PONAVLJANA NEFROLITIJAZA CISTINURIJA

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "PONAVLJANA NEFROLITIJAZA CISTINURIJA"

Transcription

1 Tijana Lalić 1, Biljana Beleslin 1,2, Jasmina Ćirić 1,2, Mirjana Stojković 1,2, Slavica Savić 1,2, Tanja Nišić 1, Miloš Stojanović 1,2, Miloš Žarković 1,2 PONAVLJANA NEFROLITIJAZA CISTINURIJA APSTRAKT UVOD: Nefrolitijaza se sve više smatra sistemskom bolešću koja je udružena sa hroničnom bubrežnom insuficijencijom i koštanim poremećajima. Ako se ne leči to je hronična bolest sa stopom ponavljanja više od 50% za 10 godina. Pacijenti sa cistinurijom imaju visoku stopu rekurentne kalkuloze. PRIKAZ SLUČAJA: Tridesetsedmogodišnja pacijentkinja žalila se na bolove u levoj slabini sa širenjem prema napred pri naglom ustajanju prilikom ispitivanja zbog rekurentne kalkuloze. U 24. godini ustanovljena je kalkuloza desnog bubrega i zbog hidronefroze i anurije urađena je nefrektomija. Poslednje tri godine, bar jednom godišnje, imala je anuriju a litoklast kalkulusa u pelvičnom delu levog bubrega rađen je i 2011.g. U maju prvi put je pregledana od strane nadležnog endokrinologa kada je PTH bio blago povišen 70,8 (15-65ng/l), uz uredan jonizovani kalcijum u serumu. Kvantitativne analize 24h urina pokazale su uredne vrednosti kreatinin klirensa, proteinurije, natriureze, kaliureze, normalne vrednosti kalciurije, fosfaturije, oksalurije, urikozurije i citraturije. U hormonskim analizama graničan PTH 66 (10-65ng/L) i deficit vitamina D (15,3ng/L). Analiza hemijskog sastava kalkulusa ukazala je da se radi o cistinskim kalkulusima. Testiranjem sina i same pacijentkinje u Institutu za zdravstvenu zaštitu majke i deteta dr Vukan Čupič, na osnovu povećanog izlučivanja cistina, lizina, ornitina i arginina u 24h urinu, kod pacijentkinje je potvrđena cistinurija. Savetovana je prevencija formiranja kalkulusa (povećan unos tečnosti na 4 4,5l/d, alkalizacija urina tabletama kalijum-citrata, uz monitoring ph urina test trakama i kontrolu kalemije) uz terapiju Vigantol kapima zbog hipovitaminoze D. ZAKLJUČAK: Prevencija kalkuloze je moguća nakon pravilno postavljene dijagnoze. Zato je važno da se utvrdi uzrok nefrolitijaze. yahoo.com. 1 Klinika za endokrinologiju, dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma, Klinički centar Srbije, tijana_lalic@ 2 Medicinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, Beograd.

2 8 MEDICINSKI GLASNIK / str UVOD Nefrolitijaza se sve više smatra sistemskom bolešću koja je udružena sa hroničnom bubrežnom insuficijencijom i koštanim poremećajima i ima povećan rizik za koronarnu arterijsku bolest, hipertenziju, tip 2 dijabetesa i metabolički sindrom. Ako se ne leči to je hronična bolest sa stopom ponavljanja više od 50% za 10 godina. Prevalenca nefrolitijaze udvostručena je u Americi u poslednje tri decenije, do 13% za muškarce i 7% za žene. Porast se uočava i u većini evropskih zemalja i Jugoistočnoj Aziji (2 5%). Generalno, urolitijaza je češća kod muškaraca, sa odnosom 3:1. Stopa ponavljane nefrolitijaze je 14%, 35% i 52% za 1, 5 i 10 godina. Srednje vreme ponovnog nastajanja kalkulusa u tercijernom centru, gde su dolazili pacijenti sa u proseku četiri epizode renalne kolike, iznosilo je manje od 7 godina. Interval u nekoliko različitih metaboličkih podgrupa smanjivao se od 4 na 2,5 godine sa svakim sledećim kalkulusom. PRIKAZ SLUČAJA Tridesetsedmogodišnja pacijentkinja žalila se na bolove u levoj slabini sa širenjem prema napred pri naglom ustajanju prilikom hospitalizacije u Klinici za endokrinologiju zbog detaljnijeg ispitivanja u februaru g. U 24. godini ustanovljena je kalkuloza desnog bubrega i zbog hidronefroze i anurije urađena je nefrektomija, u regionalnoj bolnici. Poslednje tri godine, bar jednom godišnje, imala je anuriju a litoklast kalkulusa u pelvičnom delu levog bubrega rađen je i g. U maju g. prvi put je pregledana od strane nadležnog endokrinologa kada je PTH bio blago povišen 70,8 (15-65ng/l), uz uredan jonizovani kalcijum u serumu. U fizikalnom nalazu, pacijentkinja nižeg rasta lako prekomerno uhranjena (TV 160,5cm, TT 72kg, ITM 27,9), uredno hidrirana, urednog nalaza na srcu i plućima, fr 64/min, uz dijastolnu hipertenziju TA 130/100mmHg. Na koži sedefast ožiljak od nefrektomije od desne slabine prema napred. Postojala je laka bolna osetljivost leve bubrežne lože na sukusiju. Donji ekstremiteti su bili bez edema. Ostali nalaz bio je neupadljiv. U biohemiji, osim blage hiperurikemije i hiperholesterolemije, ostali rezultati i krvna slika bili su u granicama referentnih, kao što je prikazano u Tabeli 1. Urin je bio kisele reakcije, na osnovu fizičkog pregleda i pehametrije, uredne specifične težine, bez kristala u sedimentu (Tabela 2). Kvantitativne analize 24h urina, različitih ali dovoljnih volumena, pokazale su uredne vrednosti (suvog i mokrog) kreatinin klirensa, proteinurije, natriureze, kaliureze, normalne vrednosti kalciurije, fosfaturije, oksalurije, urikozurije i citraturije (Tabela 3). U hormonskim analizama graničan PTH 66 (10-65ng/L) i izrazit deficit vitamina D (15,3 ng/l). Tiroidna funkcija je bila

3 PONAVLJANA NEFROLITIJAZA CISTINURIJA 9 uredna. Analiza makroskopskog izgleda i hemijskog sastava kalkulusa ukazala je da se radi o cistinskim kalkulusima. Ultrazvučni pregled abdomena pokazao je da je levi bubreg kompenzatorno uvećan, KK dijametra 13cm, uredne ehogenosti i debljine korteksa, jasne kortikomedularne granice, sa znacima mikronefrolitijaze, bez hidronefroze. Budući da je analiza sastava pokazala da se radi o cistinskim kalkulusima, na kliničko ispoljavanje i uzrast pacijentkinje postavljena je radna dijagnoza cistinurije. Izvršeno je testiranje sina i same pacijentkinje u Institutu za zdravstvenu zaštitu majke i deteta dr Vukan Čupič. Na osnovu povećanog izlučivanja cistina 241,5µmol/mmol kreatinina (1 17), lizina 561,4µmol/mmol kreatinina (1 65), ornitina 187,9µmol/mmol kreatinina (1 5) i arginina 340,7µmol/mmol kreatinina (0 9) u 24h urinu kod pacijentkinje je potvrđena cistinurija. Dobila je sve neophodne savete za prevenciju formiranja kalkulusa (povećan unos tečnosti na 4 4,5l/d, alkalizacija urina tabletama kalijum-citrata, uz monitoring ph urina test trakama i kontrolu kalemije), uz terapiju Vigantol kapima zbog hipovitaminoze D. DISKUSIJA Klinička i laboratorijska evaluacija pacijenata sa ponavljanom nefrolitijazom Prema vodiču o urolitijazi Evropske asocijacije urologa, nakon prve epizode ekspulzije kalkulusa svaki pacijent treba da bude svrstan u grupu sa niskim ili visokim rizikom za ponavljanu nefrolitijazu. Za pravilnu klasifikaciju neophodna je pouzdana analiza sastava kalkulusa, spektroskopijom ili difrakcijom X-zracima (zlatni standard) i osnovne analize. Pored toga, važni su i podaci o faktorima rizika.vrsta kalkulusa je odlučujući faktor za dalje dijagnostičke testove. Postoje sledeće vrste kalkulusa: kalcijum-oksalatni i kalcijum-fosfatni (skoro 80%), uratni (10%), struvitni (i infektivni oko 10%), cistinski (0,7%), ksantinski, 2,8-dihidroksiadeninski, poreklom od lekova i nepoznatog sastava. Specifična metabolička evaluacija rezervisana je samo za pacijente sa visokim rizikom. Metabolička evaluacija podrazumeva određivanje izlučivanja kalcijuma, fosfata, oksalata, mokraćne kiseline, citrata, natrijuma, kreatinina i magnezijuma u 24h urinu i volumen urina. Tako se može ustanoviti porast faktora koji promovišu supersaturaciju ili smanjenje faktora koji je sprečavaju, kao što su citrati, magnezijum i volumen. Za specifičnu metaboličku evaluaciju potrebna su dva uzastopna uzorka 24h urina. Alternativa su spot uzorci urina, naročito kad je sakupljanje 24h urina otežano kao kod male dece. Spot uzorci imaju ograničenje jer rezultati mogu da variraju u odnosu na vreme uzorkovanja, pol, uzrast i težinu pacijenata. Trebalo bi da je u vreme specifične metaboličke evaluacije pacijent bez kalkuloze, odnosno da je prošlo minimum 20 dana od ekspulzije ili uklanjanja i saku-

