Value of Point-of-care Ketones in Assessing Dehydration and Acidosis in Children With Gastroenteritis
|
|
- Georgiana Barnett
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION Value of Point-of-care Ketones in Assessing Dehydration and Acidosis in Children With Gastroenteritis Jason A. Levy, MD, Mark Waltzman, MD, Michael C. Monuteaux, ScD, and Richard G. Bachur, MD Abstract Objectives: Children with gastroenteritis often develop dehydration with metabolic acidosis. Serum ketones are frequently elevated in this population. The goal was to determine the relationship between initial serum ketone concentration and both the degree of dehydration and the magnitude of acidosis. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a prospective trial of crystalloid administration for rapid rehydration. Children 6 months to 6 years of age with gastroenteritis and dehydration were enrolled. A point-of-care serum ketone (beta-hydroxybutyrate) concentration was obtained at the time of study enrollment. The relationship between initial serum ketone concentration and a prospectively assigned and previously validated clinical dehydration score, and serum bicarbonate concentration, was analyzed. Results: A total of 188 patients were enrolled. The median serum ketone concentration was elevated at 3.1 mmol/l (interquartile range [IQR] = 1.2 to 4.6 mmol/l), and the median dehydration score was consistent with moderate dehydration. A significant positive relationship was found between serum ketone concentration and the clinical dehydration score (Spearman s rho = 0.22, p = 0.003). Patients with moderate dehydration had a higher median serum ketone concentration than those with mild dehydration (3.6 mmol/l vs. 1.4 mmol/l, p = 0.007). Additionally, the serum ketone concentration was inversely correlated with serum bicarbonate concentration (q = 0.26, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Children with gastroenteritis and dehydration have elevated serum ketone concentrations that correlate with both degree of dehydration and magnitude of metabolic acidosis. Point-of-care serum ketone measurement may be a useful tool to inform management decisions at the point of triage or in the initial evaluation of children with gastroenteritis and dehydration. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2013; 20: by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common reasons for emergency department (ED) visits and accounts for approximately 10% of all pediatric admissions, most commonly due to dehydration. 1 4 The degree of dehydration, however, may be difficult to judge precisely, and numerous research investigations have attempted to quantify the level of volume depletion with both clinical and laboratory parameters. 5 In a previous study we found that children with gastroenteritis and dehydration have elevated serum ketones. 6 Metabolic acidosis from ketonemia may contribute to ongoing nausea, vomiting, and malaise. With appropriate rapid rehydration, we demonstrated that these ketones could be lowered significantly. Furthermore, many children with moderate to severe dehydration have low serum bicarbonate with an anion gap acidosis. 7 9 Previous data have suggested that serum bicarbonate is the most accurate laboratory parameter in the assessment of degree of dehydration 5,10,11 and may be useful in determining which patients will tolerate oral rehydration therapy 9 or need prolonged intravenous (IV) fluids and observation. 7 No other previous studies have demonstrated elevated serum ketone concentrations in this population or correlated serum ketones with clinical parameters of dehydration or magnitude of acidosis in children with gastroenteritis. We sought to assess the relationship between serum ketone concentration and the degree of dehydration as From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Received April 3, 2013; revisions received June 11 and June 28, 2013; accepted June 29, The study was partially funded by a private industry grant from Abbott Laboratories. The authors have no other financial relationships relevant to this article and no conflicts of interest to disclose. Supervising Editor: Lawrence M. Lewis, MD. Address for correspondence and reprints: Jason Levy, MD; jason.levy@childrens.harvard.edu. ISSN by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 1146 PII ISSN doi: /acem.12256
2 ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE November 2013, Vol. 20, No measured by a previously validated clinical dehydration score, 12 as well as the relationship between serum ketone and serum bicarbonate concentrations. We hypothesized that serum ketones would correlate with both the severity of dehydration and the degree of acidosis. If true, then point-of-care ketone measurement might provide an opportunity to aid in the initial assessment of dehydration or help guide triage decisions. METHODS Study Design This was a secondary analysis of a registered (Clinical- Trials.gov #NCT ) prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial investigating the use of an IV dextrose bolus for children with symptoms of gastroenteritis and dehydration requiring IV fluids. 6 The study was approved by the hospital institutional review board. Written informed consent was obtained from parents or guardians. Study Setting and Population Participants were enrolled from November 2007 to December 2010 at an urban, academic, tertiary care hospital with approximately 60,000 ED visits per year. Eligible children included those aged 6 months to 6 years who had symptoms of gastroenteritis and who were felt to require IV fluids for dehydration as determined by the treating attending physician. A convenience sample of children was identified when a study enroller (research assistant or study investigator) was available. Subjects were excluded if they had histories of chronic illness or disorder of glucose metabolism, had symptoms for more than 7 days, received IV fluids in the previous 12 hours, or were suspected to have comorbid conditions such as pneumonia, urinary tract infection, or appendicitis. Study Protocol As part of the original study protocol, each patient was required to have an IV catheter placed for fluid administration. At the time of catheter placement, point-of-care serum glucose and ketone concentrations were obtained and recorded by the study enroller (Precision Xtra blood glucose and ketone monitoring system; Abbott Laboratories, Libertyville, IL). The ketone measured by this bedside monitoring system (and thus defined for this study) was beta-hydroxybutyrate only. All medical team members and caretakers were blinded to bedside measurements unless the serum glucose was less than 40 mg/dl or greater than 200 mg/dl, at which point the patient was removed from the study protocol. Prior to fluid administration, the treating physician completed a standardized data form that included 10 clinical parameters related to dehydration including assessment of decreased urine output, tired general appearance, elevated heart rate, abnormal respirations, delayed capillary refill time, dry mucous membranes, absence