A healthy skin is slightly moist, soft and flexible. It possesses a slightly acid reaction and is free from any disease or disorder. The ideal feel and appearance

18 of skin is smooth and fine-grained. That feel and appearance is known as skin texture. Hairs, nails, sweat and oil glands, which are all very important to the cosmetologist, are considered appendages of the skin. It is important to note that the skin on the eyelids is the thinnest of the entire body while the skin on the palms of the hand and soles of the feet is the thickest. Continued pressure on any part of the skin will result in calluses. The skin on the scalp has larger and deeper follicles to accommodate the longer hair found on the head. Lesions of the Skin Skin lesions are abnormal changes in the structure of an organ or tissue. Lesions are divided into three categories: o Primary o Secondary o Tertiary Cosmetologists are only concerned with primary and secondary lesions. Primary Skin Lesions Macules: discoloration appearing on the skin's surface o Freckles are an example of macules. Lentigines: technical term for freckles Papules: hardened red elevations of the skin in which no fluid is present o A large papule is known as a tubercle. o A pimple is an example of a papule. Vesicles: fluid filled elevations in the skin caused by localized accumulation of fluids or blood just below the epidermis. Macules and papules may cause vesicles. Herpes Simplex: also known as fever blister, is a contagious, chronic condition caused by a single vesicle or a group of vesicles on a red swollen base. o Appears on the lips, nostrils, or other parts of the face. o Services should not be performed when herpes simplex is present. Bulla: Lesion, and larger vesicles with a clean watery fluid o Located below the skin o Occur in second-degree burns. Pustules: Small elevations of skin; similar to vesicles, but contain pus o They are white or yellow in color and may be surrounded by a reddish inflamed border. o An example of a pustule is a pimple with pus. Wheals: Solid formation above the skin, sometimes caused by an insect bite or allergic reaction o May be accompanied with itching or tingling o An example of a wheal is hives or an insect bite. Tumors: Solid masses in the skin, which may be soft or hard o An example of a small tumor is a nodule.

19 Secondary Lesions A secondary skin lesion is the progressed stage of a disease. Needs to be treated by a dermatologist or a physician Scales: Dead cells of the uppermost layer of the epidermis that shed. o Psoriasis and dandruff are examples of scales Psoriasis: Round, dry patches of skin, covered with rough silvery scales. o It is chronic, but not contagious. Crust: Dried masses that come from the remains of an oozing sore. o An example: scab on a sore Excoriations: mechanical abrasions or injury to the epidermis o Occur when an insect bites or scab is scratched o An example of an excoriation is a scratch Fissure: Cracks in the skin o Cracks or lines that go deep into the underlying dermis o Occur when skin is exposed to wind, cold, or water and loses its flexibility o An example of a fissure is a chapped lip Scars: Forms from a lesion when injury extends deep into the dermis Keloids: Thick scars Ulcers: Open lesions that are visible on the surface of the skin o Services should not be performed when ulcers are present. Pigmentation Abnormalities Pigmentation Abnormalities are conditions with little or too much color in certain areas of the skin. Melanoderma: Hyper-pigmentation caused by over activity of the melanocytes in the epidermis o Examples of melanoderma are chloasma and lentigines. Chloasma: Group of brownish macules usually on the hands and face o Also known as liver spots Moles: Small, brown pigmented spots that may be elevated. o Some contain hair, but should not be removed o A physician should be seen if there are any changes in the appearance of a mole. o Moles are the cause of some skin cancers. Naevus: Birth mark or a congenital mole Leukoderma: Hypo-pigmentation (lack of pigmentation) of the skin caused by a decrease in melanocytes. Albinism: Congenital failure of the skin to produce melanin pigment o A person with albinism has very fair skin, white hair, and pink eyes. o They are sensitive to light and sun. Vitiligo: Oval or odd shaped patches of white skin that do not have normal pigmentation.

20 o Usually appear on the face, hands, and neck Disorders of the Sebaceous Glands Comedones: Also known as blackheads; masses of sebum (oil) locked inside the hair follicle Milia: Also known as whiteheads; caused by accumulation of hardened sebum beneath the skin Acne: Chronic inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands o Acne occurs in two stages: acne simplex and acne vulgaris. o A person with acne vulgaris should seek a physician Rosacea: Also known as acne rosacea; a chronic inflammatory congestion of the cheeks and nose; papules and pustules are sometimes present. o Services should not be performed when rosacea is present. Asteatosis: dry, scaly skin caused by low sebum production Seborrhea: Excessive secretion of the sebaceous glands. Steatoma: Also known as a sebaceous cyst or wen; subcutaneous tumor of the sebaceous glands, filled with sebum Furuncles: Also known as boil; appears in the dermis and the epidermis and are caused by acute staphylococcal infection. o Usually are hair follicle infections Carbuncles: Larger than furuncles; located above and below the skin are caused by acute staphylococcal infection of several adjoining hair follicles. Disorders of the Sudoriferous Glands Bromidrosis: Foul-smelling perspiration Anhidrosis: Lack of perspiration; caused by fever or disease Hyperhidrosis: Over-production of perspiration; caused by excessive heat or body weakness Miliaria Rubra: Acute eruption of small red vesicles; caused by excessive heat Services should not be performed when Miliaria Rubra is present. Keep the following facts in mind before performing a service on any client who may have a skin disorder: Cosmetologists and estheticians are not dermatologist or physicians who diagnose and treat skin diseases and disorders. It is very important that you are able to recognize different skin conditions in-order to protect yourself and your client. However, coming in contact with skin every day should encourage you to be cautious when you find cases of severe skin disorders. THE SUN AND YOUR SKIN Skin Damage Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can cause significant damage to your skin.