4 10 MEDICINSKI GLASNIK / str pljanja 24h urina. Kod pacijenata koji su započeli preventivni tretman prvi kontrolni 24h urin treba da se sakupi posle 8 12 nedelja radi procene efikasnosti i modifikovanja u slučaju da se urinarni parametri nisu normalizovali. Jednom kada se postigne normalizacija dovoljne su jednogodišnje evaluacije. Patofiziološki mehanizam nastanka kalcijumskih kalkulusa je složen i raznovrstan i uključuje mali volumen urina, hiperkalciuriju, hiperoksaluriju, hiperurikozuriju, hipocitraturiju i abnormalna ph urina. Hiperkalciurija predstavlja definitivno najčešći metabolički poremećaj koji može da bude rezultat različitih mehanizama. Cistinurija Cistinski kalkulusi čine 1% do 3% svih renalnih kalkulusa i 6% do 8% urolitijaze kod dece. Pacijenti sa cistinurijom imaju visoku stopu rekurentne kalkuloze i česte urinarne infekcije. Pristup ovim pacijentima počinje identifikacijom cistinskih kalkulusa. Budući da su retki na njih se obično ne posumnja dok se ne analizira sastav. Cistinurija je autosomno recesivno nasledni poremećaj epitelotransporta i odlikuje se ekscesivnim izlučivanjem cistina i dvobaznih aminokiselina, arginina, lizina i ornitina urinom. Uzrokovana je neadekvatnom funkcijom specifičnog transportnog membranskog sistema na četkastoj membrani ćelija pravog dela proksimalnog tubula i ćelija tankog creva. Glavna klinička manifestacija je formiranje urinarnih kalkulusa zbog ograničene rastvorljivosti cistina. Rastvorljivost cistina je ph zavisna. Pri ph 5-7 cistin je relativno nerastvorljiv 250mg (1mmol/l), dok se pri ph 8 rastvorljivost udvostručava. Rastvorljivost zavisi i od prisustva drugih jona. Najveća rastvorljivost je u prisustvu CaCl, Mg i NaCl. Na nju utiče i prisustvo makromolekula u urinu. Posle apsorpcije dolazi do razlaganja dva molekula L-cistina u cistein. Dvobazne AK inhibiraju transportni sistem što ima za rezultat ekscesivnu količinu cistina, lizina, ornitina i arginina u urinu u klasičnoj formi. Nasuprot tome, u izolovanoj cistinuriji postoji defekt izolovanog Km-sistema. U normalnoj mukozi jejunuma postoji jedan, zajednički transportni sistem, za cistin i dvobazne AK. U pitanju je aktivan transport i, u zavisnosti od toga da li je defekt delimičan ili potpun, razlikuju se III varijante poremećaja nakon oralnog opterećenja cistinom. Generalno, defekt u intestinalnoj apsorpciji AK ima minimalan klinički značaj. Genetika i klinička prezentacija U periodu godine otkriven je rbat gen na 2p21, koji kodira rbat (renal basic amino transporter) glikoprotein II, natrijum nezavisni transporter za dvobazne AK u S3 (pars recta) proksimalnog tubula bubrega. Ovaj gen kasnije je označen

5 PONAVLJANA NEFROLITIJAZA CISTINURIJA 11 kao SCL3A1 (SLC solute carier) u internacionalnoj Genome Database. Do danas je opisano više od 60 različitih mutacija, uglavnom delecija, najčešća je M467T i većina je specifična za populaciju. M467T je daleko najzastupljenija u mediteranskim populacijama. Prevalenca heterozigota je 1 na osoba. Homozigotna cistinurija se nalazi kod 1 na osoba. Širom sveta, ukupna prevalenca je 1 na osoba. Cistinurija je češća kod belaca. Incidenca renalnih kolika kod muškaraca sa cistinurijom je 0,42 prema 0,21 kod žena. Cistinska urolitijaza se može javiti u bilo koje doba od odojčeta do devete decenije, ali najčešće u drugoj i trećoj deceniji života. Najčešći uzrast za prvu epizodu renalne kalkuloze je 22 godine, iako do 22% pacijenata ima kalkulozu u detinjstvu. Ponavljana nefrolitijaza je pravilo. Sedamdeset pet procenata ovih pacijenata imaju bilateralnu kalkulozu. Kalkuloza je obično jedina klinička manifestacija, mada u 10% slučajeva može da bude komplikovana hipertenzijom. Pominju se nizak rast, retinitis pigmentosa, hemofilija, mišićna distrofija i mongolizam retko. Pacijenti sa cistinurijom su u većem riziku za nefrektomiju od onih koji imaju kalcijumske kalkuluse. Postoji visok rizik od bubrežnog oštećenja, srećom ESRD se javlja kod manje od 5% osoba sa cistinurijom. Cistinski kalkulusi mogu da budu solitarni ili multipli i često imaju koraliformni izgled. Dve trećine osoba sa cistinurijom imaju čiste cistinske kalkuluse, jedna trećina ima mešovite sa kalcijum oksalatnim. Hipocitraturija, hiperkalciurija i hiperurikozurija mogu da budu udružene sa cistinurijom. Dijagnoza Urin pacijenata sa cistinurijom može da ima miris kao pokvarena jaja, jer je cistin AK koja sadrži sumpor. Najjednostavniji i najrasprostranjeniji screening test je mikroskopski pregled sedimenta urina. Prisustvo tipičnih heksagonalnih ili benzinskih kristala cistina je patognomoničan nalaz. Mikroskopska kristalurija nalazi se kod 26% do 83% pacijenata. Odsustvo kristala cistina ne isključuje dijagnozu. Takođe, nestanak kristala cistina u jutarnjem urinu dobar je pokazatelj efikasnosti preventivnog tretmana. Mogu da postoje izvesne teškoće u proceni u prisustvu tiol lekova koji vezuju cistin. Natrijum cijanid-nitroprusid test je brz, jednostavan test za kvalitativno određivanje cistina. Cijanid pretvara cistin u cistein, zatim se vezuje nitroprusid za sulfidni deo molekula i nastaje kraljevsko crvena boja za 2 10 min. Donja granica senzitivnosti testa je 75mg do 125mg cistina/gramu kreatinina. Lažno pozitivni rezultati testa mogu se javiti u homocistinuriji ili acetonuriji, kod osoba koje uzimaju sulfa lekove (ampicilin, N-acetilcistein). Za osobe sa pozitivnim testom može se sprovesti kvantitativno određivanje AK u 24h urinu jonoizmenjivačkom hromatografijom. U cistinuriji je više od 0,8mmol/24 izraženo samo za cistin. Rezultati se najbolje izražavaju po gramima kreatinina. Gornja granica normalnih vrednosti za cistin je 18mg/g kreatinina, za lizin 130mg/g kreatinina, za arginin 16mg/g kreatinina i za ornitin 22mg/g. Funkcionalna

6 12 MEDICINSKI GLASNIK / str definicija homozigota je da su to one osobe čija ekskrecija je više od 250mg cistina/ gramu kreatinina u 24h urinu. Vizualizacione metode obuhvataju: nativni rendgenski snimak abdomena i urotrakta, IVP, spiralni CT bez kontrasta, renalni UZ i, najvažnije, analiza sastava elektronskom mikroskopijom ili difrakcijom X-zracima. Tretman Suština prevencije u cistinuriji je hidracija i alkalinizacija urina. Ovaj konzervativni tretman predstavlja prvu liniju terapije kod pacijenata bez kalkulusa. Cilj hidracije je da se postigne volumen urina od 3l/dan unosom vode od oko 4 4,5l/dan ili 240ml (čaša vode) svakih 8h, 480ml pre spavanja i bar jednom tokom noći. Može da se koristi mineralna voda, bogata bikarbonatima i siromašna natrijumom (1500 mg HCO3/L, max 500 mg sodium/l). Pacijenti bi trebalo da upotrebom Nitraznih traka proveravaju spec. težinu urina sa održavanjem ciljnih vrednosti manje od 1,010. Bazni urin sprečava precipitaciju cistinskih kalkulusa i može da pomogne disoluciju. Nivo ph mora da bude 7,5 da bi nastala razgradnja. Pri ph 8 dolazi, međutim, do stvaranja kalcijumskih kalkulusa, zbog čega je neophodno da pacijenti sami kontrolišu ph urina koji treba da bude između 7 i 7,5. Ne preporučuje se više upotreba NaHCO3. Kalijum citrat je alkalinizirajući lek prvog izbora. Tipična doza za odrasle je 60 do 80mmol/d podeljeno u 3 4 doze sa titriranjem do postizanja ph 7 7,5. Metionin je metabolički prekursor cistina i zato su se nametnule ideje o niskoproteinskoj ishrani, ali studije nisu potvrdile uspeh dijete. U slučaju neuspeha konzervativnog tretmana uvode se lekovi koji sadrže tiolnu grupu i nazivaju se helatnim agensima. Još g. opisan je koristan efekat kaptoprila u cistinuriji. Kaptopril je tiolni ACE-inhibitor prve generacije i pokazano je da stvara tiol-cistein mešovite disulfide, komplekse koji su 200 puta rastvorljiviji od cistina. Naročito se koristi kod pacijenata koji su hipertenzivni. U dozi od 75mg do 100mg smanjuje izlučivanje cistina 70% i 93%. Penicilamin je helatni agens prve generacije koji, sa cistinom, stvara rastvorljivi kompleks (50 puta rastvorljiviji od samog cistina) i tako sprečava formiranje kalkulusa i potencijalno pomaže razgradnju. Postoje tri izomera D, L, i DL, ali samo D izomer ima klinički značaj. Doze od 1 2g/dnevno su efektivne u smanjenju nivoa cistina u urinu do 200mg/g kreatinina. Alfa-merkaptopropionglicin jeste helatni agent druge generacije i ima 30 puta veći kapacitet za disoluciju cistina od penicilamina. Glavna prednost tiola jeste njihova niska toksičnost. Kod pacijenata sa kalkulusom odluka o daljem tretmanu se donosi u konsultaciji sa radiolozima, nefrolozima i urolozima, a mogu se primeniti sl. metode: ekstrakorporalna litotripsija šok talasima, retrogradna endoskopska litotripsija i ekstrakcija, perkutana nefrolitotomija, perkutana nefrostomija sa hemijskom disolucijom i otvorena hirurgija.

