Intraocular Pressure in an American Community
|
|
- Adrian Bell
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 33, No. 7, June 1992 Copyright Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Intraocular Pressure in an American Community The Deover Dom Eye Study Barbara E. K. Klein, Ronald Klein, and Karhryn L. P. Linron The Beaver Dam Eye Study is a population-based study of age-related eye diseases in persons yr of age. Applanation tonometry was done on all study subjects. ean intraocular pressure (IOP) increased significantly with age. ean IOP differed little between the sexes and was not significantly different after age adjustment (in right eyes of 2721 women, it was 15.5 mm Hg, and in right eyes of 2135 men, it was mm Hg). There was an association of IOP with systolic and diastolic blood pressures, body mass index, hematocrit, serum glucose, glycohemoglobin, cholesterol level, pulse, nuclear sclerosis, season, and time of day of measurement. These data confirm that, in a general population, IOP is associated with important systemic and ocular characteristics. Those characteristics should be considered in further research on determinants of IOP. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33: , 1992 Intraocular pressure (IOP) is an inherent physiologic characteristic of importance in maintaining structure and function of the eye. Correlates of this measurement include other important physiologic parameters that may need to be considered in investigating determinants of IOP. Because IOP is the ocular parameter that is associated most commonly with glaucoma, 1 " 4 it may be important to evaluate these physiologic correlates of IOP; they may confound relationships between IOP and glaucoma. We briefly describe the distribution of IOP and investigate its correlates in the population participating in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. aterials and ethods A private census of Beaver Dam was done, and the procedures have been published elsewhere. 5 In brief, 6612 households were identified, of which 3715 had at least one occupant yr of age. Thereafter, each individual in the target age range was contacted for a study appointment. Three subjects were examined whose age was 86 yr at the time of testing. Their data are included in this report. Of the total of 5925 rom the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Wisconsin adison, adison, Wisconsin. Supported by National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, aryland) grant 5U10 EY (RK and BEKK). Presented in part at the Annual eeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Sarasota, lorida, April 28 to ay 3, Submitted for publication: October 2, 1991; accepted December 21, Reprint requests: Barbara E. K. Klein, D, PH, Department of Ophthalmology, 600 Highland Avenue, adison, WI persons in the target age range, 4926 were evaluated (83.14%). Relevant parts of the study evaluation included the date of birth and a history of ocular trauma, surgery, medications, glaucoma, and diabetes. ost of the participants were white (99.4%). Blood pressure was measured according to the Hypertension Detection and ollow-up Program protocol. 6 Height and weight were measured with a Health-o-eter scale (Continental Scale Corp., Bridgewater, IL). The IOP was measured with a Goldmann applanation tonometer. A drop of luress (Armour, Kankakee, IL) was instilled in each eye. The tonometer was set at 10. The measurement was taken as the examiner viewed the mires through the prism. When the end point was reached, the examiner moved the slit lamp away from the eye and recorded the reading. The procedure was repeated for the other eye. The time of measurement was recorded. Iris pigmentation was evaluated and compared with three standard color 35-mm slides. The protocol specifies categories of pigmentation from a lightly pigmented iris (blue) through a heavily pigmented one (brown). 7 After assessing anterior chamber depth, the pupils were dilated with one drop each of tropicamide 1% and phenylephrine 2.5%. When the pupils were dilated, a clinical assessment of the presence and severity of cataract was made, and photographs were taken with the illuminating beam at 45 to the viewing system. 7 These photographs subsequently were graded by comparison with standard photographs according to the protocol. 7 A blood specimen was obtained, and glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin were measured. The subjects were classified as having no diabetes if there was a negative history of 2224 Downloaded rom: on 09/02/2018
2 No. 7 INTRAOCULAR PRESSURES IN DEAVER DA / Klein er ol 2225 diabetes, blood glucose was less than 200 mg/dl, and glycosylated hemoglobin was within two standard deviations of the mean for the particular age-sex subgroup. Informed consent was obtained for each subject. We used the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, Cary, NC) to analyze the data. 8 Because the distribution of IOP does not differ from normality, parametric tests were chosen where applicable. Univariate associations with IOP were detected by Student's t-test, and analysis of variance techniques were used for categoric factors, with Pearson correlation coefficients for continuous factors. Confidence intervals for the correlation coefficients were calculated using the method developed by isher. 9 Results There was little difference between the mean IOP of right and left eyes (0.14 ± 2.11 m m Hg) or their association s with other variables. Therefore, data for right eyes only are presented. The distribution of IOP in the right eye by sex and age is given in Table 1. There was a small but significant change in mean IOP with increasing age (P < 0.05). We found IOP greater than 21 mm Hg to be more frequent in older age groups (P < 0.01, by test for trends). Women had higher mean IOP than did men, but the difference was not great and was only borderline significant (P = 0.06) when adjusted for age (by multiple-linear regression). During the interview, the participants were asked whether they had glaucoma or were receiving medication for this disease. The mean IOP was significantly higher (20.1 mm Hg) in those with a positive compared with a negative history ( mm Hg). We investigated the relationship between nuclear sclerosis and IOP (Table 2). There was a significant trend of increasing IOP with increasing severity of nuclear sclerosis. In those eyes that were either aphakic or had intraocular lens implants, the mean IOP was between the mean for those eyes in thefirsttwo categories of severity of nuclear sclerosis (Table 2). A history of other eye surgery or trauma was not associated with increased mean IOP. The participants were categorized as to definite, possible, or no history of diabetes. There was a significant difference between the IOP means among these groups (Table 2). There also was a seasonal effect on IOP; measurements during the summer months (July, August, and September) were significantly lower (15.2 mm Hg) than those during the winter months (January, arch, and