"Gentlemen, this is no humbug" Dr John Collins Warren, 17 October : Horace Wells 1846: William T. Morton
|
|
- Martin Cox
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 "Gentlemen, this is no humbug" Dr John Collins Warren, 17 October : Horace Wells 1846: William T. Morton
2
3
4 Characteristic differences between anesthesia and sleep Anesthesia Sleep Onset Maintenance Offset Drug-induced No homeostatic control Failure to initiate is non-existent Not altered by environmental factors Duration dependent on dose Depth at a given anesthetic dose is constant Failure to maintain is non-existent Altered minimally by environmental factors Returns to normal wakefulness in hours to days Duration of anesthesia and elimination of agent governs timing of wakefulness Endogenously generated Homeostatic and circadian regulation Failure to initiate is a recognized pathology Significantly modulated by environmental factors Duration function of homeostatic and circadian factors Depth fluctuates rhythmically and spontaneously Failure to maintain is a recognized pathology Significantly altered by environmental factors Return to normal wakefulness within minutes Timing of wakefulness governed by environment, sleep duration, and circadian rhythm
5 Goals of general anesthesia different mechanisms of actions / different anatomical targets Amnesia partial or complete loss of memory Sedation decreased level of arousal Hypnosis impairment of neural functions that are required to respond to verbal commands Immobility lack of movements in response to noxious stimuli myorelaxation, analgesia, anxiolysis
6 Can one drug apply for all these features? Do all general anesthetics can induce these features? Anesthesia mechanisms? Where? How?
7 Neuroanatomical substrates for anesthesia
8 Molecular mechanisms of actions of anesthesia first hypothesis: Meyer-Overton rule
9 Effects of currently used anesthetics on ligand-gated ion channels Nicotinic receptor superfamily Ionotropic gluta amate receptors GABA A Glycine nach 5-HT 3 AMPA kainate NMDA Etomidate ND ND ND Propofol Barbiturates Ketamine Isoflurane Sevoflurane ND ND ND Nitrous oxide : significant potentiation; +: weak potentiation; --: significant inhibition; -: weak inhibition; 0: no effect; ND: remains to be determined.
10
11 Functional switch in GABAergic neurotransmission during development Cl - KCC2 Cl - NKCC1 Na +, K + Cl - excitation Na + GABAAR Cl - GLU-R K + Cl - NKCC1 Na +, K + Cl - Cl - hyperpolarization GABAAR GLU-R
12
13 How to study efficacy of anesthesia in laboratory animals? tail clamp test (classic for MAC determination) locomotor activity (i.e. sedation) righting reflex / sedation score (hypnotic activity) hindlimb withdrawal reflex (immobilizing action)
14 How to study receptors and receptor subtypes mediating anesthesia effects? receptor knock-out mice knock-in transgenic approach (point mutations)
15
16
17 Adenosine receptors
18 How to monitor anesthesia? physiological signs (BP, HR, RR) isolated arm test ( Gold Standard ) EEG BIS (and related qeeg) Transcranial Doppler, NIRS