7 PONAVLJANA NEFROLITIJAZA CISTINURIJA 13 ZAKLJUČAK Prikazali smo mlađu pacijentkinju sa ponavljanom nefrolitijazom jedinog bubrega i rizikom za sve komplikacije takvog stanja kao posledicom retkog specifičnog metaboličkog poremećaja. Prevencija kalkuloze je moguća nakon pravilno postavljene dijagnoze. Zato je važno da se utvrdi uzrok nefrolitijaze. Tabela. 1 Biohemija i krvna slika glikemija 4,5 AST 16 Er 4,46 urea 6,8 ALT 13 Hgb 138 kreatinin 63 ALP 44 Hct 0,41 ac. uricum gama GT 20 MCV 90,7 uk. bilirubin 18,8 CRP 0,5 Tr 212 uk. proteini 69 Na 140 Le 4,57 holesterol 6,24 K 5,2 SE HDL 1,36 Ca 2, ,50 LDL 4,12 Ca 2+ 1, ,09 trigliceridi 1,68 PO 4 1,10 Mg 0,86 Tabela 2. Urin bistar žut ph 5 (pehametrija) spec. težina 1,016 sediment 2-3 leukocita retke ep. ćelije malo bakterija Tabela 3. Kvantitativne analize urina du 2300 ml du 1700 ml kreatinin 6,58 mmol/l CCrm 113,88 ml/min ac. urricum 2424 pmol/l 4120,8 pmol/d CCrs 112,76 ml/min oksalati 0,14 mmol/l 0,24 mmol/d proteini 0,05 g/l Proteinurija 0,15g/d citrati 1,45 mmol/l 2,46 mmol/d Na + 67 mmol/l K + 21 mmol/l du 1000 ml Ca 2+ 4,33 mmol/l natriureza 154,1 mmol/d kaliureza 48,3 mmol/d kalciurija 4,33 mmol/d PO 4 19,9 mmol/l fosfaturija 19,9 mmol/d

8 Tijana Lalić 1, Biljana Beleslin 1,2, Jasmina Ćirić 1,2, Mirjana Stojković 1,2, Slavica Savić 1,2, Tanja Nišić 1, Miloš Stojanović 1,2, Miloš Žarković 1,2 RECURRENT NEPHROLITHIASIS CYSTINURIA INTRODUCTION Nephrolithiasis is increasingly seen as a systemic disease that is associated with chronic renal failure and bone disorders and have an increased risk for coronary artery disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. If left untreated it is a chronic disease with a recurrence rate of more than 50% in 10 years. The prevalence of nephrolithiasis in the US has doubled in the last three decades, to 13% for men and 7% for women. The increase can be noted in most European countries and South-East Asia (2-5%). Overall, urolithiasis is more common in men, with a ratio of 3: 1. The rate of recurrent nephrolithiasis is 14%, 35% and 52% at 1, 5 and 10 years. The average time of re-formation of calculi in the tertiary center where they came patients with an average of four episodes of renal colic was less than 7 years. Interval in a number of different metabolic subgroup decreased from 4 to 2.5, with each subsequent calculus. CASE STUDY Thirty-seven year-old patient complained of pain in her left thigh with forward expansion on sudden standing up during hospitalization at the Clinic for Endocrinology for a more detailed examination in February In the 24 years established the right kidney stone, and because of hydronephrosis and anuria nephrectomy was performed in regional medical institution. The last three years, at least once a year, she had an anuria and lithoclast of calculus in the pelvic part of the left kidney was made in 2009 and In May 2009 was first examined by a competent endocrinologist when PTH was a slightly elevated 70.8 (15-65ng / l) with normal serum ionized calcium. yahoo.com. 1 Klinika za endokrinologiju, dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma, Klinički centar Srbije, tijana_lalic@ 2 Medicinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, Beograd.

9 RECURRENT NEPHROLITHIASIS CYSTINURIA 15 On physical examination, she was short, slightly overweight (TV 160,5cm, TT 72kg, BMI 27.9), properly hydrated, with normal findings on the heart and lungs, HR 64/min, with diastolic hypertension TA 130/ 100mmHg. On the skin was pearly scar from nephrectomy from the right flank forward. There was easy tenderness of the left kidney essence of the lodge. The lower extremities were without edema. Other findings were unremarkable. In biochemistry, unless mild hyperuricemia and hypercholesterolemia, other results together with complete blood count were within the reference ranges, as shown in Table 1. The urine was acidic reaction, on the basis of physical examination and pehametry, the proper specific gravity, without the crystals in the sediment, Table 2. Quantitative analysis of 24h urine distinct but sufficient volumes showed proper values of (dry and wet) creatinine clearance, proteinuria, sodium and potassium excretion, normal values of calciuria, phosphaturia, and excretion of oxalates, urates and citrates, Table 3. The hormonal analyzes pointed borderline PTH 66 (10-65ng/L), and featured a deficit vitamin D (15.3 ng / L). Thyroid function was normal. Analysis of the macroscopic appearance and chemical composition of calculus showed that this was a cystine calculi. An abdominal ultrasound examination showed that the left kidney was compensatory increased, KK diameter 13cm, proper echogenicity and thickness of the cortex, clear cortex-medulla border, with signs of micro lythiasis without hydronephrosis. Given that the composition analysis showed it was a cystine calculi, the clinical symptoms and the age of the patient working diagnosis of cystinuria was set. The authors have tested a son and a patient at the Institute for Health Protection of Mother and Child Dr Vukan Cupic. Based on the increased excretion of cystine 241,5μmol/mmol creatinine (1-17), lysine 561,4μmol/mmol creatinine (1-65), ornithine 187,9μmol/ mmol creatinine (1-5) and arginine 340,7μmol/mmol creatinine (0-9) in a 24h urine of patient cystinuria was confirmed. She got all the necessary advices for preventing the formation of stones (increasing fluid intake to 4-4,5l / d, alkalization urine with potassium citrate tablets, with monitoring of urine ph with test strips and potassium control) with Vigantol drops due to vitamin deficiency D as therapy. DISCUSSION Clinical and laboratory evaluation of patients with recurrent nephrolithiasis According to the urolythiasis guidelines European Association of Urologists after the first episode of stone expulsion every patient should be placed in a group with low or high risk for repeated nephrolithiasis. For proper classification reliable analysis of the composition of calculus by spectroscopy or X-ray diffraction (the

10 16 MEDICINSKI GLASNIK / str gold standard) and basic analysis it is necessary. In addition, data about risk factors are important. Type of calculus is a decisive factor for further diagnostic tests. There are the following types of calculi: calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate (almost 80%), uric acid (10%), struvite (and infectious about 10%), cystine (0.7%), xanthine, 2,8-dyhidroxiadenin, originating from drugs and of unknown composition. Metabolicspecific evaluation is reserved only for patients with high risk. Metabolic evaluation includes the determination of the secretion of calcium, phosphate, oxalate, uric acid, citrate, sodium, magnesium and creatinine in the urine and 24 h urine volume. It is thus possible to establish increase of factors which promote the supersaturation or decrease of the factors that prevents it such as citrates, magnesium and volume. The specific metabolic evaluation requires two consecutive 24 hour urines. The alternative is to spot urine samples, particularly when collecting 24h urine difficulty as in small children. Spot samples have a limit because the results may vary in relation to the time of sampling, sex, age and weight of patients. It should be that at the time of specific metabolic evaluation the patient is without calculi, and it s been at least 20 days from expulsion or removal and 24h urine collection. In patients who began preventative treatment first control 24h urine should be collected after 8-12 weeks to assess the efficiency and modification in case of urinary parameters are normalized. Once sufficient to achieve normalization of the one-evaluation. The pathophysiological mechanism of calcium calculi is complex and varied, and includes a small volume of urine, hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria, hypocitraturia and abnormal urinary ph. Hypercalciuria definitely represents the most common metabolic disorder that may be the result of different mechanisms. Cystinuria Cystine stones consists of 1% to 3% of all renal calculi, and 6% to 8% of urolithiasis in children. Patients with cystinuria have a high rate of recurrent calculi and frequent urinary infections. Approach to these patients, begin with the identification of cystine calculi. Given that they are rare and they are usually not suspected until it analyzes the composition. Cystinuria is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder of epithelial transport and is characterized by excessive excretion of cystine and dibasic amino acids, arginine, lysine and ornithine in urine. It is caused by inadequate function of a specific membrane transport system in the brush border membrane of the cells of the proximal part of the right tubules and cells of the small intestine. The main clinical manifestation is the formation of urinary calculi due to the limited solubility of cystine. The solubility of cystine in urine is approximately 250 mg/l (1 mmol/l) up to a ph level of 7 while at ph 8 the solubility doubles. Solubility depends on the presence of other ions. The greatest solubility in the presence of CaCl, Mg and NaCl. The solubility depends of