April; 15.7 mm Hg). There was no significant effect of iris color, refractive error, cigarette smoking, or alcohol consumption on IOP. A history of cardiovascular disease was not related to IOP. Table 3 describes the multiple linear-regression analysis for the variables significantly associated with IOP. Data for persons who reported receiving medicine for glaucoma or who had had surgery for glaucoma were excluded from this analysis. Systolic blood pressure, time of day of examination, body mass index, glaucoma history, refractive error, cholesterol level, hematocrit, female sex, month of examination, pulse rate, severity of nuclear sclerosis, diastolic blood pressure, and glycosylated hemoglobin were all selected in the stepwise analysis. Age did not enter as a significant factor when considered with the other variables. Table 1. Percent distribution of intraocular pressure in right eyes by age and sex IOP (mm Hg) Age (years) Sex N ean SD TOTAL Twenty-seven "unreliable" and 43 "not obtainable" excluded from the analyses. Downloaded rom: on 09/02/2018
3 2226 INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE / June 1992 Vol. 33 Table 2. ean intraocular pressure in right eyes by subject characteristics Variable N ean (mm Hg) SD P value* Nuclear sclerosis <Stdl <Std2 <Std3 <Std4 >Std4 GC Aphakic or IOL Glaucoma Hx No Yes Diabetes status No Hx, but no meds/symptom Yes J J < < Trends test. Discussion The Beaver Dam Eye Study is a current large population-based study in American adults. It provides information about ocular and systemic parameters. Thus, it is possible to evaluate independent relationships of other physiologic features with IOP. In the future, such data will provide the opportunity to determine whether the other characteristics also influence or confound the relationship of IOP to disease (eg, glaucoma, altered retinal sensitivity, and decreased contrast sensitivity). There was a small positive relationship of age and IOP in the adults in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. Positive correlations of age and IOP in America and Europe have been reported in most studies of this relationship. 10 " 16 Both black and white Americans participated in the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A positive relationship was found in both groups. A negative association between these variables was seen in Japanese studies Whether this difference is related directly to specific ocular characteristics that differ between ethnic groups o mental effect is not known. Eye color was defined according to a scale of increasing pigmentation in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Standard 35-mm slide photographs were used by the examiner for comparison with the subject's iris. No relationship was seen between the degree of pigmentation and IOP. Although pigmentary glaucoma may be related to mechanical obstruction from pigment in the trabeculum, there is no evidence in these analyses to suggest that iris pigment plays a role in the height of the IOP level in the absence of characteristics of pigmentary glaucoma. Others reported an effect of iris color on IOP. 19 The difference between our findings and theirs may reflect differences in ethnicity between the study populations or chance. The severity of nuclear sclerosis was based on gradings of slit-lamp photographs according to the study protocol. 7 ' 20 It was correlated with a higher mean IOP. The finding that mean IOP in aphakic eyes or those with lens implants was similar to that found in those with less severe nuclear sclerosis is compatible with Table 3. ultiple regression analysis for intraocular pressure in right eyes Variable Coefficient P value Partial R 2 Total R 2 Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) Time of day of exam (hr) Body mass index Glaucoma history (yes/no) Refractive error (diopters) Cholesterol (mg/dl) Hematocrit (mm) Sex () onth of exam (1-12) Pulse (beats/min) Nuclear sclerosis Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) Glycosylated hemoglobin (%) Downloaded rom: on 09/02/2018
4 No. 7 INTRAOCULAR PRESSURES IN DEAVER DA / Klein er ol 2227 the hypothesis that there is a mechanical effect if a larger lens compromises aqueous outflow; this would be relieved by lens removal. Such an interpretation was suggested by some authors who observed amelioration of phacomorphic glaucoma after cataract surgery. 21 An alternative explanation may be that cataract surgery influences the aqueous physiology and leads to lower IOP. A history of diabetes and medications to lower blood sugar was elicited during the study interview. Those who said they had diabetes or were suspected of having it had a significantly higher mean IOP than those without diabetes. The IOP among the study participants in the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy were slightly higher than the mean of a nondiabetic comparison group evaluated at the same time. 13 Other investigators have found an increased frequency of elevated IOP in people with diabetes Although a physiologic explanation is unclear, the health care implication is that persons with diabetes may be at increased risk of glaucoma, and ophthalmologists who follow such persons should be evaluating the patient for the possible development of glaucoma. Other systemic factors may influence IOP. Blood pressure has been found in several studies to be associated significantly with 1OP There may be a direct effect of systolic blood pressure on ultrafiltration and, through this mechanism, on IOP Body mass index, a measure of obesity, was correlated positively with IOP. Others found a similar relationship of obesity with IOP. 25 Because corticosteroid secretion is increased in obese persons, this may explain this relationship. 30 echanically, it has been suggested that orbital pressure from excess fat may cause a rise in episcleral venous pressure and decreased outflow facility. 18 * 27 Diurnal IOP variation could not be assessed in our study; the participants only underwent one study examination. The time of the appointment depended only on scheduling concerns. Nevertheless, a pattern emerged of mean IOP tending to be higher earlier in the day. This finding was compatible with the report on the Bedford Glaucoma Survey; 32 positive screenings for glaucoma were more likely to occur in the morning. This relationship has important implications for those who treat people with glaucoma and who tailor this treatment to the IOP level. The pulse rate was found to be correlated to IOP in earlier studies An association of IOP with cholesterol level also was reported previously In addition, we found hematocrit was significantly related to IOP; similarly, hemoglobin and erythrocyte count were associated with IOP in another study. 