of tears, sunken eyes, abnormal skin turgor, and poor peripheral perfusion or pulses; this information was used to calculate a dehydration score (one point for each) based on previously published data. 12 As previously reported and defined for this analysis, dehydration was stratified as mild (score = 0 to 2), moderate (score = 3 to 6), or severe (score = 7 to 10). The treating attending physician also assigned a general appearance score using a five-point scale (with 1 = obtunded to 5 = alert and active). Data Analysis The main outcomes were the correlations between initial point-of-care serum ketone concentration, and both the dehydration score and the degree of metabolic acidosis as measured by serum bicarbonate concentration. We also analyzed the correlation between serum bicarbonate and the dehydration score. We then compared the correlation coefficients to determine which parameter was more strongly associated with the dehydration score, serum ketones, or serum bicarbonate. Additional analyses compared serum ketones to 1) serum glucose, 2) the prospectively assigned appearance score, and 3) duration of symptoms. Demographic data are reported as frequencies, with medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs) for ordered nonnormal data and means with standard deviations (SDs) for continuous normally distributed data. We compared median ketone concentrations between groups stratified by dehydration score using the nonparametric equality-of-medians test. To assess relationships between continuous variables, we used the Spearman correlation. We generated scatter plots with best-fitting regression lines and corresponding 95% confidence intervals to depict the relationship between ketone concentration and bicarbonate and glucose concentrations. RESULTS Study enrollers identified and approached 231 eligible patients, 32 of whom declined participation. Five patients were withdrawn after consent because of either inability to obtain IV access (n = 4) or a change in diagnosis from gastroenteritis (n = 1) at the time of consent. Six patients were excluded as part of the study protocol because of initial serum glucose concentrations less than 40 mg/dl. A total of 188 subjects were enrolled. Five children were ultimately found to have diagnoses other than gastroenteritis: two patients with urinary tract infection, two patients with pneumonia, and one patient with glomerulonephritis and acute renal failure. Data from these patients were included in all analyses. Characteristics of study subjects and serum ketone concentrations are shown in Table 1. The median serum ketone concentration was 3.1 mmol/l (IQR = 1.2 to 4.6 mmol/l), where normal is <0.2 mmol/l. The median dehydration score was 4 (IQR = 3 to 5; range = 0 to 7), consistent with moderate dehydration as defined above. Seventy-two percent of children were acidotic with serum bicarbonates less than or equal to 20 mmol/l. Of enrolled patients, 26 of 173 (15%) were hypoglycemic (glucose < 60 mg/dl) on their initial point-of-care glucose measurements. We found a significant positive relationship between serum ketone concentration and the prospectively assigned dehydration score (Spearman s q = 0.22, p = 0.003). For each interval increase in serum ketone
3 1148 Levy et al. SERUM KETONES IN DEHYDRATION AND METABOLIC ACIDOSIS Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Study Subjects Characteristic (n = 188) Results Age (yr), median (IQR) 2.3 ( ) Dehydration score, median (IQR) 4 (3 5) Score > 2 (%) 79 Beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration 3.1 ( ) (mmol/l), median (IQR) Duration of symptoms (days), median (IQR) 2.5 (2 3) <1 (%) (%) 27 3 (%) 50 General appearance score, median (IQR) 3 (3 4) Laboratory measurements (n = 173) Glucose (mg/dl), mean (SD) 78 (18.5) Glucose < 60 mg/dl (%) 15 Bicarbonate (mmol/l), mean (SD) 18 (3.6) Bicarbonate 20 mmol/l (%) 72 IQR = interquartile range. concentration, there was a greater percentage of children with at least moderate dehydration, as shown in Figure 1. Additionally, patients with moderate dehydration had a higher median serum ketone concentration than those with mild dehydration (3.6 mmol/l vs. 1.4 mmol/l, p = 0.007) by the clinical dehydration score. Serum ketone concentration was inversely correlated with serum bicarbonate concentration (q = 0.26, p < 0.001; see Figure 2). We found a significant positive relationship between serum bicarbonate concentration and dehydration score (Spearman s q = 0.19, p= 0.011). When compared, the correlation between ketones and dehydration score was significantly stronger than the correlation between bicarbonate and dehydration score (Wald v 2 (1) = 5.51, p = 0.019). For the additional analyses, we found that serum ketone concentration was significantly correlated with both general appearance score (q = 0.26, p < 0.001) and serum glucose concentration (q = 0.74, p < 0.001). As ketone concentration rose, subjects had lower general appearance scores (i.e., were less active/alert) and lower serum glucose concentrations (Figure 3). In comparing subjects with respect to length of symptoms, there was a significant difference in ketone concentrations between patients with symptom duration of less than 1 day versus 1 to 2 days (median = 1.3 mmol/l vs. 3.8 mmol/l, respectively; p = 0.001) and between patients with symptom duration of less than 1 day versus longer than 3 days (median = 1.3 mmol/l vs. 4.0 mmol/l, respectively; p < 0.001), but not between patients with symptom duration of 1 to 2 days versus longer than 3 days (median = 3.8 mmol/l vs. 4.0 mmol/ L, respectively; p = 0.736; Figure 4). DISCUSSION We found a statistically significant relationship between serum ketone concentration and the degree of dehydration as evidenced both by a clinical dehydration score and by serum bicarbonate concentration. To our knowledge, we are the first to report an elevated serum ketone concentration in children with gastroenteritis and to show a correlation between serum ketones and historical, physical examination, and laboratory findings associated with dehydration. While clinical examination should remain the mainstay of evaluating children with dehydration, our findings suggest that point-of-care serum ketone measurement might provide an opportunity to aid in the assessment of level of dehydration and thereby help guide management in select children. Because clinical assessment is still inexact and bedside ketone concentration is available immediately, point-of-care testing for ketones may provide the most benefit by augmenting triage decisions currently based on historical and physical examination findings alone or in settings where a clinician with considerable pediatric experience is not present to assess dehydration more precisely. Children with acute gastroenteritis and dehydration are often found to have low serum bicarbonate concen- Percent Moderately Dehydrated by Score n=21 n=72 n=27 n=32 n= > 4 Serum Ketone Concentration (mmol/l) Figure 1. Percentage of patients who were at least moderately dehydrated by clinical dehydration score stratified by serum ketone concentration.