19 Arthur Guedel M.D.
20 EEG monitoring and anesthesia (I) scalp EEG: voltage detected on the scalp measure mean dendritic currents (post-synaptic potential) of hundreds to millions of cortical neurons that underlie the active electrode
21 EEG monitoring and anesthesia (II)
22 Bispectral index (BIS) monitoring
23
24 Memory formation during anesthesia Explicit: awareness Implicit: unconscious (but detectable/testable) Memory for mock crisis - Levinson 1965
25
26 Explicit memory formation during anesthesia (II) Incidence (prospective studies are the only valid methodology Overall: : > 1.2% : % Cardiac surgery: % (type of anesthesia, commorbidities) Obstetrical surgery: : > 1.2% : 0.4%
27 Explicit memory formation during anesthesia (I) Explicit recall of events during general anesthesia is detected by direct (non-suggestive) questioning: What was the last thing you remember before you went to sleep? What was the first thing you remember when you woke up? Can you remember anything in between these periods? Did you dream during your operation? More than one interview is needed Credibility of reports should always be verified
28 Explicit memory formation during anesthesia (III)
29 Implicit memory formation during anesthesia (II) Occurence: strong association with BIS>50 (studies were conducted under anesthesia in the absence of surgery! ) Does implicit memory matter? Research in psychology suggests that even this very rudimentary activity may have profound effects on behaviour and emotion Priming does not induce novel behaviours; it enhances existing tendencies
30 Implicit memory formation during anesthesia (I) Methods to test: Hypnosis (Memory for mock crisis - Levinson 1965 ) Perceptual priming def.: perceptual priming represent temporarily increased activation of a word or idea in memory method: word stem completion (eg. tractor per-op then asscociation tra- (traffic, tractor, travail etc...) post-op Conceptual priming def.: conceptual priming refers to activation of related knowledge method: e.g. Robinson Crusoe test ( Friday )
31 Dreaming during anesthesia Incidence : 1-81% Predictors : patient factors : women > men young > old > anesthetics : ketamine-based * opioid-based ** propofol-based ** volatiles ** depth of anesthesia : light > heavy Consequences? * bizarre, hallucinating ** pleasant (family, work, recreation, sexual)
General Anesthesia. Mohamed A. Yaseen
General Anesthesia Mohamed A. Yaseen M.S,c Surgery Before Anesthesia General Anesthesia ( GA ) Drug induced absence of perception of all sensation allowing surgery or other painful procedure to be carried
More informationToxicity Pathways Mediated by Ion Channels
Toxicity Pathways Mediated by Ion Channels Philip J. Bushnell Neurotoxicology Division National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development, US EPA Research
More informationChapter 25. General Anesthetics
Chapter 25 1. Introduction General anesthetics: 1. Analgesia 2. Amnesia 3. Loss of consciousness 4. Inhibition of sensory and autonomic reflexes 5. Skeletal muscle relaxation An ideal anesthetic: 1. A
More informationGeneral anesthesia. No single drug capable of achieving these effects both safely and effectively.
General anesthesia General anesthesia is essential to surgical practice, because it renders patients analgesic, amnesia, and unconscious reflexes, while causing muscle relaxation and suppression of undesirable
More informationMechanisms of general anaesthesia. Nick Franks FRCA, FMedSci, FRS Imperial College London
Mechanisms of general anaesthesia Nick Franks FRCA, FMedSci, FRS Imperial College London Etomidate Thiopental Propofol Halothane Isoflurane Sevoflurane Xenon Nitrous oxide Franks and Lieb Nature 367 607
More informationThe molecular mechanisms of general anaesthesia: dissecting the GABA A receptor
The molecular mechanisms of general anaesthesia: dissecting the GABA A receptor Cameron J Weir BSc(Hons) FRCA PhD The mechanisms underlying the dramatic clinical effects of general anaesthetics remain
More informationHypotension after induction, corrected with 20 mg ephedrine x cc LR EBL 250cc Urine output:
Terry C. Wicks, CRNA, MHS Catawba Valley Medical Center Hickory, North Carolina 63 y.o., 5 2, 88 kg female for hand assisted laparoscopic tranversecolectomy Co-morbidities include: Hypertension controlled
More informationAnesthesia: Analgesia: Loss of bodily SENSATION with or without loss of consciousness. Absence of the sense of PAIN without loss of consciousness
1 2 Anesthesia: Loss of bodily SENSATION with or without loss of consciousness Analgesia: Absence of the sense of PAIN without loss of consciousness 3 1772: Joseph Priestly discovered Nitrous Oxide NO
More informationMay 2013 Anesthetics SLOs Page 1 of 5
May 2013 Anesthetics SLOs Page 1 of 5 1. A client is having a scalp laceration sutured and is to be given Lidocaine that contains Epinephrine. The nurse knows that this combination is desgined to: A. Cause
More informationGeneral Anesthesia. My goal in general anesthesia is to stop all of these in the picture above (motor reflexes, pain and autonomic reflexes).