25 The biologic importance of the association of these cardiovascular risk variables with IOP is unclear, but they appear to be more universal than just an ethnic variation. Seasonal variations were reported by others, 28 ' 33 with slightly higher pressures found in the winter months. We found a similar pattern in Beaver Dam. rom these earlier studies, we might question whether this represents a response of people from a northern European ethnic background or is related to the northern latitudes. However, one of these studies was conducted in Israel. 34 The seasonality may be related to the light, temperature, and humidity changes. There are other annual rhythms affecting physiologic systems. 33 The variation in IOP may be a result of these other physiologic changes or may be intrinsic to the regulatory systems in the eye. The relationships reported emphasize the physiologic interdependence of the eye with other organ systems. These relationships and the influence of external environmental conditions indicate that these too must be considered when studying IOP and its relationship to eye disease. Key words: intraocular pressure, epidemiology, Beaver Dam Eye Study, age-related eye diseases Acknowledgments The authors thank the community of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, and their health care providers for their enthusiastic cooperation throughout all phases of the study; oneen euer and Sarah Baumgart for project coordination; Stacy euer for photograph management; Barbara Houser for data management; Ann Varda, Anik Ganguly, and Karl Jensen for programming and computing; Yvonne. Bellay, Dayna S. Dalton, Norma Dorn, Kathy Peterson, and Kathryn Burke for examining all subjects; ichael Neider for photography training and equipment design; Carol Hoyer, Deborah Reiderer, aria Swift, and A. Jeffrey Whitehead for photograph grading; Helen Soldner for reception; David L. Deets for statistical advice; and Julie K. Olson, Kristine A. Tway, and Luann Soule for manuscript preparation. References 1. Kolker AE and Hetherington Jr, editors: Becker-Shaffer's Diagnosis and Therapy of the Glaucomas, 5th ed. St. Louis, CVosby, 1983, p Leske C: The epidemiology of open-angle glaucoma: A review. Am J Epidemiol 118:166, Armaly, Krueger DE, aunder L, et al: Biostatistical analysis of the collaborative glaucoma study: I. Summary report of theriskfactors for glaucomatous visualfielddefects. Arch Ophthalmol 98:2163, Sommer A: Intraocular pressure and glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 107:186, Campbell JA and Palit CD: Total digit dialing for a small area census by phone. In Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research ethods. Alexandria, VA, American Statistical Association, 1988, pp Hypertension Detection and ollow-up Program Cooperative Downloaded rom: on 09/02/2018
5 2228 INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE / June 1992 Vol. 33 Group. The hypertension detection and follow-up program. Prev ed 5:207, Klein BEK, agli, YL, Neider W, and Klein R: Wisconsin System for Classification of Cataracts from Photographs. Springfield, VA, National Technical Information Service. NTIS Accession No. PB , 1990, pp SAS Institute: SAS User's Guide: Statistics, version 5. Cary, NC, SAS Institute, 1985, pp , Snedecor GE and Cochran WG. Statistical ethods, 6th ed. Ames, I A, Iowa University Press, 1979, p Graham P: Epidemiology of simple glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Br J Ophthalmol 56:223, Hollows C and Graham PA: Intraocular pressure, glaucoma and glaucoma suspects in a defined population. Br J Ophthalmol 50:570, Klein BEK and Klein R: Intraocular pressure and cardiovascular risk variables. Arch Ophthalmol 99:837, Klein BEK, Klein R, and oss SE: Intraocular pressure in diabetic persons. Ophthalmology 91:1356, Seddon J, Schwartz B, and lowerdew G: Case-control study of ocular hypertension. Arch Ophthalmol 101:891, Goedbloed J, Schappert-Kimmijser J, Donders PC, et al: requency distribution of the intraocular pressure in the Netherlands. Ophthalmologica 141:481, Armaly : On the distribution of applanation pressure in the normal eye. Arch Ophthalmol 78:187, Kurokawa : Studies on the normal intraocular pressure. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 73:112, Shiose Y and Kawase Y: A new approach to stratified normal intraocular pressure in a general population. Am J Ophthalmol 101:714, Hiller R, Sperduto RD, and Krueger DE: Race, iris pigmentation, and intraocular pressure. Am J Epidemiol 115:674, Klein BEK, Klein R, Linton KLP, et al: Assessment of cataracts from photographs in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 97:1428, Jaffe NS, Jaffe S, and Jaffe G: Cataract Surgery and Its Implications, 5th ed. St. Louis, CV osby, 1990, pp Traisman HS, Alfano JE, Andrews J, and Gatti R: Intraocular pressure in juvenile diabetics. Am J Ophthalmol 64:1149, Carel RS, Korczyn AD, Rock, et al: Association between ocular pressures and health parameters. Ophthalmology 91:311, Christiansson J: Intraocular pressure in diabetes mellitus. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 39:155, Shiose Y: The aging effect on intraocular pressure in an apparently normal population. Arch Ophthalmol 102:883, Leske C and Podgor J: Intraocular pressure: Cardiovascular risk variables and visual field defects. Am J Epidemiol 118:280, Bulpitt CJ, Hodes C, and Everitt G: Intraocular pressure and systemic blood pressure in the elderly. Br J Ophthalmol 59:717, Bengtsson B: Some factors affecting the distribution of intraocular pressure in a population. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 50:33, cleod SD, West SK, Quigley HA, and ozard JL: A longitudinal study of the relationship between intraocular and blood pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:2361, Schteingart DE: Characteristics of increased adrenocortical function observed in many obese persons. Ann N Y Acad Sci 131:388, Kahn LA, Leibowitz H, Ganley JP, et al: The ramingham Eye Study: 2. Association of ophthalmic pathology with single variables previously measured in the ramingham Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 106:33, Perkins ES: The Bedford Glaucoma Survey II: Rescreening of normal population. Br J Ophthalmol 57:186, Blumenthal, Blumenthal R, Peritz E, and Best : Seasonal variation in intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol 69:608, Downloaded rom: on 09/02/2018
ALTHOUGH OCULAR hypertension
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS Association of Demographic, Familial, Medical, and Ocular Factors With Intraocular Pressure LeAnn M. Weih, PhD; Bickol N. Mukesh, PhD; Catherine A. McCarty, PhD; Hugh R.
More informationSpontaneous Intraocular Pressure Reduction in Normal-Tension Glaucoma and Associated Clinical Factors
CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS Spontaneous Intraocular Pressure Reduction in Normal-Tension Glaucoma and Associated Clinical Factors Akihiro Oguri, Tetsuya Yamamoto and Yoshiaki Kitazawa Department of Ophthalmology,
More informationOptic Disc Cupping: Four Year Follow-up from the WESDR
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 30, o., February 989 Copyright Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Optic Disc Cupping: Four Year Follow-up from the WER Barbara E. K.