11 RECURRENT NEPHROLITHIASIS CYSTINURIA 17 presence of macromolecules in urine. After absorption it comes to disolution of two molecules of L-cystine to cysteine. Dibasic AA inhibit the transport system which results in excessive amount of cystine, lysine, arginine and ornithine in urine in a classical form. In contrast, in an isolated cystinuria exists defect of isolated Km-system. In a normal jejunal mucosa there is one, common transport system for cystine and dibasic AA. It is an active transportation and depend on whether the defect is partial or complete there are different III variants of disorder after oral loading cystine. In general defect in the intestinal absorption of AA has minimal clinical significance. Genetics and Clinical Presentation Between It was found that rbat is expressed in cells of the S3 (pars recta) segment of the proximal tubule and small intestine at the luminal brush-border membrane. This gene is later named SLC3A1 in the Genome Database. To date, more than 60 different mutations have been described. One of the most common genetic alterations in SLC3A1 is called M467T, and most mutations tend to be population-specific. The M467T mutation is fairly common in Mediterranean populations. The prevalence of heterozygosity is approximately 1 case per persons. Homozygous cystinuria affects 1 person per 15,000 population. Worldwide, the overall prevalence is 1 person per 7000 population. Cystinuria is more common in white persons. Cystinuria has no age predilection, although men are more severely affected. An incidence of 0.42 stone episodes for in males with cystinuria and 0.21 in females with the disease per annum has been reported. Cystine stones are common in the second or third decade of life. The peak age of first renal calculus is 22 years, although up to 22% of these patients develop calculi in childhood. Recurrent nephrolithiasis is a rule. Seventy-five percent of these patients present with bilateral calculi. Forming stones is usually the only clinical manifestation although in 10% of cases can be complicated by hypertension. Mentioned are sort stature, retinitis pigmentosa, hemophilia, muscular distofia and mongolism rare. Patients with cystinuria are at higher risk for nephrectomy of those who have calcium calculus. There is a high risk of kidney damage, fortunately ESRD occurs in less than 5% of persons with cystinuria. Cystine stones may be solitary or multiple, and often have coral appearance. Two-thirds of people with cystinuria have a pure cystine stones, one-third has mixed with calcium oxalate. Hypocitraturia, hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria may be associated with. Diagnosis The urine of patients with cystinuria may have the characteristic odor of rotten eggs because cystine is one of the sulfur-containing amino acids. The simplest and

12 18 MEDICINSKI GLASNIK / str most widely used screening test is the microscopic examination of urine sediment. The presence of typical hexagonal crystals of cystine or petrol is pathognomonic finding. Microscopic crystalluria is located at 26% to 83% of patients. Disappearance of cystine crystals don t exclude diagnosis. Also, is a good index of treatment efficacy. Assessments of cystine excretion or solubility in the presence of cystine-binding thiol drugs are difficult. The sodium cyanide nitroprusside test is a rapid, simple, and qualitative determination of cystine concentrations. Cyanide converts cystine to cysteine. Nitroprusside then binds, causing a purple hue in 2-10 minutes. The test detects cystine levels of higher than 75 mg/g till 125mg/g of creatinine. False-positive test results occur in some individuals with homocystinuria or acetonuria and in people taking sulfa drugs, ampicillin, or N -acetylcysteine. For individuals with positive cyanide-nitroprusside test findings, perform ion-exchange chromatographic quantitative analysis of a 24-hour collected urine sample. In cystinuria is more than 0.8 mmol/24 expressed only cystine. Best results are expressed per gram of creatinine. The upper limit of normal values for cystine is 18 mg/g creatinine for lysine 130 mg/g creatinine for arginine 16mg/g creatinine for ornithine 22mg/g. The functional definition of homozygotes is that this one person whose excretion is more than 250 mg cystine/gram of creatinine in urine 24 hours. Imaging methods include: native x-ray of the abdomen and urinary tract, IVP, spiral CT without contrast, renal ultrasound and foremost composition analysis by electron microscopy or x-ray diffraction. Treatment The essence of prevention in cystinuria hydration and urine alkalinization. This conservative treatment is a first line therapy in patients without calculus. The aim of hydration is to achieve a urine volume of 3l / day water intake of about 4-4,5l / day or 240ml (glass of water) every 8h, 480ml before bedtime and at least once during the night. It can be used mineral water rich in bicarbonate and poor in sodium (1500 mg HCO3 /L, max 500 mg sodium/l). Patients should use nitric tics to check specific weight of the urine with the maintenance of the target value of less than Base urine prevents the precipitation of cystine calculi, and can help dissolution. The ph should be 7.5 to form a decomposition. At ph 8, however, comes to the formation of calcium stones which makes it necessary for patients to control their own urine ph should be between 7 and 7.5. Use of NaHCO3 is not recommended anymore. Potassium citrate is a alkalizing drug of first choice. Typically the dosage for adults is 60 to 80mmol/d in divided doses from 3-4 titrating to a ph of Methionine is a metabolic precursor of cystine and that is why they have imposed the idea of a low-protein diet, but studies have not confirmed the success of a child. In case of conservative treatment failure drugs containing a thiol group and called chelating agents are being introduced. Since 1987 the beneficial effect of captopril in cystinuria

13 RECURRENT NEPHROLITHIASIS CYSTINURIA 19 is described. Captopril is a thiol ACE-inhibitor of the first-generation and has been shown to produce a thiol of the cysteine-mixed disulfides, complexes which are 200 times more soluble than cystine. In particular, it is used in patients who are hypertensive. At a dose of 75 mg to 100 mg, reduces the excretion of cystine 70% and 93%. Penicillamine is a chelating agent of the first generation of cystine creates a soluble complex (50 times more soluble than the cystine), thus preventing the formation of calculus and potentially helps decomposition. There are three isomers D, L, DL, or only the D isomer has clinical significance. Doses of 1-2g/day are effective in reducing levels of cystine in the urine up to 200 mg/g creatinine. Alfa-merkaptopropionglicin is chelating agent of the second generation and has 30 times higher capacity of dissolution of cysteine than penicillamine. The main advantage of thiols is their low toxicity. In patients with gallstone decisions about further treatment is made in consultation with radiologists, nephrologists and urologists can be applied to next methods: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, retrograde endoscopic lithotripsy and extraction, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, percutaneous nephrostomy with chemical dissolution and open surgery. CONCLUSION We have present a young patient with recurrent nephrolithiasis of solitary kidney and the risk of all complications of such a situation as a consequence of specific rare metabolic disorder. Prevention formation calculi is possible after a proper diagnosis. It is therefore important to determine the cause of nephrolithiasis. Tabela 1. Biohemija i krvna slika glikemija 4,5 AST 16 Er 4,46 urea 6,8 ALT 13 Hgb 138 kreatinin 63 ALP 44 Hct 0,41 ac. uricum gama GT 20 MCV 90,7 uk. bilirubin 18,8 CRP 0,5 Tr 212 uk. proteini 69 Na 140 Le 4,57 holesterol 6,24 K 5,2 SE HDL 1,36 Ca 2, ,50 LDL 4,12 Ca 2+ 1, ,09 trigliceridi 1,68 PO 4 1,10 Mg 0,86 Tabela 2. Urin bistar žut ph 5 (pehametrija) spec. težina 1,016 sediment 2-3 leukocita retke ep. ćelije malo bakterija

14 20 MEDICINSKI GLASNIK / str Tabela 3. Kvantitativne analize urina du 2300 ml du 1700 ml kreatinin 6,58 mmol/l CCrm 113,88 ml/min ac. urricum 2424 pmol/l 4120,8 pmol/d CCrs 112,76 ml/min oksalati 0,14 mmol/l 0,24 mmol/d proteini 0,05 g/l Proteinurija 0,15g/d citrati 1,45 mmol/l 2,46 mmol/d Na + 67 mmol/l natriureza 154,1 mmol/d K + 21 mmol/l kaliureza 48,3 mmol/d du 1000 ml Ca 2+ 4,33 mmol/l kalciurija 4,33 mmol/d PO 4 19,9 mmol/l fosfaturija 19,9 mmol/d Reference: 1. Milliner DS Cystinuria. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am Dec;19(4): Mattoo A, Goldfarb DS. Cystinuria. Semin Nephrol Mar;28(2): doi: /j.semnephrol Cystinuria Author: Chandra Shekhar Biyani, MBBS, MS, DUrol, FRCS(Urol), FEBU; Chief Editor: Bradley Fields Schwartz emedicine.medscape 4. Dadid S.G, Rederic L.C. Prevention of Recurrent Nephrolithiasis Am Fam Physician Nov 15;60(8): Khashayar S, Naim M.M, and B. Sinnott Kidney Stones 2012: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Volume 97 Issue 6 June 1, H-G. Tiselius, P. Alken, C. Buck, M. Gallucci, T. Knoll, K. Sarica, Chr. Türk Guidelines on a. Urolithiasis 7. Rosenberg LE, Downing S, Durant JL, Segal S. Cystinuria: biochemical evidence for three genetically distinct diseases. J Clin Invest. Mar 1966;45(3): Dello Strologo L, Pras E, Pontesilli C, et al. Comparison between SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 cystinuria patients and carriers: a need for a new classification. J Am Soc Nephrol. Oct 2002;13(10): Martens K, Jaeken J, Matthijs G, Creemers JW. Multi-system disorder syndromes associated with cystinuria type I. Curr Mol Med. Sep 2008;8(6): Daudon M, Cohen-Solal F, Barbey F, et al. Cystine crystal volume determination: a useful tool in the management of cystinuric patients. Urol Res. Jul 2003;31(3):