4 ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE November 2013, Vol. 20, No Figure 2. Relationship between serum ketone concentration and serum bicarbonate concentration. Figure 3. Relationship between serum ketone concentration and serum glucose concentration. malnutrition, severe dehydration, and greater than 14 days of diarrheal illness. We suspect that children living in industrialized nations would have a different pathophysiologic process for development of acidosis in dehydration. Young children have more limited reserves of stored glycogen than adults, and those with gastroenteritis often refuse any oral intake due to nausea. As glycogen stores become depleted, fat metabolism ensues leading to ketoacid production, thereby contributing to metabolic acidosis. We are the first to show a monotonic relationship between serum ketone and bicarbonate concentrations and contend that ketoacidosis contributes some portion to the metabolic acidosis in dehydrated patients with gastroenteritis. Additionally, we found that children with greater than 1 day of symptoms were more likely to be ketotic and that those with elevated ketones were more likely to be moderately dehydrated. These results lend further evidence that there needs to be adequate time required to deplete glycogen stores before free fatty acids can accumulate. Finally, we also found a relationship between serum ketone concentration and both glucose concentration and length of symptoms. As ketone concentrations rose, serum glucose concentrations declined, and there was no patient with a glucose concentration of less than 70 mg/dl who had a normal ketone concentration. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that glycogen stores are depleted over time, leading to fat metabolism and ketoacid production. Additionally, in previously published data 6 we demonstrated that children who received boluses of 5% dextrose in normal saline had greater reductions in serum ketones when compared to those who received normal saline boluses without dextrose, lending evidence that providing IV dextrose can arrest or reduce this fatty acid production in children with metabolic acidosis. LIMITATIONS Figure 4. Relationship between serum ketone concentration and length of symptoms. trations and anion gap acidosis. 5 9,11,13 Studies around serum bicarbonate have shown that it may be useful to assess degree of dehydration, 8,11 it can predict success of oral rehydration therapy, 9 and it can determine patient disposition. 7 Only one study, however, has addressed the source of the metabolic acidosis. Weizman et al. 14 found that children with anion gap acidosis had significant elevations in serum lactate secondary to decreased perfusion of tissues. The population studied, however, consisted of nomadic Bedouins with severe This was a secondary analysis of a convenience sample of patients enrolled for a randomized clinical trial. Subjects were already deemed to require IV rehydration as part of the primary study protocol. Consequently, we are only able to assess the relationship between serum ketones and laboratory or clinical variables in this chosen group of patients who were already considered dehydrated by the treating clinicians. How serum ketone concentration may correlate with degree of dehydration and metabolic acidosis in children presenting along the full spectrum of dehydration requires further study. Although we showed a relationship between elevated ketones and low serum bicarbonate, we cannot determine the proportion of acidosis secondary to ketones versus other anions such as lactate. Lactic acid generation, however, normally occurs from anaerobic metabolism secondary to poor tissue perfusion and usually requires significant hypovolemia, hypoxemia, anemia, hypotension, or sepsis-like syndromes; children with mild to moderate dehydration likely do not fall into this category. Additionally, our experience suggests that patients with prolonged or profound diarrhea but without dehydration may still have low serum bicarbonate associated with nonanion gap acidosis. We would not expect a correlation between
5 1150 Levy et al. SERUM KETONES IN DEHYDRATION AND METABOLIC ACIDOSIS serum ketone concentration and dehydration level or serum bicarbonate concentration in this population. Finally, because this was a secondary analysis of a prospective, double-blind trial, subjects were randomized to one of two study treatments and therefore outcomes subsequent to fluid administration could not be assessed. CONCLUSIONS Children with gastroenteritis requiring intravenous rehydration had elevated serum beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations that correlated with both degree of dehydration and magnitude of metabolic acidosis. Our findings suggest that point-of-care serum ketone measurement may be a useful tool to inform management decisions at the point of triage or in the initial evaluation of children with gastroenteritis and dehydration. References 1. McConnochie KM, Conners GP, Lu E, Wilson C. How commonly are children hospitalized for dehydration eligible for care in alternative settings? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999; 153: Glass RI, Lew JF, Gangarosa RE, LeBaron CW, Ho MS. Estimates of morbidity and mortality rates for diarrheal diseases in American children. J Pediatr. 1991; 118:S American Academy of Pediatrics. Practice Parameter: The management of acute gastroenteritis in young children. American Academy of Pediatrics, Provisional Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Acute Gastroenteritis. Pediatrics 1996; 97: King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, Duggan C. Managing acute gastroenteritis among children, oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003; 52: Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS. Is this child dehydrated? JAMA. 2004; 291: Levy JA, Bachur RG, Monuteaux MC, Waltzman M. Intravenous dextrose for children with gastroenteritis and dehydration: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2012; 61: Wathen JE, MacKenzie T, Bothner JP. Usefulness of the serum electrolyte panel in the management of pediatric dehydration treated with intravenously administered fluids. Pediatrics. 2004; 114: Yilmaz K, Karabocuoglu M, Citak A, Uzel N. Evaluation of laboratory tests in dehydrated children with acute gastroenteritis. J Paediatr Child Health. 2002; 38: Reid SR, Bonadio WA. Outpatient rapid intravenous rehydration to correct dehydration and resolve vomiting in children with acute gastroenteritis. Ann Emerg Med. 1996; 28: Mackenzie A, Shann F, Barnes G. Clinical signs of dehydration in children. Lancet. 1989; 2: Vega RM, Avner JR. A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1997; 13: Gorelick MH, Shaw KN, Murphy KO. Validity and reliability of clinical signs in the diagnosis of dehydration in children. Pediatrics. 1997; 99:E Madati PJ, Bachur R. Development of an emergency department triage tool to predict acidosis among children with gastroenteritis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008; 24: Weizman Z, Houri S. Ben-Ezer Gradus D. Type of acidosis and clinical outcome in infantile gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1992; 14:
Does Bicarbonate Concentration Predict Hospitalization among Children with Gastroenteritis?