More informationPrevalence Of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in Diabetic Patients
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-issn: 2279-0853, p-issn: 2279-0861.Volume 16, Issue 6 Ver. III (June. 2017), PP 147-151 www.iosrjournals.org Prevalence Of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
More informationOptic Disc Cupping: Prevalence Findings from the WESDR
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol., o. 2, February 1989 Copyright Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Optic Disc Cupping: Prevalence Findings from the WER Barbara E. K.
More informationIntraocular Pressure, Ocular Hypertension, and Glaucoma : A Comparison of White and Blue Collar Workers
Intraocular Pressure, Ocular Hypertension, and Glaucoma : A Comparison of White and Blue Collar Workers Imran Ahmad QURESH11 and Xiao Rong X12 'Department of Physiology Shanghai Medical University, Rawalpindi
More informationFamily studies in glaucoma
Brit. j. Ophthal. (I 974) 58, 529 Family studies in glaucoma E. S. PERKINS Institute of Ophthalmology, University of London There is now strong evidence for a genetic basis to glaucoma. Numerous family
More informationPrevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Non-insulin-
b~3!+;j&&;,';:5j :.:,:-. i". < Thai J Ophthalmol Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Non-insulin- - de-pendent Diabetes ellitus Patients Somsanguan Ausayakhun.D.,.H.Scl, Jit Jiraratsatit.D., Dr. ed2
More informationRelationship between Diabetes and Intraocular Pressure
Relationship between Diabetes and Intraocular Pressure Mohammad Khalaj, Sajjad Fereydooni, and Ameneh Barikani Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran ORIGINAL
More informationEffect of brimonidine on intraocular pressure in normal tension glaucoma: A short term clinical trial
European Journal of Ophthalmology / Vol. 13 no. 7, 2003 / pp. 611-615 Effect of brimonidine on intraocular pressure in normal tension glaucoma: A short term clinical trial S.A. GANDOLFI, L. CIMINO, P.
More informationELEVATED INTRAOCULAR PRESsure
EPIDEMIOLOGY Nine-Year Changes in Intraocular Pressure The Barbados Eye Studies Sun-Yuh Wu, MA; Barbara Nemesure, PhD; Anselm Hennis, FRCP(UK), PhD; M. Cristina Leske, MD, MPH; for the Barbados Eye Studies
More informationAssociation of Retinal Vessel Caliber to Optic Disc and Cup Diameters. Kristine E. Lee, Barbara Eden Kobrin Klein, Ronald Klein, and Stacy M.
Association of Retinal Vessel Caliber to Optic Disc and Cup Diameters Kristine E. Lee, Barbara Eden Kobrin Klein, Ronald Klein, and Stacy M. Meuer PURPOSE. To investigate whether optic disc size is related
More informationDr Taha Abdel Monein Labib Professor of Eye Surgery Cairo University.
Dr Taha Abdel Monein Labib Professor of Eye Surgery Cairo University. Although the clinical picture of glaucoma is well described, the exact mechanism leading to this specific type of damage to the optic
More informationIntraocular pressure, systemic blood pressure, and
g i MEDICAL MONTEFIORE MLDK'\?TA L.,PA British Journal of Ophthalmology, 1987, 71, 245-249 Intraocular pressure, systemic blood pressure, and age: a correlational study MICHAEL SCHULZER' AND STEPHEN M
More informationRelationship between Intra Ocular Pressure and Some Risk Factors, In Northern Iran
Available online at www.ijmrhs.com ISSN : 2319-5886 International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences, 2016, 5, 4:104-110 Relationship between Intra Ocular Pressure and Some Risk Factors, In
More informationThe New England Journal of Medicine USE OF INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS AND THE RISK OF CATARACTS
USE OF INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS AND THE RISK OF CATARACTS ROBERT G. CUMMING, M.B., B.S., PH.D., PAUL MITCHELL, M.D., AND STEPHEN R. LEEDER, M.B., B.S., PH.D. ABSTRACT Background The use of systemic corticosteroids
More informationCLINICAL SCIENCES. Results After Lens Extraction in Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 25
CLINICAL SCIENCES Results After Lens Extraction in Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 25 Emily Y. Chew, MD; William E. Benson, MD; Nancy A. Remaley,
More informationIntro to Glaucoma/2006
Intro to Glaucoma/2006 Managing Patients with Glaucoma is Exciting Interesting Challenging But can often be frustrating! Clinical Challenges To identify patients with risk factors for possible glaucoma.
More informationCLINICAL SCIENCES. Selected Sun-Sensitizing Medications and Incident Cataract
CLINICAL SCIENCES Selected Sun-Sensitizing Medications and Incident Cataract Barbara E. K. Klein, MD, MPH; Kristine E. Lee, MS; Lorraine G. Danforth, BS; Tracie M. Schaich, BS; Karen J. Cruickshanks, PhD;
More informationDR.RUPNATHJI( DR.RUPAK NATH )
34. Screening for Glaucoma Burden of Suffering RECOMMENDATION There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening for intraocular hypertension or glaucoma by primary care clinicians.
