Effects of Co-Administration of Folic Acid and/or Magnesium on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin- Induced Diabetic Wistar Rat

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1 Advances in Biomedical Sciences 2018; 3(2): Effects of Co-Administration of Folic Acid and/or Magnesium on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin- Induced Diabetic Wistar Rat Goji Anthony Donatus Teru 1, Mohammed Aliyu 2, Kawu Mohammed Umar 3, Isah Anthony Denis 4 1 Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria 2 Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 3 Department Veternary Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria address To cite this article Goji Anthony Donatus Teru, Mohammed Aliyu, Kawu Mohammed Umar, Isah Anthony Denis. Effects of Co-Administration of Folic Acid and/or Magnesium on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin- Induced Diabetic Wistar Rat. Advances in Biomedical Sciences. Vol. 3, No. 2, 2018, pp Received: April 26, 2018; Accepted: May 18, 2018; Published: July 2, 2018 Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global public health problem with increasing prevalence. It is a chronic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and the late development of vascular and neuropathic complications. This work was designed to study the Effects of Co-administration of Folic Acid and/or Magnesium on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin- Induced Diabetic Wistar Rat. Healthy albino rats weighing between 150g and 200g were used. The rats were randomly allotted into six groups, each containing five albino rats respectively. Five of the groups (II, III IV V and VI) were induced with diabetes by single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of freshly prepared in 0.1 mol/l citrate buffered solution (ph 4.5) of streptozotocin (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight. Control (vehicle) rats were injected with equal volume of 0.1 mol/l citrate buffer. Four days after STZ injection, diabetes induction was confirmed by measuring fasting blood glucose level in a tail vein blood samples using ACCU-CHEK compact plus glucometer (Roche, France). Rats with glucose level of 200 mg/dl or higher were considered as diabetic. After the induction of diabetes the rats were treated using the FA and Mg separately and in combination respectively according to group daily, whereas, the other group (I) was not given any treatment and this served as the normal control, providing a baseline data. The results of the present study indicated significant aberrations in the lipid profile markers associated with carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolisms in STZ induced-type I diabetic The diabetic groups showed increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduction in the level of antioxidant defense status, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) to counteract the diabetes associated oxidative damaged was also well evident. These anomalies were all ameliorated to about normal values after four weeks of treatment with FA+Mg. This suggests the synergistic beneficial effects of folic acid and Magnesium against STZ-induced diabetes in Wistar Rats. Keywords Diabetes Mellitus, Streptozotocin, Folic Acid, Wistar Rats 1. Introduction Diabetes is an important cause of mortality, morbidity, and health-system costs in the world. Therefore, there is an urgent need to implement population-based interventions that prevent diabetes, enhance its early detection, and use lifestyle and pharmacological interventions to prevent or delay its progression to complications [1]. The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing substantially worldwide. Over the past three decades, the global burden of DM has swelled from 30 million in 1985 to 382 million in 2014, with current trends indicating that these rates will only continue to rise. The latest estimates by the international diabetes federation project that

2 17 Goji Anthony Donatus Teru et al.: Effects of Co-Administration of Folic Acid and/or Magnesium on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin- Induced Diabetic Wistar Rat 592 million (1 in 10 persons) worldwide will have DM by While the rates of both type 1 DM (T1DM) and T2DM are growing, T2DM has a disproportionately greater contribution to the rising prevalence of DM globally compared to T1DM. One consequence of the growing rates of DM is a considerable economic burden both for the patient and the healthcare system [2]. Epidemiological reports has highlighted on the fact that low and middle-income countries will bear the brunt of the increase and that Africa will contribute significantly to the rise. Diabetes is not common in children in Nigeria, but local anecdotal and clinic reports suggest that the number of children and adolescents with diabetes is gradually rising [3]. However, it appears that oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are central factors and drivers in the etiology of diabetes and its complications, also reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation products operates through multiple pathways to cause metabolic perturbations of essential biochemical pathways of the body. The aim of this study therefore is to investigate the effects of co-administration of folic acid and/or magnesium on biomarkers of oxidative stress in streptozotocin- induced diabetic wistar rat 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Experimental Animals Thirty Wistar rats of both sexes weighing between 150 to 250g (aged six to eight weeks) were obtained and housed in the animal house unit of the Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The normal standard rat chow and tap water were provided ad libitum during the experiment. Animals were stabilized to acclimatize to animal house environment for one week before commencement of the experiment. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethnic Committee of the University, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. 2.2 Methodology Induction of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes was chemically induced by intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of freshly prepared in 0.1 mol/l citrate buffered solution (ph 4.5) of streptozotocin (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight. Control (vehicle) rats were injected with equal volume of 0.1 mol/l citrate buffer. Four days after STZ injection, diabetes induction was confirmed by measuring fasting blood glucose level in a tail vein blood samples using ACCU-CHEK compact plus glucometer (Roche, France). Rats with glucose level of 200 mg/dl or higher were considered as diabetic [4]. Glucose levels of diabetic rats were checked before starting of treatment, so that animals could be homogenously and randomly distributed between the groups Experimental Design Apparently normal healthy rats were used as normal control and diabetic-induced rats and were randomly alloted into six groups (n=5): GROUP 1- Normal untrated were given normal saline 1 ml/kg daily orally for 4 weeks GROUP 2- Diabetic untreated were given Normal saline 1ml/kg daily orally for 4 weeks. GROUP 3- Diabetic were treated with magnesium 500 mg/kg daily orally for 4 weeks [5]. GROUP 4- Diabetic were treated with folic acid 20 mg/kg daily orally 4 weeks [6]. GROUP 5- Diabetic were treated with magnesium 500 mg/kg + folic 20 mg/kg acid daily orally for 4 weeks. GROUP 6- Diabetic were treated with Insulin 6 U.I/kg i.p. daily orally for 4 weeks. [7] 2.3. Blood Collection At the end of the experimental period of four weeks, overnight fasted animals were anaesthesized by halothane About 5 ml of blood was aseptically collected by cardiac puncture from each rat using a 5 ml syringe. The blood sample was placed in a bottle without anticoagulant for serum sample for biochemical analyses Antioxidant Enzymes Activities (Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase GPx) Superoxide Dismutase Assay (SOD) Activity of superoxide dismutase in the rat serum was determined using NWLSS SOD assay kit (Product NWK- SOD02, Specificity: Cu/Zn, Mn and Fe Superoxide Dismutase, Sensitivity: 5 U/mL). The assay kit was based on the principle of superoxide inhibition of autooxidation of hematoxylin as described by [8] Catalase Assay (CAT) Catalase activity was assessed using NWLSS CAT activity assay kit (Product NWK-CAT01, Specificity: Catalase, Sensitivity: 6.0 U Catalase/mL). Catalase enzyme activity was measured, based on the principle of catalase consumption of H 2 O 2 substrate at 240 nm [9] Gluthathione Assay (GPx) Glutathione Peroxidase activity was assessed using NWLSS TM cgpx (GPx1) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) assay kit (Product NWK-GPX02, Specificity: Glutathione peroxidase, Sensitivity: 12.5 Pg/ml). The NWLSS cgpx assay will be based on a sandwich ELISA, where sample GPx concentration will be determined by comparing the 450 nm absorbance of sample wells to that of known standards [10] Determination of Lipid Peroxidation Determination of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) The level of thiobarbituric-acid reactive substance, malondialdehyde (MDA), as an index of lipid peroxidation was evaluated. Quantitative measurement of lipid peroxidation of MDA was determined using NWLSS MDA assay kit (Northwest Life Sciences Specialities, Product NWK-MDA01, Vancouver WA, and Specificity:

3 Advances in Biomedical Sciences 2018; 3(2): Malondialdehyde, Sensitivity: 0.08 µm). The principle is based on the reaction of MDA with thiobarbituric acid (TBA), forming an MDA-TBA adducts that absorbed strongly at 532 nm [11]. 3. Statistical Analysis All data were expressed as Mean±. SEM and data were entered and analyzed using statistical package SPSS (version 20) followed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with multiple comparisons. The Tukey s post-hoc test was used to determine difference between groups. Values of p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant [12]. 4. Results Effect of Treatment on Serum Malondialdehyde and Enzymatic Anti-Oxidants in STZ Induced Type 1 Diabetes The result in (Table 1) revealed that, the injection of STZ significantly p< 0.05 decreased serum enzymatic antioxidant activity GPx, SOD and CAT respectively and significantly p< 0.05 increased MDA level in the serum of diabetic rats. The levels of lipid peroxidation, measured as malondialdehyde (MDA), were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in diabetic control compared to non-diabetic pancreas (Table 1). MDA levels in insulin-treated diabetic rats differ from the diabetic control rats. On the other hand, the diabetic rats that received a combination of folic acid and magnesium exhibited a significant (p< 0.05) decrease in MDA concentrations compared to diabetic control rats. Significant (p< 0.05) decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Catalase were observed in diabetic control and STZtreated rats (Table 1). There was a significant (p< 0.05) decrease in catalase (CAT) activity in diabetic control compared to the corresponding non-diabetic control group. Insulin did increase CAT activity in diabetic rats. The diabetic rats administered folic acid in combination with magnesium showed significantly (p< 0.05) increased CAT activity (Table 1). The glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was significantly (p< 0.05) increased in the FA+Mg treated group compared to nondiabetic control group (Table 1). Also, the diabetic rats administered folic acid in combination with magnesium showed significantly (p< 0.05) increase in SOD activity when compared to the diabetic control (Table 1). Table 1. Showing effects of distilled water, Folic acid and/or Magnesium on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in STZ Induced diabetic Wistar rats. Catalase IU/L Superoxide Dismutase IU/L Glutathione Peroxidase IU/L Malondialdehyde IU/L Group 1: Normal + distilled water 44.6 ± ± ± ±0.07 Group 2: Diabetic + distilled water 35.0 ± ± ± ±0.14 Group 3: FA+Diabetic 46.0 ±1.56* 2.88 ±0.08* ±2.35* 1.10 ±0.11* Group 4: Mg+Diabetic 34.0 ± ± 0.21* ±1.02* 1.46 ± 0.18* Group 5: Mg + FA+ Diabetic 55.0 ±0.71* 3.40 ±0.13* ±1.14* 1.04 ±0.08* Group 6: Insulin+Diabetic 53.0 ± ± ± ± (non diabetic 1 ml/kg), 2 (diabetic 1ml/kg), 3 (diabetic treated with folic acid 20 mg/kg) 4 (diabetic treated with magnesium 500 mg/kg) 5 (diabetic treated with folic acid+ Magnesium 20 mg/kg +500 mg/kg) 6 (diabetic treated with Insulin 6 IU/kg); Values are mean ± SD of 5 rats; ** Mean values are significantly (p < 0.05) different compare to the normal control (group 1). * Mean values are significantly (p < 0.05) different compare to diabetic control rats (group 2). Note: Values are mean ± SEM, n=5, * p< 0.05 versus diabetic group, ** p< 0.05 versus Normal group 5. Discussion Oxidative stress plays a major role in the causation of diabetes. Free radicals are generated in disproportionate manner in diabetes mellitus and cause lipid peroxidation [4]. One of the most biomarkers to investigate the oxidative damage on lipid is MDA, a major lipid peroxidation product [13]. The result obtained showed, a notable p< 0.05 increase in MDA level in STZ-diabetic rats when compared with their respective normal controls. These findings can be complemented with previous study that reported increased levels of lipid peroxidation in STZ- diabetic rats [14]. In the present study, significant p< 0.05 increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation observed in the diabetic control rats might be due to reduction in antioxidant defense or due to the free radical [15]. The intensified free radical production during STZ-mediated experimental diabetes resulted in the elevated levels of lipid peroxides and hydroperoxides by oxidative degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. These are unstable, cytotoxic and highly reactive, leading to free radical damage to proteins and DNA and finally cause various diabetes mediated complications. The degree of tissue damage persuaded by free radicals depends on the balance between free radical generation and the endogenous antioxidant defense mechanism [16]. However, the administration of folic acid and magnesium coadministration to the diabetic group of rats significantly p<0.05 reverted back MDA levels to near normal values when compared with the control diabetic untreated. The groups that had folic acid and magnesium alone also significantly p< 0.05 decreased the MDA level when compared with the diabetic control group. The result obtained in the present study showed that SOD, CAT and GPx were significantly P< 0.05 decrease in the STZ-diabetic control group when compared to the normal group. The result agrees with the findings of Maher SOD, CAT and GPx are enzymatic antioxidants that prevent cells from being exposed to oxidative damage by direct elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [18]. GPx and CAT are involved in the elimination of H 2 O 2, and SOD acts to dismutate superoxide radicals to H 2 O 2, which is then acted upon by GPx [19]. In diabetes mellitus, antioxidant enzymes SOD,

4 19 Goji Anthony Donatus Teru et al.: Effects of Co-Administration of Folic Acid and/or Magnesium on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin- Induced Diabetic Wistar Rat CAT and GPx are inactivated due to high concentration of glucose thus increasing the availability of superoxide anion (O 2 - ) and hydrogen peroxide in the biological systems, which in turn generate hydroxyl radicals, resulting in initiation and propagation of lipid peroxidation [20]. In this present study, folic acid and/or magnesium administered individually or in combination significantly p< 0.05 increased the SOD, CAT and GPx activities indicating the efficacy of the combination in attenuating the oxidative stress in diabetic rats. This may be attributed to the ability of FA and/or magnesium combination to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) or to inhibit lipid peroxidation and lipoprotein oxidation or to enhance efficiency of endogenous antioxidant systems [6]. Insulin, a typical biological drug for treatment of DM1, showed an anti-oxidative effect. The anti-oxidative property of insulin might be explained due to the relationship between hyperglycemia and ROS production. If blood glucose is decreased, ROS production must be lowered [21]. 6. Conclusion The results of the present day study indicated that type 1 diabetes evoked detrimented effects on the physiological profiles in Wistar rats. It is posited that FA+Mg appreciably mitigated the changes induced by STZ- induced type 1 diabetes partially through their synergistic protective effects in attenuating almost all of the parameters induced by oxidative stress in STZ-induced treated rats. Therefore, FA and Mg combination may be useful in improving the physiological profiles against the detrimental effects posed by type 1 diabetes. 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