The Nuts and Bolts of Kidney Stones. Soha Zouwail Consultant Chemical Pathology UHW Renal Training Day 2019

The Nuts and Bolts of Kidney Stones. Soha Zouwail Consultant Chemical Pathology UHW Renal Training Day 2019 The Nuts and Bolts of Kidney Stones Soha Zouwail Consultant Chemical Pathology UHW Renal Training Day 2019 Urinary Calculi Prevalence and incidence of kidney stones increasing across the world Environmental

More information

Medical Approach to Nephrolithiasis. Seth Goldberg, MD September 15, 2017 ACP Meeting

Medical Approach to Nephrolithiasis. Seth Goldberg, MD September 15, 2017 ACP Meeting Medical Approach to Nephrolithiasis Seth Goldberg, MD September 15, 2017 ACP Meeting DISCLOSURES Seth Goldberg, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Research support Abbott Kadmon Otsuka Pfizer Introduction

More information

Urolithiasis. Ali Kasraeian, MD, FACS Kasraeian Urology Advanced Laparoscopic, Robotic & Minimally Invasive Urologic Surgery

Urolithiasis. Ali Kasraeian, MD, FACS Kasraeian Urology Advanced Laparoscopic, Robotic & Minimally Invasive Urologic Surgery Urolithiasis Ali Kasraeian, MD, FACS Kasraeian Urology Advanced Laparoscopic, Robotic & Minimally Invasive Urologic Surgery Urolithiasis: Why should we care? Affects 5% of US men and women Men twice as

More information

School of Medicine and Health Sciences Division of Basic Medical Sciences Discipline of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology PLB SEMINAR

School of Medicine and Health Sciences Division of Basic Medical Sciences Discipline of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology PLB SEMINAR 1 School of Medicine and Health Sciences Division of Basic Medical Sciences Discipline of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology PLB SEMINAR URINARY (RENAL) STONE FORMATION An Overview What are Urinary (Renal)

More information

Case Report. Cystinuria as a Cause of Abdominal Pain in Children MWS YU, CC SHEK, WKY CHAN, KW LEE. Abstract. Key words.

Case Report. Cystinuria as a Cause of Abdominal Pain in Children MWS YU, CC SHEK, WKY CHAN, KW LEE. Abstract. Key words. HK J Paediatr (new series) 2008;13:279-284 Case Report Cystinuria as a Cause of Abdominal Pain in Children MWS YU, CC SHEK, WKY CHAN, KW LEE Abstract Key words Urolithiasis is an uncommon renal problem

More information

NEPHROLITHIASIS Etiology, stone composition, medical management, and prevention

NEPHROLITHIASIS Etiology, stone composition, medical management, and prevention NEPHROLITHIASIS Etiology, stone composition, medical management, and prevention Urology Division, Surgery Department Medical Faculty, University of Sumatera Utara Epidemiology Prevalence 2-3%, maybe in

More information

Identification and qualitative Analysis. of Renal Calculi

Identification and qualitative Analysis. of Renal Calculi Identification and qualitative Analysis of Renal Calculi 1 -Renal Calculi: Kidney stones, renal calculi or renal lithiasis (stone formation) are small, hard deposits that form inside your kidneys. The

More information

Metabolic Stone Work-Up For Stone Prevention. Dr. Hazem Elmansy, MD, MSC, FRCSC Assistant Professor, NOSM, Urology Department

Metabolic Stone Work-Up For Stone Prevention. Dr. Hazem Elmansy, MD, MSC, FRCSC Assistant Professor, NOSM, Urology Department Metabolic Stone Work-Up For Stone Prevention Dr. Hazem Elmansy, MD, MSC, FRCSC Assistant Professor, NOSM, Urology Department Faculty/Presenter Disclosure Slide Faculty: Hazem Elmansy Relationships with

More information

The 82 nd UWI/BAMP CME Conference November 18, Jeetu Nebhnani MBBS D.M. Urology Consultant Urologist

The 82 nd UWI/BAMP CME Conference November 18, Jeetu Nebhnani MBBS D.M. Urology Consultant Urologist The 82 nd UWI/BAMP CME Conference November 18, 2017 Jeetu Nebhnani MBBS D.M. Urology Consultant Urologist Disclosures Outline Index case Introduction Etiology Risk factors Acute stone event Conservative

More information

GUIDELINES ON UROLITHIASIS

GUIDELINES ON UROLITHIASIS GUIDELINES ON UROLITHIASIS (Text updated May 2005) H.G. Tiselius (chairman), D. Ackermann, P. Alken, C. Buck, P. Conort, M. Gallucci, T. Knoll Eur Urol 2001;40:362-371 Introduction Urinary stone disease

More information

2015 OPSC Annual Convention. syllabus. February 4-8, 2015 Hyatt Regency Mission Bay San Diego, California

2015 OPSC Annual Convention. syllabus. February 4-8, 2015 Hyatt Regency Mission Bay San Diego, California 2015 OPSC Annual Convention syllabus February 4-8, 2015 Hyatt Regency Mission Bay San Diego, California FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 6, 2015: 4:00pm - 5:00pm Stone Disease^ Presented by John Grimaldi, DO ^ California

More information

Shlomi Albert, M.D., Inc Warner Avenue, Suite 423 Fountain Valley, Ca Tel (714) Fax (714) Kidney Stone Disease in Adults

Shlomi Albert, M.D., Inc Warner Avenue, Suite 423 Fountain Valley, Ca Tel (714) Fax (714) Kidney Stone Disease in Adults Shlomi Albert, M.D., Inc. 11160 Warner Avenue, Suite 423 Fountain Valley, Ca 92708 Tel (714)549-3333 Fax (714)549-3334 Kidney Stone Disease in Adults Overview Kidney stones are one of the most painful

More information

RISK FACTORS AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR URINARY STONES Review of NASA s Evidence Reports on Human Health Risks

RISK FACTORS AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR URINARY STONES Review of NASA s Evidence Reports on Human Health Risks Mayo Clinic O Brien Urology Research Center RISK FACTORS AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR URINARY STONES 2017 Review of NASA s Evidence Reports on Human Health Risks John C Lieske, MD July 27, 2017 What types

More information

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Chapter 29 Urinary Tract Obstruction Urinary tract obstruction is an interference with the flow of urine at any site along the urinary tract The obstruction

More information

MEDICAL STONE MANAGEMENT MADE EASY PRACTICAL ADVICE

MEDICAL STONE MANAGEMENT MADE EASY PRACTICAL ADVICE MEDICAL STONE MANAGEMENT MADE EASY PRACTICAL ADVICE Comprehensive Kidney Stone Center at Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina Glenn M. Preminger, M.D. UCLA State-of-the Art Urology 02

More information

A Rare Cause of Renal Stone Formation in Two Siblings. Chris Stockdale

A Rare Cause of Renal Stone Formation in Two Siblings. Chris Stockdale A Rare Cause of Renal Stone Formation in Two Siblings Chris Stockdale Index case-patient A Born 2000 Parents (first cousins) from Indian sub-continent Paternal Grandmother received dialysis for ESRF Possible

More information

Management of common uroliths through diet

Management of common uroliths through diet Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Management of common uroliths through diet Author : Marge Chandler Categories : Canine, Companion animal, Feline, Vets Date

More information

Urologic Stone Disease. Urologic Stone Disease. Urologic Stone Disease. Urologic Stone Disease. Urologic Stone Disease 5/7/2010

Urologic Stone Disease. Urologic Stone Disease. Urologic Stone Disease. Urologic Stone Disease. Urologic Stone Disease 5/7/2010 Diagnosis and Treatment Stephen E. Strup MD William Farish Professor and Chief of Urology Director of Minimally Invasive Urologic Surgery University of Kentucky I will not cut, even for the stone, but

More information

Inborn errors of metabolism presenting with kidney stones: clinical aspects. Francesco Emma

Inborn errors of metabolism presenting with kidney stones: clinical aspects. Francesco Emma Inborn errors of metabolism presenting with kidney stones: clinical aspects Francesco Emma Division of Nephrology and Dialysis Bambino Gesù Children s Hospital, IRCCS Rome, Italy September 6, 2016 Palazzo

More information

Urinary Stones. Urinary Stones. Published on: 1 Jul What are the parts of the urinary system?