More informationScanning Laser Tomography to Evaluate Optic Discs of Normal Eyes
Scanning Laser Tomography to Evaluate Optic Discs of Normal Eyes Hiroshi Nakamura,* Toshine Maeda,* Yasuyuki Suzuki and Yoichi Inoue* *Eye Division of Olympia Medical Clinic, Tokyo, Japan; Department of
More information2. THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA
2. THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA Incidence and Prevalence The exact incidence and prevalence of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in the elderly are unknown. Studies in the United States and Europe have
More informationRisk Factors for Open-Angle Glaucoma in a Japanese Population
Risk Factors for Open-Angle Glaucoma in a Japanese Population The Tajimi Study Yasuyuki Suzuki, MD, PhD, 1 Aiko Iwase, MD, PhD, 2 Makoto Araie, MD, PhD, 3 Tetsuya Yamamoto, MD, PhD, 4 Haruki Abe, MD, PhD,
More informationPREVALENCE OF GLAUCOMA AMONG FISHERMEN COMMUNITY OF MUNDRA TALUKA OF KUTCH DISTRICT- A CROSS- SECTIONAL STUDY
ORIGINAL RESEARCH PREVALENCE OF GLAUCOMA AMONG FISHERMEN COMMUNITY OF MUNDRA TALUKA OF KUTCH DISTRICT- A CROSS- SECTIONAL STUDY Sanjay Upadhyay 1, Jayantilal Shah 2 1 Assistant Professor, 2 Associate Professor,
More informationDiabetic retinopathy in Victoria, Australia: the Visual Impairment Project
Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:865 870 865 Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia R McKay C A McCarty H R Taylor Correspondence to: Cathy McCarty, Centre for Eye Research
More informationIncidence of manifest glaucoma
Incidence of manifest glaucoma BO BENGTSSON British Journal of Ophthalmology, 1989, 73, 483-487 From the Departments ofresearch in Primary Health Care and Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Lund,
More informationGLAUCOMA REPEAT READINGS PATHWAY
GLAUCOMA REPEAT READINGS PATHWAY Level 1a: Goldmann style applanation tonometry repeat readings A first level community service for IOP refinement where other signs of glaucoma are not present will reduce
More informationProvocative testing for primary open-angle glaucoma in "senior citizens" Norman Ballin* and Bernard Becker
Provocative testing for primary open-angle glaucoma in "senior citizens" Norman Ballin* and Bernard Becker A group of "senior citizens" was studied with respect to applanation pressures, water-provocative
More informationEPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS. Hormone Replacement Therapy and Lens Opacities
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Lens Opacities The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS Ellen E. Freeman, BA; Beatriz Munoz, MSc; Oliver D. Schein, MD; Sheila K. West, PhD Background:
More informationEffects of cigarette smoking on intraocular
British Journal of Ophthalmology, 1978, 62, 682-687 Effects of cigarette smoking on intraocular pressure and vision ROY J. SHEPHARD, ELLENOR PONSFORD, P. K. BASU, AND ROBERT LABARRE From the Department
More informationRetinal Nerve Fiber Layer Measurements in Myopia Using Optical Coherence Tomography
Original Article Philippine Journal of OPHTHALMOLOGY Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Measurements in Myopia Using Optical Coherence Tomography Dennis L. del Rosario, MD and Mario M. Yatco, MD University of Santo
More informationSyllabus-Ophthalmology Rotation Course: Objectives & Goals LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO STRITCH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
Syllabus-Ophthalmology Rotation Course: Objectives & Goals LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO STRITCH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE Department of Ophthalmology Course Objectives: By Core Competencies GENERAL INFORMATION:
More informationNeovascular Glaucoma Associated with Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Combined with Perfused Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Neovascular Glaucoma Associated with Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Combined with Perfused Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Man-Seong Seo,* Jae-Moon Woo* and Jeong-Jin Seo *Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam
More informationPRESCRIBING IN GLAUCOMA: GUIDELINES FOR NZ OPTOMETRISTS
PRESCRIBING IN GLAUCOMA: GUIDELINES FOR NZ OPTOMETRISTS Introduction Independent prescribing relates to the capacity to use clinical judgement in respect of diagnosis and treatment. It does not mean working
More informationHaemorrhagic glaucoma
Brit. j. Ophthal. (I97I) 55, 444 Haemorrhagic glaucoma Comparative study in diabetic and nondiabetic patients P. H. MADSEN From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Internal Medicine, the University Hospital,
More informationThe Effect of Pupil Dilation on Scanning Laser Polarimetry With Variable Corneal Compensation
C L I N I C A L S C I E N C E The Effect of Pupil Dilation on Scanning Laser Polarimetry With Variable Corneal Compensation Amjad Horani, MD; Shahar Frenkel, MD, PhD; Eytan Z. Blumenthal, MD BACKGROUND
More information1/31/2018. Course Objectives. Diagnostic Testing. Optic Nerve Damage ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF A GLAUCOMA WORK-UP/TONOMETRY TECHNICIAN: -SDP
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF A GLAUCOMA WORK-UP/TONOMETRY KNOW THE DISEASE PROCESS TECHNICIAN: EXPLAIN PROCESS OF EXAMINATION Presenters: Dana McMahan, COA Nicole Smith, COA Engage with patient s, help alleviate
More informationAnterior segment imaging
Article Date: 11/1/2016 Anterior segment imaging AS OCT vs. UBM vs. endoscope; case based approaches BY BENJAMIN BERT, MD, FACS AND BRIAN FRANCIS, MD, MS Currently, numerous imaging modalities are available
More informationFluctuation of Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma Progression in the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial
Fluctuation of Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma Progression in the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial Boel Bengtsson, PhD, 1 M. Cristina Leske, MD, MPH, 2 Leslie Hyman, PhD, 2 Anders Heijl, MD, PhD, 1 Early
More informationUse of eye care services by people with diabetes: the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project