Does Bicarbonate Concentration Predict Hospitalization among Children with Gastroenteritis? Muin Habashneh MD*, Mohammad Alrwalah MD* ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the relationship between bicarbonate
More informationExternal Validation of the Clinical Dehydration Scale for Children With Acute Gastroenteritis
CLINICAL INVESTIGATION External Validation of the Clinical Dehydration Scale for Children With Acute Gastroenteritis Benoit Bailey, MD, MSc, Jocelyn Gravel, MD, MSc, Ran D. Goldman, MD, Jeremy N. Friedman,
More informationDiabetic Ketoacidosis: When Sugar Isn t Sweet!!!
Diabetic Ketoacidosis: When Sugar Isn t Sweet!!! W Ricks Hanna Jr MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics University of Tennessee Health Science Center LeBonheur Children s Hospital Introduction Diabetes
More informationDiabetic Ketoacidosis
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Definition: Diabetic Ketoacidosis is one of the most serious acute complications of diabetes. It s more common in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. It s usually characterized
More informationDr. Dafalla Ahmed Babiker Jazan University
Dr. Dafalla Ahmed Babiker Jazan University objectives Overview Definition of dehydration Causes of dehydration Types of dehydration Diagnosis, signs and symptoms Management of dehydration Complications
More informationI have no financial disclosures
Athina Sikavitsas DO Children's Emergency Services University of Michigan Discuss DKA Presentation Assessment Treatment I have no financial disclosures 1 6 Y/O male presents with vomiting and abdominal
More informationWith Dr. Sarah Reid and Dr. Sarah Curtis
5. Headaches 6. Known diabetes 7. Specific high risk groups (ie. Teenagers, children on insulin pumps and those from lower socio-economic status). Episode 63 Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis With Dr. Sarah
More informationThe Value of Body Weight Measurement to Assess Dehydration in Children
The Value of Body Weight Measurement to Assess Dehydration in Children Isabelle Pruvost 1,3, François Dubos 1,2,3, Emmanuel Chazard 4, Valérie Hue 3, Alain Duhamel 1,2,4, Alain Martinot 1,2,3 * 1 Univ
More informationPediatric Dehydration and Oral Rehydration. May 16/17
Pediatric Dehydration and Oral Rehydration May 16/17 Volume Depletion (hypovolemia): refers to any condition in which the effective circulating volume is reduced. It can be produced by salt and water loss
More informationDehydration from gastroenteritis remains a common
Use of Bedside Ultrasound to Assess Degree of Dehydration in Children With Gastroenteritis Lei Chen, MD, Allen Hsiao, MD, Melissa Langhan, MD, Antonio Riera, MD, and Karen A. Santucci, MD Abstract Objectives:
More informationDIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS (DKA) K E M I A D E Y E R I, P G Y - 1
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS (DKA) K E M I A D E Y E R I, P G Y - 1 QUESTION # 1 7 year old boy comes to the ER with a 2 week history of abdominal pain and weight loss. Further history reveals polyuria and polydipsia,
More informationDAYTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
DAYTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES DISCLAIMER: This Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) generally describes a recommended course of treatment for patients with the identified health
More informationKENT STATE UNIVERSITY HEALTH CARE OF CHILDREN Nursing Pediatrics Case Studies: Child Dehydration
Courtney Wiener 9/9/10 KENT STATE UNIVERSITY HEALTH CARE OF CHILDREN Nursing 30020 - Pediatrics Case Studies: Child Dehydration Introduction: Dehydration can be life threatening to a child since a majority
More informationStaging Sepsis for the Emergency Department: Physician
Staging Sepsis for the Emergency Department: Physician Sepsis Continuum 1 Sepsis Continuum SIRS = 2 or more clinical criteria, resulting in Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Sepsis = SIRS + proven/suspected
More informationISOVALERIC ACIDAEMIA -ACUTE DECOMPENSATION (standard version)
Contact Details Name: Hospital Telephone: This protocol has 5 pages ISOVALERIC ACIDAEMIA -ACUTE DECOMPENSATION (standard version) Please read carefully. Meticulous treatment is very important as there
More informationMETHODS RESULTS. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2012, 9. Methods of measurement. Outcome measures. Primary data analysis. Study design and setting
59 Research Paper Ivyspring International Publisher International Journal of Medical Sciences 2012; 9(1):59-64 A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing the Effect of Rapidly Infused Crystalloids on Acid-Base
More informationPediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis Guidelines
Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis Guidelines For new onset diabetes in a pediatric patient NOT in DKA (see criteria below) These guidelines may not be appropriate Consult endocrine and pediatric admit resident
More informationEvaluation of a Clinical Dehydration Scale in Children Requiring Intravenous Rehydration
ARTICLE Evaluation of a Clinical Dehydration Scale in Children Requiring Intravenous Rehydration AUTHORS: Laura M. Kinlin, BSc, MPH, a and Stephen B. Freedman, MDCM, MSc, FRCPC, FAAP b a Faculty of Medicine,
More information*World Health Organization / United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
Logotype ORSALIT Drawing: little fish 1x Drawing: fruits 1x ORSALIT is an oral rehydration solution (ORS) with reduced osmolarity and composition in accordance with the recommendations of the European
More informationDiabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Critical Care Guideline Two Bag System