21 Wrinkles UVA rays from the sun can penetrate deep into your skin and damage collagen, which is the protein that holds your skin together in a firm and smooth way. Collagen and elastin fibers weaken faster when skin is frequently exposed to ultraviolet (UV) rays without proper protection. UVA breaks down the collagen structure which results in wrinkles. UVB rays, also called burning rays; cause sunburn and tanning of the skin by affecting the melanocytes (cells of the epidermis that produce melanin). These rays are not as deep as UVA but are equally damaging to the skin and eyes. They do, however, contribute to the body s synthesis of vitamin D. Once collagen is damaged, it cannot re-build itself. Up to 80% of skin aging is caused by the sun. Freckles/Sun Spots Freckles and sun spots are signs of skin damage and develop as a result of too much sun exposure. Freckles and sun spots are frequently found on face, legs and back of hands. Individuals who sunbathe regularly may develop freckles and sun spots all over their skin. Sun Tan Contrary to popular belief, a tan is not healthy. A tan is a sign that damage has been done to your skin. When exposed to the sun s UV rays, your skin s melanocytes produce melanin, the dark pigment that creates a tan. A tan is your skin s attempt to prevent UV rays from doing any further damage to the sensitive skin cells in your epidermis. A tan does not help protect your skin from getting sunburn in the future. A tan is equivalent to merely an SPF 4! Sunburn Overexposure to the sun s UV rays results in a painful sunburn. UV rays penetrate deep into the layers of your skin and kill living skin cells. In response to this trauma, your body s immune system increases blood flow into the damaged area so white blood cells can remove the dead skin cells. This blood flow is what causes your sunburned skin to become warm and red. There is substantial evidence that sunburns can lead to DNA damage. Repeated sunburns dramatically increase your risk of developing skin cancer because of this damage to your DNA. SUN EXPOSURE PRECAUTIONS Wear protective lotion. Sunscreen with SPF (sun protection factor) of 15 is recommended. Avoid prolonged exposure. (Especially during peak hours of 10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m.) Apply sunscreen liberally after swimming. (Apply periodically throughout day as a precaution)

22 Use full or broad spectrum sunscreen. (These filter out UVA and UVB rays of the sun) Check expiration dates on products. Avoid exposing children under 6 months. Wear hat and protective clothing outdoors. Since repeated sunburns can increase your risk of developing skin cancer, lets now consider the ABCDE Cancer Checklist. Melanoma Checklist Even if you have carefully practiced sun safety all summer, it's important to continue being vigilant about your skin in fall, winter, and beyond. Throughout the year, you should examine your skin head-totoe once a month, looking for any suspicious lesions. Self-exams can help you identify potential skin cancers early, when they can almost always be completely cured. First, for a successful self-exam, you obviously need to know what you're looking for. As a general rule, to spot either melanomas or non-melanoma skin cancers (such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma), take note of any new moles or growths, and any existing growths that begin to grow or change significantly in any other way. Lesions that change, itch, bleed, or don't heal are also alarm signals. It is so vital to catch melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, early that physicians have developed a specific strategy for early recognition of the disease: the ABCDEs. The ABCDEs of Melanoma

23 Asymmetry means one half of a mole does not match the other half. Normal moles are symmetrical. When checking your moles or freckles, draw an imaginary line through the middle and compare the two halves. If they do not look the same on both sides, have it checked by a dermatologist. If the border or edges of the mole are ragged, blurred, or irregular, have it checked by a dermatologist. Melanoma lesions often have uneven borders. A mole that does not have the same color throughout or that has shades of tan, brown, black, blue, white, or red is suspicious. Normal moles are usually a single shade of color. A mole of many shades or that has lightened or darkened should be checked by a doctor.

24 A mole is suspicious if the diameter is larger than the eraser of a pencil. Benign moles are usually less than 6 millimeters in diameter. If a portion of the mole appears elevated, or raised from the skin, have it looked at by a doctor. Melanoma lesions often grow in size or change in height rapidly. A mole that is evolving shrinking, growing larger, changing color, begins to itch or bleed should also be checked. CHECK YOUR BODY ONCE A MONTH Examine your skin after a shower while skin is wet. A common location for melanoma in men is on the back, and in women, the lower leg. But check your entire body for moles or suspicious spots once a month. Start at your head and work your way down. Check the "hidden" areas: between fingers and toes, the groin, soles of the feet, the backs of the knees. Check your scalp and neck for moles. Use a handheld mirror or ask a family member to help you look at these areas. Be especially suspicious of a new mole. Take a photo of moles and date it to help you monitor them for change. Pay special attention to moles if you're a teen, pregnant, or going through menopause, times when your hormones may be surging. It is very important that cosmetologist and estheticians know what products can penetrate the skin and what effects they will have on clients. By learning to identify the various diseases and disorders of the skin, you will be able to provide more effective and safe services for your clients.