General Anesthesia General anesthesia is essential to surgical practice, because it renders patients analgesic, amnesia and unconscious reflexes, while causing muscle relaxation and suppression of undesirable
More informationPhysiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
Physiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR In Physiology Today What the Brain Does The nervous system determines states of consciousness and produces complex behaviors Any given neuron may
More informationPhysiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
Physiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR What the Brain Does The nervous system determines states of consciousness and produces complex behaviors Any given neuron may have as many as 200,000
More informationINTRODUCTION TO NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE. Learning in Retirement: Epilepsy
INTRODUCTION TO NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE Learning in Retirement: Epilepsy Lesson Overview Seizures VS Epilepsy What Causes Seizures? Types of Seizures Epilepsy Pathology General Cellular Molecular Diagnosis
More informationSEEING KETAMINE IN A NEW LIGHT
SEEING KETAMINE IN A NEW LIGHT BobbieJean Sweitzer, M.D., FACP Professor of Anesthesiology Director of Perioperative Medicine Northwestern University Bobbie.Sweitzer@northwestern.edu LEARNING OBJECTIVES
More informationIt s Not Just Serotonin: Neurosignaling in Mental Illness
It s Not Just Serotonin: Neurosignaling in Mental Illness Barbara J. Limandri, DNSc, APRN, BC Professor of Nursing Linfield College Learning Outcomes Distinguish between metabotropic and ionotropic neuroreceptors
More informationSession ID: 1001 June 14, 2012
It s Not Just Serotonin: Neurosignaling in Mental Illness Barbara J. Limandri, DNSc, APRN, BC Professor of Nursing Linfield College Learning Outcomes Distinguish between metabotropic and ionotropic neuroreceptors
More informationPCTH General Anaesthetics Nov 5 th 2013 (9:30-10:50) Location Woodward 6
PCTH 325 - General Anaesthetics Nov 5 th 2013 (9:30-10:50) Location Woodward 6 M Walker (rsdaa@mail.ubc.ca) Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, UBC Slides adapted from, and
More informationActivation-synthesis hypothesis. compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences. Addition. Amphetamines. Barbiturates.
Activation-synthesis hypothesis Suggests that in the brain engages in a lot of neural activity that is random. Dreams make sense of this activity. Addition compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse
More informationMOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF DRUG ADDICTION. Sylvane Desrivières, SGDP Centre
1 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF DRUG ADDICTION Sylvane Desrivières, SGDP Centre Reward 2 Humans, as well as other organisms engage in behaviours that are rewarding The pleasurable feelings provide positive reinforcement
More informationGeneral and Local Anesthetics TURNING POINT PHARM THURSDAY IMC606 Neuroscience Module
General and Local Anesthetics TURNING POINT PHARM THURSDAY IMC606 Neuroscience Module Peter Bradford, PhD pgb@buffalo.edu, JSMBS 3204 13-December-2018 Disclosures NO SIGNIFICANT FINANCIAL, GENERAL, OR
More informationGeneral Anesthetics. General Anesthesia Characteristics. Balanced Anesthesia. Types of General Anesthetics. Four Stages of Anesthesia
History of Anesthesia General Anesthetics Pharmacology 604 K a t h e r i n e L. N i c h o l s o n, D. V. M., P h. D. Dept. Pharmacology/Toxicology k l n i c h o l @h s c. vcu. edu General Anesthesia Characteristics
More informationModules 7. Consciousness and Attention. sleep/hypnosis 1
Modules 7 Consciousness and Attention sleep/hypnosis 1 Consciousness Our awareness of ourselves and our environments. sleep/hypnosis 2 Dual Processing Our perceptual neural pathways have two routes. The
More informationPCTH 400 Systematic Pharmacology
Objectives At the end of this session, you will be able to: 1. Define the components of general anesthesia; PCTH 400 Systematic Pharmacology Inhaled s and Amnestic Agents Dr. Peter Choi (peter.choi@ubc.ca)
More informationChapter 6. Consciousness
Consciousness Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne What s It For? The Value of Consciousness Setting Priorities for Mental Functioning Sleeping and Dreaming Altering Awareness: Psychoactive Drugs
More informationStates of Consciousness
States of Consciousness On the Nature of Consciousness Awareness of and Stimuli Variations on levels of stream of consciousness unconscious Sleep/dreaming research A family of practices that train to heighten
More informationInhalational Anesthesia. Munir Gharaibeh, MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine The University of Jordan February, 2018
Inhalational Anesthesia School of Medicine The University of Jordan February, 2018 mgharaib@ju.edu.jo Inhalational Anesthesia n Gases or volatile liquids n Administration and Elimination is by the lungs
More informationANTIANXIETY DRUGS: BENZODIAZEPINES
Margaret Gnegy Professor of Pharmacology pgnegy@umich.edu 1 ANTIANXIETY DRUGS: BENZODIAZEPINES Sedatives and hypnotics M. Gnegy, Ph.D. 1 2 Reading: Goodman & Gilman, 11th ed. Chapter 16, pp. 401-427. Drug
More informationC81ADD Psychology of Addiction. Alcohol. Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) School of Psychology. Tobias Bast.