410 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia C A McCarty C W Lloyd-Smith P M Livingston Y L Stanislavsky H R Taylor Victorian WorkCover Authority, Melbourne, Australia
More informationCorrelating central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in ocular hypertension and glaucoma
VOL. 3 NO. 1 PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF Ophthalmology JANUARY ORIGINAL ARTICLE JUNE 07 Jonathan G. Soriano, MD 1 Ma. Margarita L. Lat-Luna, MD 1, 3 Patricia M. Khu, MD 1, 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual
More information4/06/2013. Medication Observation POAG. Proportion. Native American 0.1% 0.4%
Clinical Research in Glaucoma: Putting Science into Practice J. James Thimons, O.D., FAAO Chairman, National Glaucoma Society www.nationalglaucomasociety.org Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS)
More informationOcular Hypotensive Efficacy of Netarsudil Ophthalmic Solution 0.02% Over a 24-Hour Period: A Pilot Study
Ocular Hypotensive Efficacy of Netarsudil Ophthalmic Solution 0.02% Over a 24-Hour Period: A Pilot Study James H. Peace, M.D. 1, Casey K. Kopczynski, Ph.D. 2, and Theresa Heah, M.D. 2 1 Inglewood, CA 2
More informationCommunity Eye Care Pathway Developments in South Staffs (or: How we Bridge the North/South Divide )
Community Eye Care Pathway Developments in South Staffs (or: How we Bridge the North/South Divide ) Mark McCracken Joint Vice Chair (South) Staffordshire LOC Staffordshire Community Eye Care Pathways North
More informationAbnormal intraocular pressure control
British Journal of Ophthalmology, 1980, 64, 845-851 Abnormal intraocular pressure control in systemic hypertension and diabetic mellitus BILLIE I. WILLIAMS,' W. S. PEART,1 AND E. LETLEY2 From the 'Medical
More informationCollaboration in the care of glaucoma patients and glaucoma suspects. Barry Emara MD FRCS(C) Nico Ristorante November 29, 2012
Collaboration in the care of glaucoma patients and glaucoma suspects Barry Emara MD FRCS(C) Nico Ristorante November 29, 2012 Goals of Collaboration Patient-centred and evidence based approach Timely access
More informationThe evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer in pigment dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucoma using scanning laser polarimetry
European Journal of Ophthalmology / Vol. 13 no. 4, 2003 / pp. 377-382 The evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer in pigment dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucoma using scanning laser polarimetry
More informationInternational Journal of Health Sciences and Research ISSN:
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Original Research Article Conversion of Ocular Hypertensives into Glaucoma: A Retrospective Study Aditi Singh 1, Shibi
More informationGlaucoma is the leading cause of blindness worldwide
ORIGINAL STUDY Relationship Between Serum Glucose Levels and Intraocular Pressure, a Population-based Cross-sectional Study Eytan Cohen, MD,*wz Michal Kramer, MD,zy Tzippy Shochat, MSC,8 Elad Goldberg,
More informationSTUDY OF EFFECTIVENESS OF LENS EXTRACTION AND PCIOL IMPLANTATION IN PRIMARY ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA Sudhakar Rao P 1, K. Revathy 2, T.
STUDY OF EFFECTIVENESS OF LENS EXTRACTION AND PCIOL IMPLANTATION IN PRIMARY ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA Sudhakar Rao P 1, K. Revathy 2, T. Sreevathsala 3 HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Sudhakar Rao P, K. Revathy,
More informationCommon Causes of Vision Loss
Common Causes of Vision Loss Learning Objectives To identify the most common causes of vision loss in the United States To differentiate the most common forms of agerelated macular degeneration and diabetic
More informationFrequently Asked Questions about General Ophthalmology:
1. Normal Eye Structure The eye is a slightly asymmetrical globe, about an inch in diameter. The parts of the eye include: Cornea (a clear dome over the iris), Iris (the pigmented part); Pupil (the black
More informationAcute Effects of Dexomethosone on Intraocular Pressure in Glaucoma
Acute Effects of Dexomethosone on Intraocular Pressure in Glaucoma Robert N. Weinreb,* Jon W. Polansky,* Steven G. Kramer,* and John D. Doxrerf The effects of mg orally administered dexamethasone on the
More informationThe optic disc in glaucoma. IV: Optic disc
British Journal of Ophthalmology, 1980, 64, 232-239 The optic disc in glaucoma. IV: Optic disc evaluation in the ocular hypertensive patient R. A. HITCHINGS AND C. A. WHEEER From the Department of Ophthalmology,
More informationComplication and Visual Outcome after Peadiatric Cataract Surgery with or Without Intra Ocular Lens Implantation
Original Article Complication and Visual Outcome after Peadiatric with or Without Intra Ocular Lens Implantation Mazhar-ul-Hasan, Umair A. Qidwai, Aziz-ur-Rehman, Nasir Bhatti, Rashid H. Alvi Pak J Ophthalmol
More informationORIGINAL INVESTIGATION. C-Reactive Protein Concentration and Incident Hypertension in Young Adults
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION C-Reactive Protein Concentration and Incident Hypertension in Young Adults The CARDIA Study Susan G. Lakoski, MD, MS; David M. Herrington, MD, MHS; David M. Siscovick, MD, MPH; Stephen
More informationEffects of Dilation on Electronic-ETDRS Visual Acuity in Diabetic Patients
Effects of Dilation on Electronic-ETDRS Visual Acuity in Diabetic Patients The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation
More informationRole of Central Corneal Thickness in Circadian Intraocular Pressure Fluctuations among Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
Role of Central Corneal Thickness in Circadian Intraocular Pressure Fluctuations among Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Mohannad Albdour MD*, Karanjit Kooner MD, PHD** ABSTRACT Objectives: To
More informationLOCSU Community Services. Glaucoma Repeat Readings & OHT Monitoring Community Service Pathway. Issued by Local Optical Committee Support Unit May 2009
LOCSU Community Services Glaucoma Repeat Readings & OHT Monitoring Community Service Pathway Issued by Local Optical Committee Support Unit May 2009 [Revised May 2016, Version 3.3] Contents Page Executive