Urinary Stones. Urinary Stones. Published on: 1 Jul What are the parts of the urinary system? Published on: 1 Jul 2016 Urinary Stones Urinary Stones What are the parts of the urinary system? The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. What are the functions

More information

THIOLA (tiopronin) oral tablet

THIOLA (tiopronin) oral tablet THIOLA (tiopronin) oral tablet Coverage for services, procedures, medical devices and drugs are dependent upon benefit eligibility as outlined in the member's specific benefit plan. This Pharmacy Coverage

More information

Kidney Stones EDITING FILE. Biochemistry Team 437 "الل ھ م لا س ھ ل إ لا ما ج ع ل ت ھ س ھ لا وأن ت ت ج ع ل الح ز ن إذ ا ش ي ت س ھ لا " Renal block

Kidney Stones EDITING FILE. Biochemistry Team 437 الل ھ م لا س ھ ل إ لا ما ج ع ل ت ھ س ھ لا وأن ت ت ج ع ل الح ز ن إذ ا ش ي ت س ھ لا  Renal block "الل ھ م لا س ھ ل إ لا ما ج ع ل ت ھ س ھ لا وأن ت ت ج ع ل الح ز ن إذ ا ش ي ت س ھ لا " Kidney Stones Biochemistry Team 437 Color index: Doctors slides Doctor s notes Extra information Highlights Renal block

More information

ADPedKD: detailed description of data which will be collected in this registry

ADPedKD: detailed description of data which will be collected in this registry ADPedKD: detailed description of data which will be collected in this registry I. Basic data 1. Patient ID: will be given automatically 2. Personal information - Date of informed consent: DD/MM/YYYY -

More information

Approach to the Patient with Nephrolithiasis; The Stone Quiz. Farahnak Assadi* 1, MD

Approach to the Patient with Nephrolithiasis; The Stone Quiz. Farahnak Assadi* 1, MD Education Article Iran J Ped Sep 2007; Vol 17 (No 3), Pp:283-292 Approach to the Patient with Nephrolithiasis; The Stone Quiz Farahnak Assadi* 1, MD 1. Pediatric Nephrologist, Rush University Medical Center,

More information

URINARY CRYSTALS. by Geoffrey K. Dube and Robert S. Brown

URINARY CRYSTALS. by Geoffrey K. Dube and Robert S. Brown URINARY CRYSTALS by Geoffrey K. Dube and Robert S. Brown A 26 year-old man presents with a fever and weakness. His WBC is 133,000, with 83% blasts. Creatinine is 2.0 mg/dl and serum uric acid is 15.4 mg/dl.

More information

the Intravenous Glucose Bolus

the Intravenous Glucose Bolus 7 Biljana Nedeljković Beleslin 1, Jasmina Ćirić, Miloš Stojanović, Mirjana Stojković, Slavica Savić, Tijana Lalić, Tanja Nišić, Marija Miletić, Miloš Žarković Insulin Pulsatility After the Intravenous

More information

CYSTIC DISEASES of THE KIDNEY. Dr. Nisreen Abu Shahin

CYSTIC DISEASES of THE KIDNEY. Dr. Nisreen Abu Shahin CYSTIC DISEASES of THE KIDNEY Dr. Nisreen Abu Shahin 1 Types of cysts 1-Simple Cysts 2-Dialysis-associated acquired cysts 3-Autosomal Dominant (Adult) Polycystic Kidney Disease 4-Autosomal Recessive (Childhood)

More information

Hydronephrosis. What is hydronephrosis?

Hydronephrosis. What is hydronephrosis? What is hydronephrosis? Hydronephrosis Hydronephrosis describes the situation where the urine collecting system of the kidney is dilated. This may be a normal variant or it may be due to an underlying

More information

GUIDELINES ON UROLITHIASIS

GUIDELINES ON UROLITHIASIS 18 H.G. Tiselius (chairman), D. Ackermann, P. Alken, C. Buck, P. Conort, M. Gallucci Eur Urol 2001;40:362-371 Introduction Urinary stone disease continues to occupy an important place in everyday urological

More information

Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis

Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis Customer Name, Street Address, City, State, Zip code Phone number, Alt. phone number, Fax number, e-mail address, web site Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis (Calcium Oxalate Stones in the Urinary Tract) Basics

More information

Martin Konrad has documented that he has no relevant financial relationships to disclose or conflict of interest to resolve.

Martin Konrad has documented that he has no relevant financial relationships to disclose or conflict of interest to resolve. Martin Konrad has documented that he has no relevant financial relationships to disclose or conflict of interest to resolve. Nephrocalcinosis Clinical / Genetic Work-up and Outcome Martin Konrad University

More information

MODULE 6: KIDNEY STONES

MODULE 6: KIDNEY STONES MODULE 6: KIDNEY STONES KEYWORDS: Nephrolithiasis, Urinary Stones, Urolithiasis, Hypercalciuria, Hyperoxaluria, Hypocitraturia, Hyperuricosuria, Cystinuria LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this clerkship,

More information

Nephrolithiasis cases

Nephrolithiasis cases Nephrolithiasis cases Primary Care Internal Medicine October 2015 Brian Eisner MD Co-director, Kidney Stone Program Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School CASE 1 45 year old male, otherwise

More information

RENAL FUNCTION An Overview

RENAL FUNCTION An Overview RENAL FUNCTION An Overview UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL MBBS II SEMINAR VJ. Temple 1 Kidneys

More information

Urine Stone Screen requirements

Urine Stone Screen requirements Urine Stone Screen requirements Unique Identifying Index Number LP/PA/CB/CBSP030 Version number 4 Issue Date (this version) 03.08.15 Document Type Accreditation or Licensing Standard to which this applies

More information

Evaluation of the Recurrent Stone Former

Evaluation of the Recurrent Stone Former Urol Clin N Am 34 (2007) 315 322 Evaluation of the Recurrent Stone Former Paramjit S. Chandhoke, MD, PhD* Department of Urology, Northwest Permanente, Portland, OR, USA At one time, metabolic kidney stone

More information

Evaluation of different urinary constituent ratios in renal stone formers

Evaluation of different urinary constituent ratios in renal stone formers Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Annals of Biological Research, 2010, 1 (3) : 50-55 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0976-1233 CODEN (USA): ABRNBW Evaluation of

More information

Urinary Calculus Disease

Urinary Calculus Disease SYSTEMIC AND METABOLIC CONSIDERATION OF NEPHROLITHIASIS Marshall L. Stoller, M.D. Professor and Vice Chairman Department of Urology University of California San Francisco Urinary Calculus Disease Incidence:

More information

Urinary Calculus Disease. Urinary Stones: Simplified Metabolic Evaluation. Urinary Calculus Disease. Urinary Calculus Disease 2/8/2008

Urinary Calculus Disease. Urinary Stones: Simplified Metabolic Evaluation. Urinary Calculus Disease. Urinary Calculus Disease 2/8/2008 Urinary Stones: Simplified Metabolic Evaluation Marshall L. Stoller, M.D. Professor and Vice Chairman Department of Urology University of California San Francisco Incidence: 7-21/10,000 3 men: 1 woman

More information

This is the written version of our Hot Topic video presentation available at: MayoMedicalLaboratories.com/hot-topics

This is the written version of our Hot Topic video presentation available at: MayoMedicalLaboratories.com/hot-topics This is the written version of our Hot Topic video presentation available at: MayoMedicalLaboratories.com/hot-topics Welcome to Mayo Medical Laboratories Hot Topics. These presentations provide short discussion

More information

Otkazivanje rada bubrega

Otkazivanje rada bubrega Kidney Failure Kidney failure is also called renal failure. With kidney failure, the kidneys cannot get rid of the body s extra fluid and waste. This can happen because of disease or damage from an injury.

More information

EQUILIBRIUM VERSUS SUPERSATURATED URINE HYPOTHESIS IN CALCIUM SALT UROLITHIASIS: A NEW THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL APPROACH TO A CLINICAL PROBLEM

EQUILIBRIUM VERSUS SUPERSATURATED URINE HYPOTHESIS IN CALCIUM SALT UROLITHIASIS: A NEW THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL APPROACH TO A CLINICAL PROBLEM Scanning Microscopy Vol. 13, No. 2-3, 1999 (Pages 261-265) 0891-7035/99$5.00+.25 Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago Equilibrium (AMF O Hare), model for IL calcium 60666 USA salt urolithiasis EQUILIBRIUM

More information

SAT24 Supersaturation Profile, 24 Hour, Urine

SAT24 Supersaturation Profile, 24 Hour, Urine 1-800-533-1710 SAT24 Supersaturation Profile, 24 Hour, Urine Patient ID Patient Name SAMPLEREPORT, SAT24 NORMAL Birth Date 1976-05-13 Gender M Age 40 Order Number Client Order Number Ordering Physician

More information

RENAL PHYSIOLOGY, HOMEOSTASIS OF FLUID COMPARTMENTS

RENAL PHYSIOLOGY, HOMEOSTASIS OF FLUID COMPARTMENTS RENAL PHYSIOLOGY, HOMEOSTASIS OF FLUID COMPARTMENTS (2) Dr. Attila Nagy 2017 TUBULAR FUNCTIONS (Learning objectives 54-57) 1 Tubular Transport About 99% of filtrated water and more than 90% of the filtrated