Critical Care Guideline Two Bag System Inclusion Criteria (Definition of DKA): Blood glucose (BG) > 200 mg/dl Acidosis (bicarbonate < 15 or blood gas ph < 7.3) Associated glycosuria, ketonuria &/or ketonemia
More informationDiagnosis of Pneumonia in Children with Dehydrating Diarrhoea
J HEALTH POPUL NUTR 2014 Mar;32(1):14-18 ISSN 1606-0997 $ 5.00+0.20 INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR DIARRHOEAL DISEASE RESEARCH, BANGLADESH Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Children with Dehydrating Diarrhoea Debasish
More informationEvidence- Based Medicine Fluid Therapy
Evidence- Based Medicine Fluid Therapy Ndidi Musa M.D. Assosciate Professor of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin/ Children s Hospital of Wisconsin Disclosures A. I have no relevant financial relationships
More informationARTICLE IN PRESS. doi: /j.jemermed THE MANAGEMENT OF CHILDREN WITH GASTROENTERITIS AND DEHYDRATION IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.06.015 The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol. xx, No. x, pp. xxx, 2009 Copyright 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc. Printed in the USA 0736-4679/09 $ see front matter Clinical
More informationDiarrhea is well known to be a leading cause of. Oral Rehydration Therapy for Diarrhea: An Example of Reverse Transfer of Technology
Oral Rehydration Therapy for Diarrhea: An Example of Reverse Transfer of Technology ABSTRACT. On November 13 and 14, 1996, a scientific symposium on oral rehydration therapy (ORT) was held at the Johns
More informationCDE Exam Preparation Presented by Wendy Graham RD CDE May 4, 2017
CDE Exam Preparation Presented by Wendy Graham RD CDE May 4, 2017 DKA at organ level 3 Diabetic Ketoacidosis Characteristics Ketones positive Anion Gap > 12 (High) Blood Sugar > 14 (High) Bicarbonate
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 4,000 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationACID/BASE. A. What is her acid-base disorder, what is her anion gap, and what is the likely cause?
These fluid and electrolyte problems are modified from those in a previous textbook for this sequence, Renal Pathophysiology edited by James A. Shayman M.D., Professor of Internal Medicine, University
More informationHypoglycemia, Electrolyte disturbances and acid-base imbalances
Hypoglycemia, Electrolyte disturbances and acid-base imbalances Pediatric emergency PICU division Pediatric department Medical faculty, University of Sumatera Utara H. Adam Malik Hospital 1 Hypoglycemia
More informationAsthma is global health problem in children,
Paediatrica Indonesiana VOLUME 52 July NUMBER 4 Original Article Efficacy of salbutamol-ipratropium bromide nebulization compared to salbutamol alone in children with mild to moderate asthma attacks Matahari
More informationFluid & Elyte Case Discussion. Hooman N IUMS 2013
Fluid & Elyte Case Discussion Hooman N IUMS 2013 Objectives Know maintenance water and electrolyte requirements. Assess hydration status. Determine replacement fluids (oral and iv) Know how to approach
More informationDIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS MANAGEMENT PLAN:
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS MANAGEMENT PLAN: 1. Assessment (weight, blood glucose level (BGL), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, history & examination) 2. Resuscitation
More informationFluid and Electrolytes: Parenteral
Article fluid & electrolytes Fluid and Electrolytes: Parenteral Fluid Therapy Kenneth B. Roberts, MD* Objectives After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Relate maintenance fluid and
More informationCLINICAL GUIDELINES ID TAG
CLINICAL GUIDELINES ID TAG Title: Author: Speciality / Division: Directorate: Guideline for the perioperative fluid management in children Kieran O Connor Anaesthetics ATICS Date Uploaded: 26/04/2016 Review
More informationPaediatric Directorate
Paediatric Directorate Dehydration Guidelines Primary cause of dehydration diarrhoea +/- vomiting. Approximately 10%Children < 5yrs present with gastroenteritis each year Diagnosis History - sudden change
More informationVinaya Simha, M.D. Assistant Professor, Division of Endocrinology
Vinaya Simha, M.D. Assistant Professor, Division of Endocrinology Faculty photo will be placed here Simha.aj@mayo.edu 2015 MFMER 3543652-1 Diabetic Ketoacidosis a few pearls Mayo School of Continuous Professional
More informationBrief summary of the NICE guidelines December 2013
Brief summary of the NICE guidelines December 2013 Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital the relevance to Emergency Department Care Applicable to patients 16 years and older receiving i.v. fluids
More informationComparison of nasogastric and intravenous methods of rehydration in pediatric patients with acute dehydration Nager A L, Wang V J
Comparison of nasogastric and intravenous methods of rehydration in pediatric patients with acute dehydration Nager A L, Wang V J Record Status This is a critical abstract of an economic evaluation that
More informationAACN PCCN Review. Endocrine
AACN PCCN Review Endocrine Presenter: Carol A. Rauen, RN, MS, CCNS, CCRN, PCCN, CEN Independent Clinical Nurse Specialist & Education Consultant rauen.carol104@gmail.com Endocrine I. INTRODUCTION Disorders
More information9/11/2012. Chapter 11. Learning Objectives. Learning Objectives. Endocrine Emergencies. Differentiate type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Chapter 11 Endocrine Emergencies Learning Objectives Differentiate type 1 and type 2 diabetes Explain roles of glucagon, glycogen, and glucose in hypoglycemia Learning Objectives Discuss following medications