25 Flash Facts: Histology of the Skin ACNE ALBINISM ANHIDROSIS Skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands from retained secretions Congenital leukoderma or absence of melanin pigment of the body, including the skin, hair, and eyes Deficiency in perspiration, often result of fever or certain skin diseases ASTEATOSIS Condition of dry, scaly skin due to deficiency or absence of sebum; caused by old age and by exposure to cold BASAL CELL CARCINOMA Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules

26 BROMHIDROSIS Foul-smelling perspiration, usually noticeable in the armpits or on the feet BULLA Large blister containing a watery fluid; similar to a vesicle but larger CHLOASMA Condition characterized by increased pigmentation on the skin, in spots that are not elevated COLLAGEN Fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength

27 COMEDONES Blackheads CRUST Dead cells that form over a wound or blemish while it is healing; an accumulation of sebum and pus, sometimes mixed with epidermal CYST Abnormal sac containing fluid above and below the skin

28 ECZEMA Inflammatory, painful itching disease of the skin, acute or chronic in nature, presenting many forms of dry or moist lesions ELASTIN Protein base similar to collagen that forms elastic tissue EXCORIATION Skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping

29 FISSURE Crack in the skin that penetrates the dermis, such as chapped hands or lips HERPES SIMPLEX Fever blister or cold sore HYPERHIDROSIS Excessive sweating, caused by heat or general body weakness

30 HYPERTROPHY Abnormal growth of the skin KELOID Thick scar resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue KERATOMA Acquired, superficial, thickened patch of epidermis commonly known as callus, caused by pressure or friction on hands and feet LENTIGINES Freckles LEUKODERMA Skin disorder characterized by light abnormal patches; caused by burn or congenital disease that destroys the pigmentproducing cells

31 MACULA Small, discolored patch; freckle MALIGNANT MELANOMA Most serious form of skin cancer; often characterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or raised MELANIN Tiny grains of pigment deposited in the stratum germinativum of the epidermis and the papillary layers of the dermis MILIA Prickly heat; acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands

32 MOLE Small, brownish spot or blemish on the skin NEVUS Small or large malformation of the skin due to abnormal pigmentation or dilated capillaries PAPULE Pimple PSORIASIS Skin disease characterized by red patches; covered with white silver scales usually found on scalp, elbows, knees, chest, and lower back

33 PUSTULE An inflamed pimple containing pus ROSACEA SCALE Chronic congestion appearing primarily on the cheeks and nose, characterized by redness, dilation of the blood vessels, and the formation of papules and pustules Any thin plate of epidermal flakes, dry or oily, such as abnormal or excessive dandruff SCAR Light-colored, slightly raised mark on the skin formed after an injury or lesion

34 SEBORRHEA Skin condition caused by an abnormal increase of secretion from the sebaceous glands SKIN TAG Cutaneous outgrowth of the skin SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red papules or nodules

35 STAIN Abnormal brown or wine-colored skin discoloration with a circular and irregular shape STEATOMA Sebaceous cyst or fatty tumor TAN Change in pigmentation of skin caused by exposure to the sun or ultraviolet rays TUBERCLE Abnormal rounded, solid lump above, within, or under the skin

36 TUMOR Abnormal cell mass, varying in size, shape, and color ULCER Open lesion on the skin or mucous membrane of the body, accompanied by pus and loss of skin depth VESICLE Small blister or sac containing clear fluid, lying within or just beneath the epidermis VITILIGO Milky-white spots (leukoderma) of the skin; acquired condition

37 WHEAL Itchy, swollen lesion that lasts only a few hours; caused by a blow, insect bite, urticaria, or sting of the nettle Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education Skin, Diseases, Disorders Copyright October 2002 by Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education. All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education. Published December 2002 (C121002) Table of Contents Skin, Diseases, Disorders...1

38 Introduction... 1 Objectives... 2 Anatomy and Histology of the Skin Nerves of the Skin... 5 Glands of the Skin... 5 Nourishment of the Skin... 6 Functions of the Skin... 6 Terminology... 7 Diseases and Disorders...10 Skin Conditions /Descriptions Skin, Diseases, Disorders Introduction The flexible, waterproof, tough protective covering known as the skin is the largest organ in the body both by weight and surface area. Skin accounts for approximately 16% of the body s weight. Healthy skin has a fine texture that is slightly moist, soft, and flexible. Varying in thickness, the skin is thinnest on the eyelids and thickest on the palms and soles. A callous can be caused by continuous friction on any part of the skin. The skin has appendages that include the hair, sweat and oil glands, and the nails. Composed of the substance known as keratin, this protein gives the skin its protective ability. The skin is slightly acidic in ph, which enables good immunity responses to intruding organisms. Normally the skin separates the internal environment from the external. However skin diseases and infections can invade that barrier. For this reason, a thorough understanding of the histology of the skin and its diseases and disorders is needed for a better position to give clients professional advice.