C81ADD Psychology of Addiction Alcohol Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) Tobias Bast School of Psychology tobias.bast@nottingham.ac.uk 1 Outline Relevance of alcohol to individual and society: alcohol-associated
More informationStates of Consciousness
Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 7 States of Consciousness Waking Consciousness Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environments Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms periodic physiological
More informationImmobility of the surgical patient is a cardinal feature
Anesthetic Pharmacology Preclinical Pharmacology Section Editor: Marcel E. Durieux Review Article Clinical Pharmacology Section Editor: Tony Gin Is a New Paradigm Needed to Explain How Inhaled Anesthetics
More informationBIOL455 COMPARITIVE NEUROBIOLOGY LECTURE#7 DR. OLLIE HULME! FALL 2010! UBC
BIOL455 COMPARITIVE NEUROBIOLOGY LECTURE#7 DR. OLLIE HULME! FALL 2010! UBC Days: MWF, 12-1, room 201! Same old details! Ollieʼs Office hours:! Fri 1.30-4.30pm (may change)! room 3308 Biosciences! Lindsayʼs
More informationVolatile Anaesthetic Agents (Basic Principles)
Volatile Anaesthetic Agents (Basic Principles) KSS School of Anaesthesia Basic Science Course South Coast Training Group Dr S M Walton Consultant Anaesthetist Eastbourne What do you need to know about
More informationNotes: Synapse. Overview. PSYC Summer Professor Claffey PDF. Conversion from an signal to a signal - electrical signal is the
PSYC 170 - Summer 2013 - Professor Claffey Notes: Synapse PDF Overview Conversion from an signal to a signal - electrical signal is the - chemical signal is the Presynaptic - refers to that sends/receives
More informationThe Neurobiology of Schizophrenia
The Neurobiology of Schizophrenia Dost Ongur, MD PhD Neither I nor my spouse/partner has a relevant financial relationship with a commercial interest to disclose. What is Psychosis? Response Language Affect
More informationAction Potentials and Synaptic Transmission. BIO 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross
Action Potentials and Synaptic Transmission BIO 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross Review of action potentials Nodes of Ranvier Nucleus Dendrites Cell body In saltatory conduction, the nerve impulses
More informationCircadian rhythm and Sleep. Radwan Banimustafa MD
Circadian rhythm and Sleep Radwan Banimustafa MD Homeostasis Maintenance of equilibrium by active regulation of internal states: Cardiovascular function (blood pressure, heart rate) Body temperature Food
More informationNeuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3e. Chapter 4: The action potential
Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3e Chapter 4: The action potential Introduction Action Potential in the Nervous System Conveys information over long distances Action potential Initiated in the axon
More informationChapter 5. Variations in Consciousness 8 th Edition
Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness 8 th Edition Consciousness: Personal Awareness Awareness of Internal and External Stimuli Levels of awareness James stream of consciousness Freud unconscious Sleep/dreaming
More informationBIS Monitoring. ASSESSMENT OF DEPTH OF ANAESTHESIA. Why measure depth of anaesthesia? or how to avoid. awareness in one easy lesson
BIS Monitoring or how to avoid www.eurosiva.org awareness in one easy lesson ASSESSMENT MONITORING ANAESTHETIC DEPTH OF DEPTH OF ANAESTHESIA Why measure depth of anaesthesia? How do the various EEG monitors