More information

Non-protein nitrogenous substances (NPN)

Non-protein nitrogenous substances (NPN) Non-protein nitrogenous substances (NPN) A simple, inexpensive screening test a routine urinalysis is often the first test conducted if kidney problems are suspected. A small, randomly collected urine

More information

Kidney Stone Clinic Dr. Raymond Ko MB BS (Hons 1) FRACS (Urology) General Information about Kidney Stones

Kidney Stone Clinic Dr. Raymond Ko MB BS (Hons 1) FRACS (Urology) General Information about Kidney Stones Why do kidney stones form? General Information about Kidney Stones Kidney stones form from minerals and salts in the urine that clump together when the urine becomes highly concentrated. Normally these

More information

Multiphasic Blood Analysis

Multiphasic Blood Analysis Understanding Your Multiphasic Blood Analysis Test Results Mon General thanks you for participating in the multiphasic blood analysis. This test can be an early warning of health problems, including coronary

More information

Alkaline citrate reduces stone recurrence and regrowth after shockwave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Alkaline citrate reduces stone recurrence and regrowth after shockwave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy Clinical Urology Alkaline citrate and stone recurrence International Braz J Urol Vol. 37 (5): 611-616, September - October, 2011 Alkaline citrate reduces stone recurrence and regrowth after shockwave lithotripsy

More information

Recurrent stone formers-metabolic evaluation: a must investigation

Recurrent stone formers-metabolic evaluation: a must investigation International Surgery Journal Bhangu GS et al. Int Surg J. 2017 Jan;4(1):86-90 http://www.ijsurgery.com pissn 2349-3305 eissn 2349-2902 Original Research Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20163972

More information

Nephrology - the study of the kidney. Urology - branch of medicine dealing with the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system

Nephrology - the study of the kidney. Urology - branch of medicine dealing with the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system Urinary System Nephrology - the study of the kidney Urology - branch of medicine dealing with the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system Functions of the Urinary System 1. Regulation

More information

New aspects of acid-base disorders

New aspects of acid-base disorders New aspects of acid-base disorders I. David Weiner, M.D. C. Craig and Audrae Tisher Chair in Nephrology Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Transplantation University of Florida College of Medicine

More information

Urinary System. Analyze the Anatomy and Physiology of the urinary system

Urinary System. Analyze the Anatomy and Physiology of the urinary system Urinary System Analyze the Anatomy and Physiology of the urinary system Kidney Bean-shaped Located between peritoneum and the back muscles (retroperitoneal) Renal pelvis funnelshaped structure at the beginning

More information

This is the written version of our Hot Topic video presentation available at: MayoMedicalLaboratories.com/hot-topics

This is the written version of our Hot Topic video presentation available at: MayoMedicalLaboratories.com/hot-topics This is the written version of our Hot Topic video presentation available at: MayoMedicalLaboratories.com/hot-topics Welcome to Mayo Medical Laboratories Hot Topics. These presentations provide short discussion

More information

Tables of Normal Values (As of February 2005)

Tables of Normal Values (As of February 2005) Tables of Normal Values (As of February 2005) Note: Values and units of measurement listed in these Tables are derived from several resources. Substantial variation exists in the ranges quoted as normal

More information

EURACARE Multi-Specialist Hospital

EURACARE Multi-Specialist Hospital EURACARE Multi-Specialist Hospital PATIENT INFORMATION FORM MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF URINARY STONE DISEASE Kidney & Urinary Stones Kidney stones, one of the most painful of the urologic disorders, have beset

More information

The effect of selenium supplementation on cystine crystal volume in patients with cystinuria

The effect of selenium supplementation on cystine crystal volume in patients with cystinuria BioMedicine (ISSN 2211-8039) December 2018, Vol. 8, No. 4, Article 26, Pages 28-32 DOI: 10.1051/bmdcn/2018080426 Original article The effect of selenium supplementation on cystine crystal in patients with

More information

SYSTEMIC IMPLICATIONS OF NEPHROLITHIASIS

SYSTEMIC IMPLICATIONS OF NEPHROLITHIASIS SYSTEMIC IMPLICATIONS OF NEPHROLITHIASIS Marshall L. Stoller, M.D. Professor and Vice Chairman Department of Urology University of California San Francisco A STONE IS A STONE IS A STONE OR IS IT????? PATIENT

More information

Nephrolithiasis Outline Epidemiology

Nephrolithiasis Outline Epidemiology Nephrolithiasis Brian Duty, M.D. Assistant Professor Department of Urology Oregon Health & Sciences University Outline Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Management Medical Surgical

More information

Acute flank pain in children: Imaging considerations

Acute flank pain in children: Imaging considerations Acute flank pain in children: Imaging considerations Carlos J. Sivit MD Rainbow Babies and Children s Hospital Case Western Reserve School of Medicine Flank pain Results from distention of ureter or renal

More information

Acids and Bases their definitions and meanings

Acids and Bases their definitions and meanings Acids and Bases their definitions and meanings Molecules containing hydrogen atoms that can release hydrogen ions in solutions are referred to as acids. (HCl H + Cl ) (H 2 CO 3 H + HCO 3 ) A base is an

More information

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND DETECTION OF NORMAL CONSTITUENTS OF URINE

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND DETECTION OF NORMAL CONSTITUENTS OF URINE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND DETECTION OF NORMAL CONSTITUENTS OF URINE - OBJECTIVES: 1- The simple examination of urine. 2- To detect some of the normal organic constituents of urine. 3- To detect some of the

More information

1. Disorders of glomerular filtration

1. Disorders of glomerular filtration RENAL DISEASES 1. Disorders of glomerular filtration 2. Nephrotic syndrome 3. Disorders of tubular transport 4. Oliguria and polyuria 5. Nephrolithiasis 6. Disturbances of renal blood flow 7. Acute renal

More information

Excretory System. Biology 2201

Excretory System. Biology 2201 Excretory System Biology 2201 Excretory System How does the excretory system maintain homeostasis? It regulates: Body heat Water-salt concentrations Acid-base concentrations Metabolite concentrations ORGANS

More information

Excretory System. Excretory System

Excretory System. Excretory System Excretory System Biology 2201 Excretory System How does the excretory system maintain homeostasis? It regulates: Body heat Water-salt concentrations Acid-base concentrations Metabolite concentrations 1

More information

Research in Cystinuria

Research in Cystinuria Research in Cystinuria Miss Sheena Patel Guy s & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust Research and you What are we trying to achieve? How far have we got?...and how does this affect you? What are we trying to

More information

24 HOUR URINARY METABOLIC PROFILE AFTER PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY

24 HOUR URINARY METABOLIC PROFILE AFTER PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY Original Article Urology 24 HOUR URINARY METABOLIC PROFILE AFTER PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY Sreedhar Dayapule 1, Suryaprakash Vaddi 1, Vijaya Bhaskar G 1, Ramamohan Pathapati 2 1 - Assistant Professor,

More information

organs of the urinary system

organs of the urinary system organs of the urinary system Kidneys (2) bean-shaped, fist-sized organ where urine is formed. Lie on either sides of the vertebral column, in a depression beneath peritoneum and protected by lower ribs

More information

CKD: Bone Mineral Metabolism. Peter Birks, Nephrology Fellow

CKD: Bone Mineral Metabolism. Peter Birks, Nephrology Fellow CKD: Bone Mineral Metabolism Peter Birks, Nephrology Fellow CKD - KDIGO Definition and Classification of CKD CKD: abnormalities of kidney structure/function for > 3 months with health implications 1 marker

More information

Dietary Management of Nephrolithiasis. Sarah Yttri, NP Duke University Duke Comprehensive Kidney Stone Center

Dietary Management of Nephrolithiasis. Sarah Yttri, NP Duke University Duke Comprehensive Kidney Stone Center Dietary Management of Nephrolithiasis Sarah Yttri, NP Duke University Duke Comprehensive Kidney Stone Center None Disclosures Prevalence 1 in 11 individuals in the US 10.6% of men, 7.1% of women 70% increase

More information

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF URINARY STONES (PATHARI)

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF URINARY STONES (PATHARI) Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 11(1), 2013, 457463 ISSN 0972768X www.sadgurupublications.com PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF URINARY STONES (PATHARI) SUMAN PARIHAR a, PRASOON HADA

More information

TREATMENT OF AMIODARONE-INDUCED THYROTOXICOSIS RESISTANT TO CONVENTIONAL THERAPY

TREATMENT OF AMIODARONE-INDUCED THYROTOXICOSIS RESISTANT TO CONVENTIONAL THERAPY Tanja Nišić 1, Marija Barać, Velimir Srejić, 1 Marija Polovina 2, Miloš Stojanović, Biljana Nedeljković-Beleslin, Mirjana Stojković, Slavica Savić, Jasmina Ćirić, Ivan Paunović 3, Miloš Žarković TREATMENT

More information

Calcium Nephrolithiasis and Bone Health. Noah S. Schenkman, MD

Calcium Nephrolithiasis and Bone Health. Noah S. Schenkman, MD Calcium Nephrolithiasis and Bone Health Noah S. Schenkman, MD Associate Professor of Urology and Residency Program Director, University of Virginia Health System; Charlottesville, Virginia Objectives:

More information

The Urinary S. (Chp. 10) & Excretion. What are the functions of the urinary system? Maintenance of water-salt and acidbase

The Urinary S. (Chp. 10) & Excretion. What are the functions of the urinary system? Maintenance of water-salt and acidbase 10.1 Urinary system The Urinary S. (Chp. 10) & Excretion 10.1 Urinary system What are the functions of the urinary system? 1. Excretion of metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid & creatinine) 1. Maintenance

More information

Nomogram to predict uric acid kidney stones based on patient s age, BMI and 24-hour urine profiles: A multicentre validation

Nomogram to predict uric acid kidney stones based on patient s age, BMI and 24-hour urine profiles: A multicentre validation ORIGINAL RESEARCH Nomogram to predict uric acid kidney stones based on patient s age, BMI and 24-hour urine profiles: A multicentre validation Fabio Cesar Miranda Torricelli, MD; * Robert Brown, MD; Fernanda

More information

Routine Clinic Lab Studies

Routine Clinic Lab Studies Routine Lab Studies Routine Clinic Lab Studies With all lab studies, a Tacrolimus level will be obtained. These drug levels are routinely assessed to ensure that there is enough or not too much anti-rejection

More information

A&P of the Urinary System

A&P of the Urinary System A&P of the Urinary System Week 44 1 Objectives Identify the organs of the urinary system, from a Identify the parts of the nephron (the functional unit List the characteristics of a normal urine specimen.