39 Objectives Upon completion of this course, trainees will be able to: Explain the structure and the composition of the skin. Identify the functions of the skin. Describe terms relating to skin disorders. Recognize which skin diseases/disorders may be dealt with in the salon and which should be referred to a physician. Identify online dermatology resources. Anatomy and Histology of the Skin The two major divisions of the skin are the dermis and the epidermis. The outermost layer of the skin is the epidermis that is composed of sheets of dead cells that serve as the major waterproof barrier to the environment. The epidermis is the visible layer of skin. This layer contains numerous nerve endings, but no blood vessels. The human epidermis is renewed every days. The epidermis consists of many layers. The stratum corneum is the outer layer that is often called the horny layer. Cells are continually being shed and replaced. This layer of skin for the most part is dead - it is composed of cells that are almost pure protein.

40 The stratum lucidum consists of translucent cells through which light can penetrate. The stratum granulosum, known as the granular layer, consists of cells that resemble granules. These cells are transforming into a harder form of protein. The stratum mucosum is also known as the basal cell layer. Basal cells are continuously being reproduced. It is the deepest layer of the epidermis. This layer also contains melanocytes that produce the coloring matter known as melanin and determines skin color. Melanocytes also react to ultraviolet rays to darken the skin for added protection. The middle layer, the dermis, provides a tough, flexible foundation for the epidermis. In the dermis, body temperature is regulated by sweat glands and blood vessels. It also contains arector pilli muscles, papillae, and hair follicles. Nerve endings send sensations of pain, itching, touch, and temperature to the brain. The skin is moisturized by oil glands that produce sebum. The dermis consists of two layers. The papillary layer connects the dermis to the epidermis. Tactile corpuscles are nerve fiber endings that contain looped capillaries. Tactile corpuscles are responsible for the sense of touch. The papillary layer also contains some of the melanin. The reticular layer is the deepest layer of the dermis. It contains fat cells, blood vessels, lymph vessels, oil glands, sweat glands, hair follicles, and arrector pilli muscles. The reticular layer supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients. Subcutaneous tissue is the fatty layer found below the dermis. It is also called the adipose or the subcutis tissue. It varies in thickness according to age, sex, and general health of the individual. The subcutaneous tissue contains fats for energy, gives smoothness and contour to the body, and acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin. Arteries and lymphatics maintain circulation to the body. Nerves of the Skin Sensory nerves are receptors and send messages to the brain causing reactions to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. Motor nerve fibers, attached to the hair follicles, are distributed to the arrector pilli muscles which may cause goose flesh when you are frightened or cold. The secretory nerve fibers regulate the excretion of perspiration from the sweat glands and regulate the flow of sebum to the surface of the skin. Glands of the Skin There are two types of duct glands contained in the skin that pull out minerals from the blood to create new substances. The suderiferous glands are the sweat glands and the sebaceous glands are the oil glands.

41 Sweat glands excrete perspiration. This secretion is odorless when excreted, but in a short period of time produces an offensive odor due to the bacteria on the skin s surface feeding on the fats of its secretion. Perspiration is controlled by the nervous system. About 1-2 pints of liquid containing salts are excreted daily through the sweat pores in the skin. The sweat glands consist of a coiled base or fundus and a tube-like duct that ends at the skin surface forming the pores. Sweat glands are more numerous on the palms, soles, forehead, and armpits. Body temperature is regulated by the sweat glands that also aid in the elimination of waste. Oil glands secrete sebum through little sacs whose ducts open in to the hair follicles. These glands are found in all parts of the body with the exception of the palms and soles. The oily substance produced by the oil glands is called sebum. Sebum lubricates the skin and preserves the pliability of the hair. When the duct becomes clogged with hardened sebum, a blackhead is formed. Nourishment of the Skin Blood and lymph circulate through the skin providing nourishment essential for growth and repair of the skin, hair, and nails. Functions of the Skin The major functions of the skin are sensation, heat regulation, absorption, protection, excretion, and secretion. The functions of the skin can easily be remembered using the acronym: SHAPES S - ensation - response to heat, cold, pressure, and pain H - eat regulation - maintains body temperature of 98.6 A - bsorption - substances can enter the body through the skin and affect it to a minor degree P - rotection - from bacterial invasion E - xcretion - sweat glands excrete perspiration S - ecretion - sebum is secreted by the sebaceous glands

42 Terminology Dermatology Dermatologist study of the skin, its nature, functions, and treatment a medical skin specialist Disease a pathological condition of the body, organ, or mind making it incapable of carrying on normal functions Disorder abnormal condition usually not contagious Immunity freedom from or resistance to disease Integumentary system one of the 10 systems of the body; pertains to the skin, its appendages and functions Pathology study of disease Etiology study of the causes of diseases Trichology study of hair Diagnosis recognition of a disease by its symptoms Prognosis foretelling of the probable course of a disease