More informationChapter 4 Fluid Management
Chapter 4 Fluid Management First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB) Pediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nurses in Primary Care. The content of this chapter has been reviewed October 2009. Table
More informationIV Fluids. I.V. Fluid Osmolarity Composition 0.9% NaCL (Normal Saline Solution, NSS) Uses/Clinical Considerations
IV Fluids When administering IV fluids, the type and amount of fluid may influence patient outcomes. Make sure to understand the differences between fluid products and their effects. Crystalloids Crystalloid
More informationPAEDIATRIC FLUIDS RCH DEHYDRATION
PAEDIATRIC FLUIDS RCH DEHYDRATION AIMS Understand normal fluids electrolyte requirements/ maintenance Understand how to assess DEHYDRATION in children Understand the difference between DEHYDRATION and
More informationINTRAVENOUS FLUID THERAPY. Tom Heaps Consultant Acute Physician
INTRAVENOUS FLUID THERAPY Tom Heaps Consultant Acute Physician LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Crystalloids vs colloids 2. Balanced vs non-balanced solutions 3. Composition of various IV fluids 4. What is normal
More informationFollow up studies at home were randomly performed
Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1985, 60, 856-860 Oral versus intravenous rehydration therapy in severe gastroenteritis J SHARIFI, F GHAVAMI, Z NOWROUZI, B FOULADVAND, M MALEK, M REZAEIAN, AND M EMAMI
More informationUltrasound measurement of the inferior vena cava diameter in the assessment of pediatric dehydration
Yale University EliScholar A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library School of Medicine 4-12-2009 Ultrasound measurement of the inferior vena cava diameter
More informationi-stat Alinity v Utilization Guide
istat Alinity v Utilization Guide The istat Alinity v delivers blood gas, acidbase, electrolyte, chemistry, and hematology measurements in a completely portable, handheld package. Accuracy is ensured by
More informationTOO SWEET TOO STORMY. CONSULTANTS: Dr. Saji James Dr. J. Dhivyalakshmi Dr. P. N. Vinoth. PRESENTOR: Dr. Abhinaya PG I (M.D Paeds)
TOO SWEET TOO STORMY PRESENTOR: Dr. Abhinaya PG I (M.D Paeds) CONSULTANTS: Dr. Saji James Dr. J. Dhivyalakshmi Dr. P. N. Vinoth Unit IV, Dept. Of Paediatrics, SRMC & RI 14year old female complaints of
More informationMANAGEMENT OF DENGUE INFECTION IN ADULTS (Revised 2 nd Edition) QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS
1 KEY MESSAGES Dengue is a dynamic disease and presented in three phases - febrile phase, critical phase and recovery phase. Clinical deterioration often occurs in the critical phase and is marked by plasma
More informationDATA SHEET 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
DATA SHEET 1 PRODUCT NAME 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Sachet, each 5.1g sachet contains: Sodium chloride 470mg, potassium chloride 300mg, sodium acid citrate 530mg, glucose 3.56g. Tablet,
More informationUse of Ultrasound Measurement of the Inferior Vena Cava Diameter as an Objective Tool in the Assessment of Children with Clinical Dehydration
Use of Ultrasound Measurement of the Inferior Vena Cava Diameter as an Objective Tool in the Assessment of Children with Clinical Dehydration Lei Chen, MD, Yunie Kim, BS, Karen A. Santucci, MD Abstract
More informationDiabetic Ketoacidosis
October 2015 Michael T. McDermott MD Director, Endocrinology and Diabetes Practice University of Colorado Hospital Case History HPI: 24 yo man with recent 8 lb. weight loss, increased thirst and frequent
More informationMetabolic Precautions & ER Recommendations
Metabolic Precautions & ER Recommendations * To whom correspondence Sumit Parikh, should MD be addressed Center for Pediatric Neurology Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH UMDF 2010 The catabolic state Entering
More informationPediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) General Pediatrics Admission Order Set
Admitting MRP: Pediatrics: Dr. / Dr. on call to cover until 08:00 am Service: Medicine Team 1 Medicine Team 2 Medical subspecialty Diagnosis: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Estimated length of stay Less than
More informationFREQUENCY OF DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS
Original Article IN DIABETIC PATIENTS Ghulam Abbas Sheikh 1, Dilshad Muhammad 2, Khalid Amin 3 1 Consultant Physician, Aziz Fatimah Hospitals, Faisalabad. 2 Senior Registrar, DHQ Hospital, Faisalabad.
More informationDiabetic Keto Acidosis
Diabetic Keto Acidosis Dr Jeremy Turner MRCP D.Phil Consultant Physician, Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital What is the definition of DKA? Diabetic ketoacidosis is defined
More informationDiabetic ketoacidosis Expiry date 2005
Diabetic ketoacidosis Expiry date 2005 PREVALENCE Diabetic ketoacidosis is defined as [D] 1 : hyperglycaemia (> 14 mmol/l) metabolic acidosis (ph < 7.35 or bicarbonate < 15 mmol/l) high anion gap (anion
More informationMEDICAL VIDEO REVIEW. Mary Frey, RN Katie Kroeger, RN Brad Sobolewski, MD, MEd
MEDICAL VIDEO REVIEW DKANovember 25, 2014 Mary Frey, RN Katie Kroeger, RN Brad Sobolewski, MD, MEd DISCLAIMER Privileged & Confidential This document is covered under the attorney-client privilege. This
More informationSupplemental Information
FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Supplemental Information SUPPLEMENTAL FIGURE 2 Forest plot of all included RCTs using a random-effects model and M-H statistics with the outcome of hyponatremia
More informationObstetrics Guidelines. B. Maternal mortality rates are generally less than 1%.