More informationMemory: Computation, Genetics, Physiology, and Behavior. James L. McClelland Stanford University
Memory: Computation, Genetics, Physiology, and Behavior James L. McClelland Stanford University A Playwright s Take on Memory What interests me a great deal is the mistiness of the past Harold Pinter,
More informationName: Per:_ Advanced Placement Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide
Name: Per:_ Advanced Placement Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 1: Foundations & History 1. Describe the following perspectives of psychology. Behavioral Perspective Evolutionary Perspective
More informationIndex. Behaviour, posthypnotic see Posthypnotic behaviour
Index Amnesia, posthypnotic see Posthypnotic amnesia Analgesia, hypnotic see Pain Animal hypnosis, 4 duration of, affected by caffeine and X-rays, 71-72 as emotional reaction, 69 emotional stress, role
More informationClinical Electroencephalography for Anesthesiologists
Clinical Electroencephalography for Anesthesiologists The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation As Published Publisher
More informationIONOTROPIC RECEPTORS
BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS ZSOLT LIPOSITS 1 NEURAL COMMUNICATION http://sciencecore.columbia.edu/s4.html 2 Post-synaptic mechanisms Receptors-signal transduction-messengers 3 TRANSMITTER
More informationRecall in Penfield Experiment
Multiple Memory Systems LTM isn t a single unitary system Different types of systems Systems mediated by different areas of the brain Penfield (1955) Recall in Penfield Experiment Recalled childhood events,
More information- Neurotransmitters Of The Brain -
- Neurotransmitters Of The Brain - INTRODUCTION Synapsis: a specialized connection between two neurons that permits the transmission of signals in a one-way fashion (presynaptic postsynaptic). Types of
More informationGeneral anesthetics. Dr. Shamil AL-Noaimy Lecturer of Pharmacology Dept. of Pharmacology College of Medicine
General anesthetics Dr. Shamil AL-Noaimy Lecturer of Pharmacology Dept. of Pharmacology College of Medicine Rationale General anesthesia is essential to surgical practice, because it renders patients analgesic,
More information11/10/16. Neurotransmitters and their Receptors. Professor Abercrombie, Chapter 6, Neuroscience, 4 th ed, D. Purves et el.
Chapter 6, Neuroscience, 4 th ed, D. Purves et el. Neurotransmitters and their Receptors Professor Abercrombie, 2016 Events from neurotransmitter release to postsynaptic excitation or inhibition Sequence
More informationAlive but not Kicking : The Molecular Neurobiology of Anesthesia.
Alive but not Kicking : The Molecular Neurobiology of Anesthesia. Before anesthesia.. Early anesthetic use: In surgery In recreation Technology for administration of volatile anesthetics is developed for
More informationSynaptic Integration
Synaptic Integration 3 rd January, 2017 Touqeer Ahmed PhD Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences National University of Sciences and Technology Excitatory Synaptic Actions Excitatory Synaptic Action
More informationUTILITY OF BISPECTRAL INDEX (BIS) MONITORING DURING GENERAL ANESTHESIA
From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden UTILITY OF BISPECTRAL INDEX (BIS) MONITORING DURING GENERAL
More informationCONSCIOUSNESS IS DEFINED AS THE AWARENESS OF OURSELVES AND OUR ENVIRONMENT.