43 Objective symptom visible symptom Subjective symptom symptom that can be felt by client, but not by observation Acute rapid onset with severe symptoms of short duration Chronic long duration, usually mild, but often recurring Infectious invasion of body tissue by bacteria that cause disease Contagious communicable; by contact Occupational due to certain kinds of employment Seasonal influenced by weather Parasitic caused by vegetable or animal parasites Pathogenic produced by disease causing bacteria Systemic due to over or under functioning of the internal glands Venereal disease acquired by sexual contact Epidemic emergence of a disease that affects a large number of people simultaneously

44 Allergy reaction due to extreme sensitivity to normally harmless substances Inflammation skin disorder characterized by redness, pain, edema and heat Rhytidectomy face lift Blepharoplasty eyelid surgery Chemical peel chemical solution applied to skin areas causing a mild, controlled burn of the skin Rhinoplasty plastic surgery of the nose Mentoplasty chin surgery Dermabrasion sandblasting irregularities of the skin Injectable fillers tiny injections of collagen to soften wrinkles Retin-A prescription cream used in the treatment of acne Diseases and Disorders In a salon, you will come in contact with diseases and disorders of the skin and its appendages: the hair and nails. Your license requires you to be responsible for the recognition of potentially infections diseases. Some disorders can be treated in cooperation with and under the supervision of a physician.

45 Skin Conditions /Descriptions WARNING: NEVER TRY TO DIAGNOSE A DISEASE; ALWAYS REFER TO A PHYSICIAN. NOTE: COLOR CHANGES, A CRACK ON THE SKIN, A TYPE OF THICKENING, OR ANY DISCOLORATION, RANGING FROM SHADES OF RED TO BROWN AND PURPLE TO ALMOST BLACK, MAY BE SIGNS OF DANGER AND SHOULD BE EXAMINED BY A DERMATOLOGIST. CAUTION: DO NOT TREAT OR REMOVE HAIR FROM MOLES. Condition/Disease/Disorder Description Pigmented Lesions Lentigo Chloasma Naevus Leucoderma Vitiligo Albinism small, yellow to brown spots moth patches, liver spots = increased deposits of pigment birthmark (portwine or strawberry) small-large malformation of skin due to pigmentation or dilated capillaries abnormal light patches due to congenital defective pigmentations acquired condition of leucoderma-may affect skin or hair congenital absence of melanin pigment

46 Stain abnormal, brown, skin patches having a circular & irregular shape Disorders of the Sebaceous Glands Condition/Disease/Disorder Description Comedones blackheads, a worm-like mass of keratinized cells& hardened sebum Milia whiteheads, an accumulation of dead, keratinized cells and sebaceous matter trapped beneath the skin Acne Simplex chronic inflammatory disorder usually related to hormonal changes & overactive sebaceous glands Acne Vulgaris acne-pimples Acne Rosacea chronic inflammatory congestion of the cheeks& nose Seborrhea/Seborrhea Oleosa = Oily Dandruff overactive sebaceous glands-often the

47 basis of acne Steatoma wen or sebaceous cyst (subcutaneous tumor)ranges in size from a pea to an orange Asteatosis dry, scaly skin characterized by absolute or partial deficiency of sebum Furuncle boil-a subcutaneous abscess that fills with pus Cysts sac-like, elevated (usually round) area, contains liquid or semi-liquid substancewhen a follicle ruptures deep within the dermis & irritating oil& dead cells seep into the surrounding tissues often cause acne pits Pimples follicle filled with oil, dead cells, & bacteria inflammation causes white blood cells to rush to fight bacteria creating a pus Disorders of the Sudoriferous Glands

48 Condition/Disease/Disorder Description Bromidrosis osmidrosis=foul-smelling perspiration Anhidrosis lack of perspiration Hyperhidrosis excessive perspiration Miliaria Rubra prickly heat-eruptions of small red vesicles accompanied by burning & itching-caused by excessive heat Hypertrophies Condition/Disease/Disorder Keratoma Description callus-superficial, round, thickening of the epidermis caused by friction (inward growth is called a corn) Mole a small, brown spot-believed to be inherited maybe flat or deeply seatedpale tan-brown or bluish black

49 Verruca wart, a viral infection of the epidermisbenign Skin Tag bead-like fibrous tissue that stands away from the flat surface-often a dark color Polyp growth that extends from the surface or may also grow with the body Inflammations Condition/Disease/Disorder Description Eczema dry or moist lesions accompanied by itching, burning, & various other unpleasant sensations usually redblistered, & oozing Psoriasis rarely on the face, lesions are round, dry patches covered with coarse, silvery scales-if irritated, bleeding points occurmay be spread to larger area-not contagious

50 Herpes Simplex/ fever blisters/cold sores-single group of vesicles Herpes Zoster = Shingles on a red swollen base Allergy Related Dermatitis Condition/Disease/Disorder Description Dermatitis allergy to ingredients in cosmetics, etc. Venenata protection is the prevention-gloves, etc. Dermatitis Medicamentosa dermatitis that occurs after an injection of a substance Urticaria hives-inflammation caused by an allergy to specific drugs/foods Primary Skin Lesions