More informationCHAPTER 6 EXAMINATION SCHEDULE 6.1 OVERVIEW OF SCHEDULE AND DESCRIPTION OF PARTICIPANT VISITS
CHAPTER 6 EXAMINATION SCHEDULE 6.1 OVERVIEW OF SCHEDULE AND DESCRIPTION OF PARTICIPANT VISITS This chapter presents the examination schedule for AREDS participants during Phase II, highlighting the important
More informationSpeaker Disclosure Statement. " Dr. Tim Maillet and Dr. Vladimir Kozousek have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Speaker Disclosure Statement Dr. Tim Maillet and Dr. Vladimir Kozousek have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Diabetes Morbidity Diabetes doubles the risk of stroke. Diabetes quadruples the risk of
More informationMegalocornea is a non-progressive, uniformly
Case Report 191 Anterior Megalophthalmos Chien-Kuang Tsai, MD; Ing-Chou Lai, MD; Hsi-Kung Kuo, MD; Mei-Chung Teng, MD; Po-Chiung Fang, MD We describe a 36-year-old female who suffered from presenile cataract
More informationGoals. Glaucoma PARA PEARL TO DO. Vision Loss with Glaucoma
Glaucoma Janet R. Fett, OD Drs. Kincaid, Fett and Tharp So Sioux City, NE eyewear21@hotmail.com Goals Understand Glaucoma Disease process Understand how your data (objective and subjective) assists in
More informationComparison of Optic Disc Topography Measured by Retinal Thickness Analyzer with Measurement by Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II
Comparison of Optic Disc Topography Measured by Retinal Analyzer with Measurement by Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II Noriko Itai*, Masaki Tanito*, and Etsuo Chihara* *Senshokai Eye Institute, Uji, Kyoto,
More information9/25/2017 CASE. 67 years old On 2 topical meds since 3 years. Rx: +3.0 RE LE
CASE 67 years old On 2 topical meds since 3 years Rx: +3.0 /-0.5@65 RE +2.5/-0.5@115 LE IOP : 17 RE 19 LE CD: 0.5 RE 0.6 LE 1 67 years old On 2 topical meds since 3 years Rx: +3.0 /-0.5@65 RE +2.5/-0.5@115
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Lin H-C, Stein JD, Nan B, et al. Association of geroprotective effects of metformin and risk of open-angle glaucoma in persons with diabetes mellitus. JAMA Ophthalmol. Published
More informationMedical Policy An independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association
Pachymetry Page 1 of 8 Medical Policy An independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Title: Pachymetry Professional Institutional Original Effective Date: March 11, 2004 Original Effective
More informationThe Effect of Phacoemulsification with Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Implantation on Intraocular Pressure and Anterior Chamber Depth
The Effect of Phacoemulsification with Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Implantation on Intraocular Pressure and Anterior Chamber Depth Mohammad Javad Mohamadi, MD 1 Reza Soltani Moghadam, MD 1 Hasan
More informationManual. Manual Welsh Eye Care Initiative. A Welsh Eye Care Initiative. Protocol. The Assessment and Management of Age-related Macular Degeneration
A Protocol 1.0 Definitions The following terms are important in this text: Wet Macular Degeneration Condition caused by the growth of abnormal blood vessels under the retina. Symptoms appear suddenly and
More informationLOCSU Community Services. Glaucoma Repeat Readings & OHT Monitoring Community Service Pathway. Issued by Local Optical Committee Support Unit May 2009
LOCSU Community Services Glaucoma Repeat Readings & OHT Monitoring Community Service Pathway Issued by Local Optical Committee Support Unit May 2009 [Revised November 2013] Contents Page Executive Summary...
More informationAndrew Francis, MSIII Boston University School of Medicine Unite For Sight Chapter President and Global Impact Volunteer ACCRA, GHANA
Andrew Francis, MSIII Boston University School of Medicine Unite For Sight Chapter President and Global Impact Volunteer ACCRA, GHANA Acknowledgements Thank you My project is funded by a grant from the
More informationMANY STUDIES HAVE INvestigated
EPIDEMIOLOGY Age-Related Eye Disease, Visual Impairment, and Survival The Beaver Dam Eye Study Michael D. Knudtson, MS; Barbara E. K. Klein, MD, MPH; Ronald Klein, MD, MPH Objective: To investigate the
More informationRelation & Association of Mean Ocular Perfusion Pressure in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-issn: 2279-0853, p-issn: 2279-0861.Volume 16, Issue 5 Ver. XII (May. 2017), PP 54-58 www.iosrjournals.org Relation & Association of Mean Ocular
More informationPRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA AND INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION
74 EAST AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL February 2009 East African Medical Journal Vol. 86 No.2 February 2009 PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA AND INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION A.O. Onakoya,
More informationOptometric Cataract Refined Referral
Optometric Cataract Refined Referral Guidance Notes for Optometrists Version Control: v1: April 2013 v2: August 2015 REFINED CATARACT REFERRAL PATHWAY GUIDANCE FOR OPTOMETRISTS Background Approximately
More informationEvaluation of the Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on Corneal Biomechanics
The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine (January 2019) Vol. 74 (4), Page 782-788 Abd Elmagid Mohamed Tag Eldin, Abdulmoez Haddad Ahmed, Amr Khalil Abdelmonem* Ophthalmology department, Faculty of Medicine,
More informationOcular hypertension-a long-term follow-up of treated and untreated patients
British Jouirnal of Ophthalmology, 1977, 61, 668-674 Ocular hypertension-a long-term follow-up of treated and untreated patients ROBERT DVID, DESIREE G LIVINGSTON, ND MURICE H LUNTZ From the Department
More informationManagement of Angle Closure Glaucoma Hospital Authority Convention 18 May 2015
Management of Angle Closure Glaucoma Hospital Authority Convention 18 May 2015 Jimmy Lai Clinical Professor Department of Ophthalmology The University of Hong Kong 1 Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma PACG
More informationAmin Aboali Hassan. Department Of Ophthalmology, Sohag University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt
Three -Year Incidence and Risk Factors for Retinal Vein Occlusion in Sohag University Hospital Amin Aboali Hassan Department Of Ophthalmology, Sohag University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University,
More informationA Study to Compare The Efficacy of 0.5% Timolol Eye Drops Versus 0.2% Brimonidine Eye Drops in Management of Rise In Iop Following Nd-Yag Capsulotomy
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-issn: 2279-0853, p-issn: 2279-0861.Volume 16, Issue 9 Ver. II (Sep. 2017), PP 71-76 www.iosrjournals.org A Study to Compare The Efficacy of 0.5%
More informationDr. Harvey Richman, OD, FAAO, FCOVD Diplomate American Board of Optometry Executive Committee AOA Third Party Center Founder Ask the AOA Coding
Dr. Harvey Richman, OD, FAAO, FCOVD Diplomate American Board of Optometry Executive Committee AOA Third Party Center Founder Ask the AOA Coding Experts 92000 Codes Special Ophthalmological Services Describe
More informationMEDICAL POLICY SUBJECT: CORNEAL ULTRASOUND PACHYMETRY. POLICY NUMBER: CATEGORY: Technology Assessment
MEDICAL POLICY SUBJECT: CORNEAL ULTRASOUND,, PAGE: 1 OF: 5 If a product excludes coverage for a service, it is not covered, and medical policy criteria do not apply. If a commercial product, including
More informationNERVE FIBER LAYER THICKNESS IN NORMALS AND GLAUCOMA PATIENTS
Nerve fiber layer thickness in normals and glaucoma patients 403 NERVE FIBER LAYER THICKNESS IN NORMALS AND GLAUCOMA PATIENTS HIROTAKA SUZUMURA, KAYOKO HARASAWA, AKIKO KOBAYASHI and NARIYOSHI ENDO Department
More informationEfficacy of latanoprost in management of chronic angle closure glaucoma. Kumar S 1, Malik A 2 Singh M 3, Sood S 4. Abstract
Original article Efficacy of latanoprost in management of chronic angle closure glaucoma Kumar S 1, Malik A 2 Singh M 3, Sood S 4 1 Associate Professor, 2 Assistant Professor, 4 Professor, Department of
More informationT.opically applied corticoids were shown to produce in man an increase in intraocular pressure, a reduction in outflow facility,
Aqueous outflow facility in monkeys and the effect of topical corticoids Mansour F. Armaly The ocular effects of topically applied dexamethasone 21-phosphate and subconjunctivally administered methylprednisolone
More informationand at the same patient encounter. Code has been deleted. For scanning computerized ophthalmic diagnostic imaging of optic nerve and retin
92227: Remote imaging for detection of retinal disease (eg, retinopathy in a patient with diabetes) with analysis and report under physician supervision, unilateral or bilateral. For Medicare, bill only
More informationGlaucoma at a tertiary referral eye hospital in Nepal
Original article Glaucoma at a tertiary referral eye hospital in Nepal Paudyal I 1,Thapa S S 1, Paudyal G 2, Gurung R 2, Ruit S 2 1 Nepal Glaucoma Eye Clinic, Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu,
More informationCase Study. Monocular Malignant Melanoma
Case Study Monocular Malignant Melanoma Case History A 52 year old Caucasian female presented with a number of naevi on the skin and a right ciliary body malignant melanoma twelve years ago and had an
More informationTraining Checking Vision Tonometry
Training 101-2 Checking Vision Tonometry Checking Vision The classic example of an eye chart is the Snellen eye chart, in general they show 11 rows of capital letters. The top row contains one letter (usually
More informationNEPTUNE RED BANK BRICK
NEPTUNE RED BANK BRICK Diabetes & The Eye Diabetics are more likely to develop Cataracts at a younger age. Diabetics are twice as likely to develop Glaucoma when compared to non-diabetics. The primary
More informationPrevalence estimates indicate the burden of a condition (e.g.,
Special Issue The alence of Age-Related Eye Diseases and Visual Impairment in Aging: Current Estimates Ronald Klein and Barbara E. K. Klein Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of
More informationEVALUATION OF SUSTAINED-RELEASE ACETAZOLAMIDE*t
Brit. J. Ophthal. (1963) 47, 31. From the EVALUATION OF SUSTAINED-RELEASE ACETAZOLAMIDE*t BY CARLOS MESTRE, MILES A. GALIN, AND JOHN M. McLEANt Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology) of The New York Hospital-Cornell
More informationVISUAL IMPAIRMENTincreases
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS Age-Specific Causes of Bilateral Visual Impairment LeAnn M. Weih, PhD, MSc; Mylan R. VanNewkirk, MD, FRACO; Catherine A. McCarty, PhD, MPH; Hugh R. Taylor, MD, FRACO Objectives:
More informationOptometric Postoperative Cataract Surgery Management
Financial Disclosures Optometric Postoperative Cataract Surgery Management David Dinh, OD Oak Cliff Eye Clinic Dallas Eye Consultants March 10, 2015 Comanagement Joint cooperation between two or more specialists
More informationUnilateral glaucoma. (Itienne, i969a). The earlier publications are unhelpful because of the lack of differentiation
254 Unilateral glaucoma R. 1:TIENNE Lyon, France Unilateral glaucoma is usually secondary, and a careful systematic ocular examination may help to detect the reason for the hypertension. Much more interesting
More informationDry Eye Assessment and Management Study ELIGIBILITY OCULAR EVALUATION FORM
Page 1 of 13 BEFORE COMPLETING THE OCULAR EXAMINATION, YOU MUST BE ABLE TO ANSWER YES TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: Have you done MMP9? (SVonly) The Following are done at Baseline: Have you done Tear Osmolarity?
More informationDiabetes mellitus: A risk factor affecting visual outcome in branch retinal vein occlusion
European Journal of Ophthalmology / Vol. 13 no. 7, 2003 / pp. 648-652 Diabetes mellitus: A risk factor affecting visual outcome in branch retinal vein occlusion J. SWART 1,2, J.W. REICHERT-THOEN 1, M.S.
More informationThe Common Clinical Competency Framework for Non-medical Ophthalmic Healthcare Professionals in Secondary Care
The Common Clinical Competency Framework for Non-medical Ophthalmic Healthcare Professionals in Secondary Care Glaucoma November 2016 Association of Health Professions in Ophthalmology General basic competences
More informationGlaucoma. Glaucoma. Optic Disc Cupping
Glaucoma What is Glaucoma? Bruce James A group of diseases in which damage to the optic nerve occurs as a result of intraocualar pressure being above the physiological norm for that eye Stoke Mandeville
More information