CONSCIOUSNESS IS DEFINED AS THE AWARENESS OF OURSELVES AND OUR ENVIRONMENT. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS are our bodies biological cycles that occur every 24 hours. Sleep, blood pressure, body temperature are just
More informationOrganization of the nervous system. The withdrawal reflex. The central nervous system. Structure of a neuron. Overview
Overview The nervous system- central and peripheral The brain: The source of mind and self Neurons Neuron Communication Chemical messengers Inside the brain Parts of the brain Split Brain Patients Organization
More informationTable 1. Relevant Publications by Company Investigators and Colleagues
Table 1. Relevant Publications by Company Investigators and Colleagues Study Objective Results Conclusions To determine Mean peak count frequency before whether OMT can administration of propofol determine
More information9.98 Neuropharmacology January (IAP) 2009
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 9.98 Neuropharmacology January (IAP) 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. Neuropharmacology: The
More informationGABA Induced Depolarization: A Tale of Opposing Forces
GABA Induced Depolarization: A Tale of Opposing Forces December 2010 Jong M. Rho, MD Alberta Children s Hospital University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada American Epilepsy Society Annual Meeting Disclosures
More informationPharmacological methods of behaviour management
Pharmacological methods of behaviour management Pharmacological methods CONCIOUS SEDATION?? Sedation is the use of a mild sedative (calming drug) to manage special needs or anxiety while a child receives
More informationDRUGS THAT ACT IN THE CNS
DRUGS THAT ACT IN THE CNS Anxiolytic and Hypnotic Drugs Dr Karamallah S. Mahmood PhD Clinical Pharmacology 1 OTHER ANXIOLYTIC AGENTS/ A. Antidepressants Many antidepressants are effective in the treatment
More informationIntro to Cognitive Science
Intro to Cognitive Science Jamuna Subramaniam Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Higher order brain functions Language Learning and memory Thought
More informationChapter 19. Media Directory. Topical (Surface) Anesthesia. Spinal Anesthesia. Nerve-Block Anesthesia. Infiltration (Field-Block) Anesthesia
Chapter 19 Drugs for Local and General Anesthesia Slide 18 Media Directory Lidocaine Animation Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Topical (Surface) Anesthesia Creams, sprays, suppositories
More informationALCOHOL Other name(s): ethyl alcohol, ethanol, grain alcohol, hootch, liquor, booze, firewater, EtOH Class: alcohols are molecules with a hydroxyl
Other name(s): ethyl alcohol, ethanol, grain alcohol, hootch, liquor, booze, firewater, EtOH Class: alcohols are molecules with a hydroxyl (OH) bound to carbon atoms. In EtOH, the carbon is in an ethyl
More informationPain Pathways. Dr Sameer Gupta Consultant in Anaesthesia and Pain Management, NGH
Pain Pathways Dr Sameer Gupta Consultant in Anaesthesia and Pain Management, NGH Objective To give you a simplistic and basic concepts of pain pathways to help understand the complex issue of pain Pain
More informationReview article Measuring anesthesia in children using the EEG
Pediatric Anesthesia 2006 16: 374 387 doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2006.01877.x Review article Measuring anesthesia in children using the EEG ANDREW J. DAVIDSON MBBS MD FANZCA Grad raddipepibiostat Department
More informationSynaptic Communication. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Synaptic Communication Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Course News The first exam is next week on Friday! Be sure to checkout the sample exam on the course website. 2
More informationIntroduction to CNS 1
Introduction to CNS 1 Types of ion channels 1- voltage-gated 2-legends-gated Voltage-gated channel A voltage Sensor component of the protein controls the gating (broken arrow) of the channel. Voltage-gated
More informationBasics of Pharmacology
Basics of Pharmacology Pekka Rauhala Transmed 2013 What is pharmacology? Pharmacology may be defined as the study of the effects of drugs on the function of living systems Pharmacodynamics The mechanism(s)
More informationModule 22- Understanding Consciousness & Hypnosis
Module 22- Understanding Consciousness & Hypnosis - Fundamental, hard to define Psychological Concept - Difficulties in defining consciousness led those specializing in behaviorism to look at direct observations
More informationNEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3
NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3 NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES Neurons communicate with other neurons or target cells at synapses. Chemical synapse: a very narrow
More informationCELLULAR NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
CELLULAR NEUROPHYSIOLOGY CONSTANCE HAMMOND 4. SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION II: GLUTAMATERGIC TRANSMISSION Video 4-1: Observations and glutamate receptor channels Synaptic transmission II 1 Constance Hammond Observation
More informationIntroduction to Anesthesia
Introduction to Anesthesia Objectives for the MS111 7000 Clerkship Understand the principles of pre-procedure preparation and post- procedure care Understand the range of anesthetic options available to
More informationSynapses and synaptic plasticity. Lubica Benuskova Lecture 8 How neurons communicate How do we learn and remember
Synapses and synaptic plasticity Lubica Benuskova Lecture 8 How neurons communicate How do we learn and remember 1 Brain is comprised of networks of neurons connected and communicating via synapses ~10
More informationAge-related requisite concentration of sevoflurane for adequate sedation with combined epidural-general anesthesia
Clinical Research Article Korean J Anesthesiol 203 June 64(6): 489-493 http://dx.doi.org/0.4097/kjae.203.64.6.489 Age-related requisite concentration of sevoflurane for adequate sedation with combined
More informationPHYSICIAN COMPETENCY FOR ADULT DEEP SEDATION (Ages 14 and older)
Name Score PHYSICIAN COMPETENCY FOR ADULT DEEP SEDATION (Ages 14 and older) 1. Pre-procedure evaluation for moderate sedation should involve all of the following EXCEPT: a) Airway Exam b) Anesthetic history
More informationWhen cells are already maximally potentiated LTP is occluded.