51 Condition/Disease/Disorder Description Macule small, discolored spot or patch on the skin's surface, neither raised nor sunkenex: freckles Papule small elevated pimple containing no fluid, but may have pus note: yellow or white fatty papules around the eyes indicate an elevated cholesterol level-refer to a physician (xanthelasma). Wheal itchy, swollen lesion that lasts only a few hours- ex: mosquito bite Tubercle solid lump larger than a papule-projects above the skin or lies with-sized from pea to hickory nut Tumor external swelling-varies in size, shape & color

52 Vesicle Blister containing a watery fluid-larger than a vesicle Pustule Elevation with inflamed base, containing pus Secondary Skin Lesions Condition/Disease/Disorder Description Scale accumulation of epidermal flakes, dry or greasy- ex: abnormal dandruff Crust accumulation of serum & pus-mixed with epidermal material-ex: scab Excoriation abrasion produced by scratching or scraping-ex: raw surface after injury Fissure crack in the skin penetrating into the dermis

53 Ulcer open lesion on skin or mucous membrane, accompanied by pus & loss of skin depth Acne Scars Condition/Disease/Disorder Description Ice Pick Scar large, visible, open pores that look as if the skin has been jabbed with an ice pick-follicle always looks open-caused by deep pimple or cyst Acne Pit Scar slightly sunken or depressed appearance-caused by pimples/cysts that have destroyed the skin & formed scar tissue Acne Raised Scar lumpy mass of raised tissue on the surface of the skin-caused where cysts have clumped together Contagious Disorders

54 Tinea Tinea Capitis - Ringworm of Scalp Tinea Sycosis - Barber's Itch Tinea Favosa - Honeycomb Ringworm Tinea Unguium - Ringworm of Nails Athlete's Foot - Ringworm of Feet ringworm, due to fungi (plant or vegetable parasites) -small reddened patch of little blisters that spread outward and heal in the middle with scaling CAUTION! NEVER ATTEMPT TO DIAGNOSE BUMPS, LESIONS, ULCERATIONS, OR DISCOLORATIONS AS SKIN CANCER, BUT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIOUS SKIN DISORDERS AND SUGGEST THAT THE CLIENT SEE A PHYSICIAN OR DERMATOLOGIST. Extremely Serious Disorders-Skin Cancers Basal Cell Carcinoma least malignant-most common skin cancer characterized by light or pearly nodules & visible blood vessels Squamous Cell Carcinoma scaly, red papules-blood vessels are not visible more serious than basal cell

55 Malignant Melanoma most serious-characterized by dark brown, black, or discolored patches on the skin Tumor abnormal growth of swollen tissue Nail Diseases/Disorders Onychophagy nail biting Onychogryposis over curvature of the nail-claw like Pterygium sticky overgrowth of the cuticle Eggshell Nail extremely thin nail Leuconychia white spots under the nail plate

56 Paronychia bacterial inflammation of tissue (perionychium) around the nail Tinea Corporis ringworm of the hand Tinea Pedia ringworm of the foot Agnail Hangnail Onychia an inflammation somewhere in the nail Onychocyanosis blue nail (usually caused by poor circulation) Hematoma Nail bruised nail (usually caused by a hammer or slammed door)

57 Tinea Unguium onychomycosis-ringworm of the nail Onychorrexis split or brittle nails with a series of lengthwise ridges Beau's Lines ridges/corrugations/furrows Onychatrophia atrophy or wasting away of the nail Onychocryptosis ingrown nail Onychauxis overgrowth of the nail plate Onychosis any nail disease Onychophosis accumulation of horny layers of epidermis under the nail

58 Hair Disease/Disorders Pityriasis Capitis Simplex Pityriasis Capitis Steatoids Seborrhea Oleosa = Oily Dandruff dry dandruff greasy dandruff Trichoptilosis split hair ends Trichorrehexis Nodosa Knotted Tinea Favosa honeycomb ringworm Tinea Capitis ringworm of the scalp Tinea Sycosis barber's itch

59 Androgenetic Alopecia common hereditary hair loss Alopecia Adnata loss of hair shortly after birth Alopecia Areata hair loss in patches Alopecia Follicularis hair loss caused by inflammation of hair follicles Alopecia Prematura hair loss early in life Alopecia Senilis hair loss from old age Alopecia Totalis hair loss from entire scalp Alopecia Universalis hair loss from entire body

60 Traction/Traumatic Alopecia Postpartum Alopecia patchy hair loss sometimes due to repetitive traction on the hair by pulling or twisting temporary hair loss at the conclusion of pregnancy Telogen Effluven hair loss during the telogen phase of the hair growth cycle Canities gray hair Pediculosis Capitis headlice Monilithrix beaded hair Fragilitis Crinium

61 brittle hair Hirsuities/Hypertrichosis superfluous hair, excessive Scabies contagious disease caused by the itch mite Impetigo/Infantigo highly contagious bacterial infection, usually staphylococcal Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) chronic autoimmune disorder, causes red often scarring plaques, hair loss, & internal effects Keloids forms when excess collagen forms at the site of a healing scar-over healing