More information

Guideline of guidelines: kidney stones

Guideline of guidelines: kidney stones Justin B. Ziemba and Brian R. Matlaga* Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, and *James Buchanan Brady Urological

More information

Part I: On-line web-based survey of Dalmatian owners GENERAL INFORMATION

Part I: On-line web-based survey of Dalmatian owners GENERAL INFORMATION Dr. Bartges' final report on the Dal stone survey: Commissioned by the Dalmatian Club of America Foundation (DCAF) Published in the DCA magazine, The Spotter, Summer 2006 Part I: On-line web-based survey

More information

PSYCHOSIS IN ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME: A CASE REPORT

PSYCHOSIS IN ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME: A CASE REPORT PSYCHOSIS IN ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME: A CASE REPORT Milena Stašević 1 Ivana Stašević Karličić 2,3 Aleksandra Dutina 2,3 UDK: 616.895-02-07 1 Clinic for mental disorders Dr Laza Lazarevic, Belgrade,

More information

Original Article. A Report of Infant Urolithiasis in a Tertiary Hospital S YEL, R DÜ ÜNSEL, DURSUN, F ELMALI, K YILMAZ

Original Article. A Report of Infant Urolithiasis in a Tertiary Hospital S YEL, R DÜ ÜNSEL, DURSUN, F ELMALI, K YILMAZ HK J Paediatr (new series) 2019;24:3-8 Original Article A Report of Infant Urolithiasis in a Tertiary Hospital S YEL, R DÜ ÜNSEL, DURSUN, F ELMALI, K YILMAZ Abstract Key words Aim: The aim of the present

More information

Day Date Title Instructor 5 th Ed 6 th Ed. Protein digestion and AA absorption

Day Date Title Instructor 5 th Ed 6 th Ed. Protein digestion and AA absorption Day Date Title Instructor 5 th Ed 6 th Ed 1 Tuesday 18 April 2017 Protein digestion and AA absorption D S Jairajpuri 250 256 250 256 2 Wednesday 19 April 2017 Removal of nitrogen and urea cycle D S Jairajpuri

More information

Update in rare and common causes of kidney stones

Update in rare and common causes of kidney stones Update in rare and common causes of kidney stones John C. Lieske, MD, FACP, FASN SECOND INTERNATIONAL RENAL CONFERENCE BRUGGE 2018 March 16-17, 2018 2017 MFMER slide-1 Nephrologists and kidney stones Kidneys

More information

Urinary System Part of the Excretory System

Urinary System Part of the Excretory System Urinary System Part of the Excretory System Bellwork **only write the term and underlined definition INCONTINENCE involuntary urination, often seem in older persons, or due to illness and disease ENURESIS

More information

April 08, biology 2201 ch 11.3 excretion.notebook. Biology The Excretory System. Apr 13 9:14 PM EXCRETORY SYSTEM.

April 08, biology 2201 ch 11.3 excretion.notebook. Biology The Excretory System. Apr 13 9:14 PM EXCRETORY SYSTEM. Biology 2201 11.3 The Excretory System EXCRETORY SYSTEM 1 Excretory System How does the excretory system maintain homeostasis? It regulates heat, water, salt, acid base concentrations and metabolite concentrations

More information

Renal Stones in Children

Renal Stones in Children Renal Stones in Children Scottish Paediatric Renal & Urology Network Frank Willis Renal Unit RHSC-Yorkhill Glasgow May 2009 Aetiology Differs from adults Varies with geography & over time Most have primary

More information

Oxalate (urine, plasma)

Oxalate (urine, plasma) Oxalate (urine, plasma) 1 Name and description of analyte 1.1 Name of analyte Oxalate 1.2 Alternative names 1.3 NLMC code To follow 1.4. Function of analyte Oxalate is a metabolic end product primarily

More information

Metabolic Abnormalities Associated With Renal Calculi in Patients with Horseshoe Kidneys

Metabolic Abnormalities Associated With Renal Calculi in Patients with Horseshoe Kidneys JOURNAL OF ENDOUROLOGY Volume 18, Number 2, March 2004 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Metabolic Abnormalities Associated With Renal Calculi in Patients with Horseshoe Kidneys GANESH V. RAJ, M.D., 1 BRIAN K. AUGE,

More information

Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic Nephropathy Diabetic Nephropathy Outline Introduction of diabetic nephropathy Manifestations of diabetic nephropathy Staging of diabetic nephropathy Microalbuminuria Diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy Treatment of

More information

Blood containing water, toxins, salts and acids goes in

Blood containing water, toxins, salts and acids goes in Page 1 Fact sheet What are kidney stones Your kidneys filter your blood and remove the extra waste and water as urine. Kidney stones form when some waste materials clump together to form a solid crystal.

More information

Association of serum biochemical metabolic panel with stone composition

Association of serum biochemical metabolic panel with stone composition bs_bs_banner International Journal of Urology (2015) 22, 195 199 doi: 10.1111/iju.12632 Original Article: Clinical Investigation Association of serum biochemical metabolic panel with stone composition

More information

Urinary stone distribution in Samawah: current status and variation with age and sex a cohort study

Urinary stone distribution in Samawah: current status and variation with age and sex a cohort study www.muthjm.com Muthanna Medical Journal 2015; 2(2):93-98 Urinary stone distribution in Samawah: current status and variation with age and sex a cohort study Saad Hallawee 1* The aim of the study was to

More information

-MICROGLOBULIN AS DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

-MICROGLOBULIN AS DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS JMB 2008; 27 (1) DOI: 10.2478/v10011-007-0047-z UDK 577.1 : 61 ISSN 1452-8258 JMB 27: 59 63, 2008 Original paper Originalni nau~ni rad ALANINE AMINOPEPTIDASE, g-glutamyl TNSFESE AND -MICROGLOBULIN AS DIAGNOSTIC

More information

Cardiac Pathophysiology

Cardiac Pathophysiology Cardiac Pathophysiology Evaluation Components Medical history Physical examination Routine laboratory tests Optional tests Medical History Duration and classification of hypertension. Patient history of

More information

Urinary system. Urinary system

Urinary system. Urinary system INTRODUCTION. Several organs system Produce urine and excrete it from the body Maintenance of homeostasis. Components. two kidneys, produce urine; two ureters, carry urine to single urinary bladder for

More information

ROTUNDA HOSPITAL DEPARTMENT OF LABORATORY MEDICINE

ROTUNDA HOSPITAL DEPARTMENT OF LABORATORY MEDICINE This active test table informs the user of Biochemistry tests available in house. s referred to other sites are recorded in the Referred Table. Issue date: 4 TH April 2016 Contact Phone Number ext.1345/2522

More information

T H E K I D N E Y F O U N D A T I O N O F C A N A D A

T H E K I D N E Y F O U N D A T I O N O F C A N A D A Kidney stones T H E K I D N E Y F O U N D A T I O N O F C A N A D A 1 Kidney stones What are the kidneys? The kidneys are the master chemists of the body. Normally, there are two of them, one on either

More information

Educational review: role of the pediatric nephrologists in the work-up and management of kidney stones

Educational review: role of the pediatric nephrologists in the work-up and management of kidney stones Pediatric Nephrology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-4179-9 EDUCATIONAL REVIEW Educational review: role of the pediatric nephrologists in the work-up and management of kidney stones Carmen Inés Rodriguez

More information

Biochemical parameters

Biochemical parameters Biochemical parameters Urea The liver produces urea if amino acids break down. Urea production is bigger after a protein rich meal and when endogenous catabolism is increased (infections, internal bleedings,

More information

Associated Terms: Bladder Stones, Ureteral Stones, Kidney Stones, Cystotomy, Urolithiasis, Cystic Calculi

Associated Terms: Bladder Stones, Ureteral Stones, Kidney Stones, Cystotomy, Urolithiasis, Cystic Calculi Associated Terms: Bladder Stones, Ureteral Stones, Kidney Stones, Cystotomy, Urolithiasis, Cystic Calculi The term "ACVS Diplomate" refers to a veterinarian who has been board certified in veterinary surgery.

More information