When cells are already maximally potentiated LTP is occluded. Stein, V et al., (2003) J Neurosci, 23:5503-6606. Also found in Rat Barrel Cortex Ehrlich & Malinow (2004) J. Neurosci. 24:916-927 Over-expression
More informationDr Laith M Abbas Al-Huseini M.B.Ch.B, M.Sc., M.Res., Ph.D.
Dr Laith M Abbas Al-Huseini M.B.Ch.B, M.Sc., M.Res., Ph.D. Sedative drug is the drug that reduce anxiety (anxiolytic) and produce sedation and referred to as minor tranquillisers. Hypnotic drug is the
More informationHow Nicotinic Signaling Shapes Neural Networks
How Nicotinic Signaling Shapes Neural Networks Darwin K. Berg Division of Biological Sciences University of California, San Diego Nicotinic Cholinergic Signaling Uses the transmitter ACh to activate cation-selective
More informationPharmacology of Pain Transmission and Modulation
Pharmacology of Pain Transmission and Modulation 2 Jürg Schliessbach and Konrad Maurer Nociceptive Nerve Fibers Pain is transmitted to the central nervous system via thinly myelinated Aδ and unmyelinated
More informationANAT2010. Concepts of Neuroanatomy (II) S2 2018
ANAT2010 Concepts of Neuroanatomy (II) S2 2018 Table of Contents Lecture 13: Pain and perception... 3 Lecture 14: Sensory systems and visual pathways... 11 Lecture 15: Techniques in Neuroanatomy I in vivo
More informationstates of brain activity sleep, brain waves DR. S. GOLABI PH.D. IN MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY
states of brain activity sleep, brain waves DR. S. GOLABI PH.D. IN MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY introduction all of us are aware of the many different states of brain activity, including sleep, wakefulness, extreme
More informationChapter 004 Procedural Sedation and Analgesia
Chapter 004 Procedural Sedation and Analgesia NOTE: CONTENT CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT IS TAKEN FROM ROSEN S EMERGENCY MEDICINE 9th Ed. Italicized text is quoted directly from Rosen s. Key Concepts: 1.
More informationUnderstanding the Brain: What Drugs Can Tell Us
LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP Understanding the Brain: What Drugs Can Tell Us Presented by: Dr. Rochelle D. Schwartz-Bloom March 24, 2011 Understanding the Brain: What Drugs Can Tell Us Rochelle
More informationSedatives and Hypnotics. Ahmad Al-Tarifi. Zahra Khalil. Pharmacology. 1 P a g e
Sedatives and Hypnotics Ahmad Al-Tarifi Zahra Khalil 1 P a g e Pharmacology 7 OCD can lead to an anxious behavior and anxiety can be treated with drugs called Sedatives and Hypnotics. What are sedatives?
More informationSynaptic Transmission: Ionic and Metabotropic
Synaptic Transmission: Ionic and Metabotropic D. Purves et al. Neuroscience (Sinauer Assoc.) Chapters 5, 6, 7. C. Koch. Biophysics of Computation (Oxford) Chapter 4. J.G. Nicholls et al. From Neuron to
More informationSection: Chapter 5: Multiple Choice. 1. The structure of synapses is best viewed with a(n):
Section: Chapter 5: Multiple Choice 1. The structure of synapses is best viewed with a(n): p.155 electron microscope. light microscope. confocal microscope. nissle-stained microscopic procedure. 2. Electron
More informationThe Cerebral Cortex and Higher Intellectual Functions
The Cerebral Cortex and Higher Intellectual Functions The Cerebral cortex consists of 2 cerebral hemisphere and each hemisphere consists of 5 lobes (frontal, parietal,temporal,occipital,insular lobe which
More information-Ensherah Mokheemer. -Amani Nofal. -Loai Alzghoul
-1 -Ensherah Mokheemer -Amani Nofal -Loai Alzghoul 1 P a g e Today we will start talking about the physiology of the nervous system and we will mainly focus on the Central Nervous System. Introduction:
More informationAssignment 3: Drugs Change Our Behavior Via Actions on Neurons.