62 Asteatosis excessive dry skin Websites: Online Dermatology Resources American Society of Dermatologic Surgery

63 American Academy of Dermatology Skin Conditions /Descriptions WARNING: NEVER TRY TO DIAGNOSE A DISEASE; ALWAYS REFER TO A PHYSICIAN. NOTE: COLOR CHANGES, A CRACK ON THE SKIN, A TYPE OF THICKENING, OR ANY DISCOLORATION, RANGING FROM SHADES OF RED TO BROWN AND PURPLE TO ALMOST BLACK, MAY BE SIGNS OF DANGER AND SHOULD BE EXAMINED BY A DERMATOLOGIST. CAUTION: DO NOT TREAT OR REMOVE HAIR FROM MOLES. Pigmented Lesions Condition/ Disease/Disorder Description

64 small, yellow to brown spots Lentigo Naevus birthmark (port wine or strawberry) small-large malformation of skin due to pigmentation or dilated capillaries abnormal light patches due to congenital defective pigmentations Leucoderma acquired condition of leucoderma-may affect skin or hair

65 Vitiligo Albinism congenital absence of melanin pigment Stain abnormal, brown, skin patches having a circular & irregular shape Disorders of the Sebaceous Glands Condition/ Disease/Disorder Description blackheads, a worm-like mass of keratinized cells & hardened sebum

66 Comedones Milia whiteheads, an accumulation of dead, keratinized cells and sebaceous matter trapped beneath the skin Acne Simplex chronic inflammatory disorder usually related to hormonal changes & overactive sebaceous glands Acne Vulgaris acne-pimples

67 chronic inflammatory congestion of the cheeks & nose Acne Rosacea Seborrhea/Seborrhea Oleosa = Oily Dandruff overactive sebaceous glands-often the basis of acne wen or sebaceous cyst (subcutaneous tumor) ranges in size from a pea to an orange Steatoma

68 Asteatosis dry, scaly skin characterized by absolute or partial deficiency of sebum boil-a subcutaneous abscess that fills with pus Furuncle sac-like, elevated (usually round) area, contains liquid or semi-liquid substance-when a follicle ruptures deep within the dermis & irritating oil Cysts & dead cells seep into the surrounding tissues often cause acne pits

69 Pimples follicle filled with oil, dead cells, & bacteria inflammation causes white blood cells to rush to fight bacteria creating pus Disorders of the Sudoriferous Glands Condition/ Disease/Disorder Description Bromidrosis osmidrosis=foul-smelling perspiration Anhidrosis lack of perspiration

70 Hyperhidrosis excessive perspiration Miliaria Rubra prickly heat-eruptions of small red vesicles accompanied by burning & itching-caused by excessive heat Hypertrophies Condition/ Disease/Disorder Description Keratoma callus-superficial, round, thickening of the epidermis caused by friction (inward growth is called a corn) Mole a small, brown spot-believed to be inherited may be flat or deeply seatedpale tan-brown or bluish black

71 Verruca wart, a viral infection of the epidermisbenign Skin Tag bead-like fibrous tissue that stands away from the flat surface-often a dark color Polyp growth that extends from the surface or may also grow with the body Inflammations Condition/ Disease/Disorder Description

72 Eczema dry or moist lesions accompanied by itching, burning, & various other unpleasant sensations usually redblistered, & oozing Psoriasis rarely on the face, lesions are round, dry patches covered with coarse, silvery scales-if irritated, bleeding points occurmay be spread to larger area-not contagious Herpes Simplex/ Herpes Zoster = Shingles fever blisters/cold sores-single group of vesicles on a red swollen base

73 Herpes Simplex Herpes Zoster Allergy Related Dermatitis Condition/ Disease/Disorder Description allergy to ingredients in cosmetics, etc. protection is the prevention-gloves, etc. Dermatitis Venenata Dermatitis dermatitis that occurs after an injection of a substance Medicamentosa

74 Urticaria hives-inflammation caused by an allergy to specific drugs/foods Primary Skin Lesions Condition/ Disease/Disorder Description Macule small, discolored spot or patch on the skin's surface, neither raised nor sunken-ex: freckles

75 Papule small elevated pimple containing no fluid, but may have pus note: yellow or white fatty papules around the eyes indicate an elevated cholesterol levelrefer to a physician (xanthelasma). Wheal itchy, swollen lesion that lasts only a few hours ex: mosquito bite Tubercle solid lump larger than a papule-projects above the skin or lies with-sized from pea to hickory nut Tumor external swelling-varies in size, shape &

76 color blister with clear fluid-lie within or just beneath the epidermis-ex: poison ivy Vesicle blister containing a watery fluid-larger than a vesicle Bulla Pustule elevation with inflamed base, containing pus Secondary Skin Lesions

77 Condition/ Disease/Disorder Description Scale accumulation of epidermal flakes, dry or greasy ex: abnormal dandruff Crust accumulation of serum & pus-mixed with epidermal material-ex: scab Excoriation abrasion produced by scratching or scraping-ex: raw surface after injury Fissure crack in the skin penetrating into the dermis Ulcer open lesion on skin or mucous membrane, accompanied by pus & loss of skin depth