Page: 1 of 8 SUBJECT: DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS IN PREGNANCY I. Overview A. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute medical emergency associated with fetal loss rates in excess of 50%. B. Maternal mortality
More informationPedsCases Podcast Scripts
PedsCases Podcast Scripts This is a text version of a podcast from Pedscases.com on Diabetic Ketoacidosis. These podcasts are designed to give medical students an overview of key topics in pediatrics.
More informationDiabetic Emergencies: Ketoacidosis and the Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State. Adam Bursua, Pharm.D., BCPS
Diabetic Emergencies: Ketoacidosis and the Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State Adam Bursua, Pharm.D., BCPS Objectives Describe the epidemiology of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar
More informationImproved IPGM: Demonstrating the Value to both Patients and Hospitals
Improved IPGM: Demonstrating the Value to both Patients and Hospitals Osama Hamdy, MD, PhD, FACE Medical Director, Inpatient Diabetes Program Joslin Diabetes Center Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Cost
More informationSepsis Awareness and Education
Sepsis Awareness and Education Meets the updated New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) requirements for Infection Control and Barrier Precautions coursework Element VII: Sepsis Awareness and Education
More informationdiabetes in adults Metabolic complications of
Metabolic complications of diabetes in adults Dimitri MARGETIS MD ICU St ANTOINE PARIS Definition Diabetic acidoketosis Serious complication in type I diabetes : Hyperglycemia Metabolic acidosis Acidic
More informationPedsCases Podcast Scripts
PedsCases Podcast Scripts This is a text version of a podcast from Pedscases.com on the Approach to Pediatric Anemia and Pallor. These podcasts are designed to give medical students an overview of key
More informationThe Hospitalized Child with Diabetes/Hyperglycemia: Don t Sugar Coat It
The Hospitalized Child with Diabetes/Hyperglycemia: Don t Sugar Coat It Cassie Brady, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Monroe Carell Junior Children s Hospital
More informationClinical Assessment Tool
Clinical Assessment Tool Child with Suspected Gastroenteritis 0-5 Years Diarrhoea is defined as the passage of three or more loose/watery stools per day, the most common cause of diarrhoea in children
More informationFrank Sebat, MD - June 29, 2006
Types of Shock Hypovolemic Shock Low blood volume decreasing cardiac output. AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF CARE FOR PATIENTS AT RISK SHOCK TEAM and RAPID RESPONSE TEAM Septic or Distributive Shock Decrease in
More informationADVOCATE CHRIST MEDICAL CENTER DKA (DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS) TREATMENT GUIDELINES
ADVOCATE CHRIST MEDICAL CENTER DKA (DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS) TREATMENT GUIDELINES DEFINITION -Glucose >250 mg/dl*, anion gap > 16, + ketones * Glucose < 250 does not exclude DKA especially if anion gap >
More informationPaediatric Shock. Dr Andrew Pittaway Department of Anaesthesia Bristol Royal Hospital for Children Bristol, UK
Paediatric Shock Dr Andrew Pittaway Department of Anaesthesia Bristol Royal Hospital for Children Bristol, UK Self-assessment: 1. What is the definition of shock? 2. List the different pathophysiological
More informationOral Ondansetron for Gastroenteritis in a Pediatric Emergency Department
The new england journal of medicine original article Oral Ondansetron for Gastroenteritis in a Pediatric Emergency Department Stephen B. Freedman, M.D.C.M., Mark Adler, M.D., Roopa Seshadri, Ph.D., and
More informationi-stat Alinity v Utilization Guide
istat Alinity v Utilization Guide The istat Alinity v delivers blood gas, acidbase, electrolyte, chemistry, and hematology results in a completely portable, handheld package. Accuracy is ensured by extensive
More informationAcute Gastroenteritis 2015
Acute Gastroenteritis 2015 Disclosure Statement Joel S. Tieder, MD, MPH Clinical Advances in Pediatrics Symposium September 18, 2015 I have no relevant financial relationships with the manufacture(s) of
More informationFor The Management Of. Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Guidelines For The Management Of Diabetic Ketoacidosis By Dr. Sinan Butrus F.I.C.M.S Clinical Standards & Guidelines Dr.Layla Al-Shahrabani F.R.C.P (UK) Director of Clinical Affairs Kurdistan Higher Council
More informationArterial blood gas Capillary blood glucose every hour. Continue to monitor hourly capillary blood glucose as per protocol (See Appendix A and B)
Page 1 of 6 Hyperglycemic Emergency Management (DKA/HHS 1 ) - Adult PATIENT PRESENTATION Patient with history of Type 1 or 2 Diabetes Mellitus or presenting with polyuria, polydipsia, nausea/ vomiting,
More informationCurrent State of Pediatric Sepsis. Jason Clayton, MD PhD Pediatric Critical Care 9/19/2018
Current State of Pediatric Sepsis Jason Clayton, MD PhD Pediatric Critical Care 9/19/2018 Objectives Review the history of pediatric sepsis Review the current definition of pediatric sepsis Review triage
More informationTroubleshooting Audio
Welcome! Audio for this event is available via ReadyTalk Internet Streaming. No telephone line is required. Computer speakers or headphones are necessary to listen to streaming audio. Limited dial-in lines
More informationArterial blood gas Capillary blood glucose every hour. Continue to monitor hourly capillary blood glucose as per protocol (See Appendix A and B)
Page 1 of 6 Hyperglycemic Emergency Management (DKA/HHS 1 ) - Adult PATIENT PRESENTATION Patient with history of Type 1 or 2 Diabetes Mellitus or presenting with polyuria, polydipsia, nausea/ vomiting,
More informationTHE COLLEGES OF MEDICINE OF SOUTH AFRICA Incorporated Association not for gain Reg No/Nr 1955/000003/08
THE COLLEGES OF MEDICINE OF SOUTH AFRICA Incorporated Association not for gain Reg No/Nr 1955/000003/08 DCH(SA) Examination for the Diploma in Child Health of the College of Paediatricians of South Africa
More informationTaking the shock factor out of shock
Taking the shock factor out of shock Julie Antonellis, BS, LVT, VTS (ECC) Northern Virginia Regional Director for the VALVT Technician Supervisor VCA Animal Emergency Critical Care Business owner Antonellis
More informationFluid bolus of 20% Albumin in post-cardiac surgical patient: a prospective observational study of effect duration
Fluid bolus of 20% Albumin in post-cardiac surgical patient: a prospective observational study of effect duration Investigators: Salvatore Cutuli, Eduardo Osawa, Rinaldo Bellomo Affiliations: 1. Department
More informationPediatric Shock. National Pediatric Nighttime Curriculum Written by Julia M. Gabhart, M.D. Lucile Packard Children s Hospital at Stanford
Pediatric Shock National Pediatric Nighttime Curriculum Written by Julia M. Gabhart, M.D. Lucile Packard Children s Hospital at Stanford Pre-Topic Questions 1. Why is it important to identify the stage
More informationCEDR 2018 QCDR Measures for CMS 2018 MIPS Performance Year Reporting
ACEP19 Emergency Department Utilization of CT for Minor Blunt Head Trauma for Aged 18 Years and Older Percentage of visits for aged 18 years and older who presented with a minor blunt head trauma who had
More informationDoes Rota Vaccine Reduce Attacks of Acute Gastroenteritis among Children Under 15 Months of Age?