Assignment 3: Drugs Change Our Behavior Via Actions on Neurons. In order for us to be able to understand how drugs and diseases affect the brain and our behavior we need to have a basic understanding of
More informationThe Game Plan. Should I Be Doing This? The Perfect Drug. Procedural Sedation
Procedural Sedation Sanjay Arora MD Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine Keck School of Medicine at USC Los Angeles County + USC Medical Center May 23, 2012 The Game Plan Who shouldn t get sedation
More informationTHE fact that the body is lying down is no reason for
REVIEW ARTICLE David S. Warner, M.D., Editor Unresponsiveness Unconsciousness Robert D. Sanders, B.Sc., M.B.B.S., F.R.C.A.,* Giulio Tononi, M.D., Steven Laureys, M.D., Ph.D., Jamie Sleigh, M.B.Ch.B., F.R.C.A.,
More informationLESSON 3.3 WORKBOOK. Why does applying pressure relieve pain? Workbook. Postsynaptic potentials
Depolarize to decrease the resting membrane potential. Decreasing membrane potential means that the membrane potential is becoming more positive. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) graded postsynaptic
More informationStructure of a Neuron:
Structure of a Neuron: At the dendrite the incoming signals arrive (incoming currents) At the soma current are finally integrated. At the axon hillock action potential are generated if the potential crosses
More informationNervous System. Nervous system cells. Transmission of a signal 2/27/2015. Neuron
Nervous System 2007-2008 signal direction Neuron a nerve cell Nervous system cells dendrites axon cell body Structure fits function many entry points for signal one path out transmits signal signal direction
More informationGeneral Anesthetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Unconsciousness. Stuart A. Forman, MD, PhD* w. Victor A. Chin, MD w
General Anesthetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Unconsciousness Stuart A. Forman, MD, PhD* w Harvard Medical School Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Victor A. Chin, MD w Massachusetts
More informationStates of Consciousness
1 Unit 5 Review of Key Concepts and Terms States of Consciousness (2-4% of the AP exam/curriculum) Consciousness: our awareness of ourselves and our environment. Preconscious: something that is not in
More informationStates of Consciousness
Myers PSYCHOLOGY Unit 5 States of Consciousness "We do imagery work and talk about having that innovative mindset of being special," Wilson says. "We talk about being in the moment and increasing chaos
More informationLecture 22: A little Neurobiology
BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 22: A little Neurobiology http://compbio.uchsc.edu/hunter/bio5099 Larry.Hunter@uchsc.edu Nervous system development Part of the ectoderm
More informationSynaptic transmission
Outline Synaptic transmission Sompol Tapechum M.D., Ph.D. Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. sisth@mahidol.ac.th 2 Structure of synapse Modes of synaptic
More informationantagonist effects: Insights from a global knockout mouse model Sangeetha V. Iyer Bachelor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mumbai, 2005
Role of the α4-containing GABA A receptors in anesthetic and ethanol antagonist effects: Insights from a global knockout mouse model By Sangeetha V. Iyer Bachelor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
More informationDrugs and the Brain. Sooren Moosavy and Vanessa Travieso
Drugs and the Brain Sooren Moosavy and Vanessa Travieso What are drugs? DRUG: any substance which, when ingested in relatively small amounts, induces a physiological change LD50 lethal dose 50% = dose
More information2/7/16. Neurons maintain a negative membrane potential. Membrane potential. Ion conductances determine the membrane potential
Neurons maintain a negative membrane potential. V Ion channels are key regulators of membrane potential. Low Na + 2mM High K + 125mM Low Ca + (10-7 ) Low Cl - (5mM) Membrane potential. V ENa= RT/nF ln[na+]o/[na+]in
More information