78 Acne Scars Condition/ Disease/Disorder Description Ice Pick Scar large, visible, open pores that look as if the skin has been jabbed with an ice pick-follicle always looks open-caused by deep pimple or cyst Acne Pit Scar slightly sunken or depressed appearance-caused by pimples/cysts that have destroyed the skin & formed scar tissue

79 lumpy mass of raised tissue on the surface of the skin-caused where cysts have clumped together Acne Raised Scar Contagious Disorders Tinea Tinea Capitis - Ringworm of Scalp Tinea Sycosis - Barber's Itch Tinea Favosa - Honeycomb Ringworm Tinea Unguium - Ringworm of Nails ringworm, due to fungi (plant or vegetable parasites) -small reddened patch of little blisters that spread outward and heal in

80 Athlete's Foot - Ringworm of Feet the middle with scaling CAUTION! NEVER ATTEMPT TO DIAGNOSE BUMPS, LESIONS, ULCERATIONS, OR DISCOLORATIONS AS SKIN CANCER, BUT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIOUS SKIN DISORDERS AND SUGGEST THAT THE CLIENT SEE A PHYSICIAN OR DERMATOLOGIST. Extremely Serious Disorders-Skin Cancers

81 Basal Cell Carcinoma least malignant-most common skin cancer characterized by light or pearly nodules & visible blood vessels scaly, red papules-blood vessels are not visible more serious than basal cell Squamous Cell Carcinoma most serious-characterized by dark brown, black, or discolored patches on the skin Malignant Melanoma

82 Nail Diseases/Disorders Onychophagy nail biting over curvature of the nail-claw like Onychogryposis Pterygium sticky overgrowth of the cuticle Eggshell Nail extremely thin nail

83 white spots under the nail plate Leuconychia Paronychia bacterial inflammation of tissue (perionychium) around the nail Tinea Corporis ringworm of the hand Tinea Pedia ringworm of the foot

84 Onychocyanosis blue nail (usually caused by poor circulation) Hematoma Nail bruised nail (usually caused by a hammer or slammed door) onychomycosis-ringworm of the nail Tinea Unguium Onychorrexis split or brittle nails with a series of lengthwise ridges

85 ridges/corrugations/furrows Beau's Lines atrophy or wasting away of the nail Onychatrophia Onychocryptosis ingrown nail

86 Onychauxis overgrowth of the nail plate Onychosis any nail disease Onychophosis accumulation of horny layers of epidermis under the nail Hair Disease/Disorders

87 Pityriasis Capitis dry dandruff Simplex Pityriasis Capitis Steatoids Seborrhea Oleosa greasy dandruff = Oily Dandruff Trichoptilosis split hair ends Trichorrehexis Nodosa knotted Tinea Favosa honeycomb ringworm Tinea Capitis ringworm of the scalp

88 Tinea Sycosis barber's itch Androgenetic Alopecia common hereditary hair loss Alopecia Adnata loss of hair shortly after birth hair loss in patches Alopecia Areata hair loss caused by inflammation of hair follicles

89 Alopecia Follicularis Alopecia Prematura hair loss early in life Alopecia Senilis hair loss from old age Alopecia Totalis hair loss from entire scalp Alopecia Universalis hair loss from entire body Traction/Traumatic Alopecia patchy hair loss sometimes due to repetitive traction on the hair by pulling or twisting Postpartum Alopecia temporary hair loss at the conclusion of pregnancy

90 Telogen Effluven hair loss during the telogen phase of the hair growth cycle Canities gray hair Pediculosis Capitis Headlice Monilithrix beaded hair Fragilitis Crinium brittle hair Hirsuities/Hypertrichosis superfluous hair, excessive

91 Scabies contagious disease caused by the itch mite Impetigo/Infantigo highly contagious bacterial infection, usually staphylococcal Discoid Lupus chronic autoimmune disorder, causes red Erythematosus (DLE) often scarring plaques, hair loss, & internal effects

92 Keloids forms when excess collagen forms at the site of a healing scar-overhealing Asteatosis excessive dry skin Appendix A Georgia State Board of Cosmetology Glossary of Legal Definitions Master Cosmetologist Any person who performs any one or more of the following services for compensation: Cuts or dresses the hair Gives facial or scalp massage or facial and scalp treatment with oils or creams and other preparations made for this purpose, either by hand or mechanical appliance Singes and shampoos the hair, dies the hair, or does permanent waving of the hair Braids the hair by hair weaving, interlocking, twisting, plaiting, wrapping by hand, chemical or mechanical devices, or using any natural or synthetic fiber for extensions to the hair Performs nail care, pedicure, or manicuring services as defined in Nail Technician Performs the services of an esthetician as defined in Esthetician or Esthetics Operator Such person shall be considered as practicing the occupation of a cosmetologist within the meaning of this Code section; provided, however, that such term shall not mean a person who only braids the hair by hairweaving; interlocking; twisting; plaiting; wrapping by hand, chemical, or mechanical devices; or using any natural or synthetic fiber for extensions to the hair, and no such person shall be subject to the provisions of this chapter. Such