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 10 (2017) pp. 1178-1184 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.142
More informationFluid and electrolyte management
281 Chapter Appendix 5B Fluid and electrolyte management Learning outcomes After reading this appendix, you will be able to: Describe the approach to the management of fluid and electrolytes in the seriously
More informationType I diabetes mellitus. Dr Laurence Lacroix
mellitus Dr Laurence Lacroix 26.03.2014 1 DEFINITION: Group of diseases characterized by a disorder of glucose homeostasis with high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in : o insulin production
More informationChapter Goal. Learning Objectives 9/12/2012. Chapter 25. Diabetic Emergencies
Chapter 25 Diabetic Emergencies Chapter Goal Use assessment findings to formulate field impression & implement treatment plan for patients with diabetic emergencies Learning Objectives Describe pathophysiology
More informationDifferent characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis between type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients in Malaysia
Asian Biomedicine Vol. 3 No. 2 April 2009;201-205 Brief communication (original) Different characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis between type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients in Malaysia Hasniza Zaman
More informationKetones: A barrier to treatment
KCL Division of Women s Health Ketones: A barrier to treatment Professor Cathy Nelson-Piercy Consultant Obstetric Physician Ketones / ketonuria Page 1 The presence and quantity of ketones in the urine
More informationFLUID MANAGEMENT AND BLOOD COMPONENT THERAPY
Manual: Section: Protocol #: Approval Date: Effective Date: Revision Due Date: 10/2019 LifeLine Patient Care Protocols Adult/Pediatrics AP1-011 10/2018 10/2018 FLUID MANAGEMENT AND BLOOD COMPONENT THERAPY
More informationThe use of isotonic sodium chloride in the early treatment of cholera diarrhea: the Peruvian
Journal of Wilderness Medicine 4, 62-67 (199) ORIGINAL ARTICLE The use of isotonic sodium chloride in the early treatment of cholera diarrhea: the Peruvian. expenence M. VARGAS, MOl, L. HUICHO, MOl, V.
More informationRENAL FAILURE IN CHILDREN Dr. Mai Mohamed Elhassan Assistant Professor Jazan University
RENAL FAILURE IN CHILDREN Dr. Mai Mohamed Elhassan Assistant Professor Jazan University OBJECTIVES By the end of this lecture each student should be able to: Define acute & chronic kidney disease(ckd)
More informationModule : Clinical correlates of disorders of metabolism Block 3, Week 2
Module : Clinical correlates of disorders of metabolism Block 3, Week 2 Department of Paediatrics and Child Health University of Pretoria Tutor : Prof DF Wittenberg : dwittenb@medic.up.ac.za Aim of this
More informationContinuing malaria education modules. Module 1 Severe malaria triage, diagnosis, and treatment
The MalariaCare Toolkit Tools for maintaining high-quality malaria case management services Continuing malaria education modules Module 1 Severe malaria triage, diagnosis, and treatment Download all the
More informationObjectives / Learning Targets: The learner who successfully completes this course will be able to demonstrate understanding of the following concepts:
Objectives / Learning Targets: The learner who successfully completes this course will be able to demonstrate understanding of the following concepts: Insulin s function in the body. The basics of diabetes
More informationSurviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016
Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016 Mitchell M. Levy MD, MCCM Professor of Medicine Chief, Division of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care
More informationInitial Resuscitation of Sepsis & Septic Shock
Initial Resuscitation of Sepsis & Septic Shock Dr. Fatema Ahmed MD (Critical Care Medicine) FCPS (Medicine) Associate professor Dept. of Critical Care Medicine BIRDEM General Hospital Is Sepsis a known
More information10. ACUTE COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
10. ACUTE COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS Prof. Oren Zinder, Ph.D. Rambam Medical Center, and the Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel 1.1. Hypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia is a lowered blood glucose
More informationSeptic Shock. Rontgene M. Solante, MD, FPCP,FPSMID
Septic Shock Rontgene M. Solante, MD, FPCP,FPSMID Learning Objectives Identify situations wherein high or low BP are hemodynamically significant Recognize complications arising from BP emergencies Manage
More information