Volleyball Skill: Dig Stage of Learning Cognitive Associative Autonomous What is the stage of learning? How is it used? Why is it used?

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Homer Lawrence
5 years ago
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1 Script for 2.2 biomechanics volleyball video Volleyball Skill: Dig Stage of Learning Cognitive Associative Autonomous What is the stage of learning? How is it used? Why is it used? In my pre test for the volley ball skill, dig my stage of learning was Cognitive stage. I was at the cognitive stage because I had not learnt how to do to the skill. The cognitive stage is when the skill is performed inconsistently and requires all of my attention. During my pre test I could successfully dig the ball back to the per on passing to me 4/10 times. During this stage I was not aware of the mistakes I was making such as (pictures in video) so wasn't able to improve immediately without practise. Throughout the volley ball topic we practised each skill multiple times. In the post test I had improved my dig accuracy and level it was performed at. I had improved to the Associative stage. This stage is where the skill is performed without full concentration and where around 6 out of 10 of the attempts are correct and successful. During my post test I could successfully dig 8 out of 10 balls back to the thrower. During this stage I had fewer errors and when I did do something wrong I was able to pick up on it. For example when hitting the ball I occasionally swung my arms to hit the ball instead of pushing off with my legs.

2 Biomechanics and muscular systems involved When doing a volley ball dig you use many muscular systems, The lower muscles used include the hamstring and Quadriceps, Gastrocnemius (calf muscles), the tibialis anterior, rectus femurs, and tensor fascia latae. The upper muscle systems used are the deltoids, triceps and latissimus dorsi. When setting yourself up for a dig you first position your feet shoulder width apart with one slightly in front of the other, then you flex your knees which are hinge joints. The flexing of your knees uses the hamstrings (agonist) and Quadricepts (antagonist). In order to stay upright while flexing your knees you must also flex your hip which is a ball in socket joint. The flexion of your hip involves the Quadricps (agonist), hamstrings (antagonist) and rectus femuris muscles. After you have positioned your lower body you must extend your arms, which requires the extension of your elbow and wrist joints and the flexion of your shoulder, resulting in your arms being approximately 45 movement of the biceps (antagonist) and triceps (agonist) and wrist extension uses the wrist extensors (agonist) and wrist flexor (antagonist). When flexing your shoulder forward you are using the Anterior deltoid (agonist) and Posterior deltoid (antagonist). After you are in this position you are ready to dig the ball. When the ball comes you should hit it in between the wrist joint and the elbow joint. Your legs should push your body up transferring force and momentum from your body onto the ball. Your arms should stay locked in extended position. While your leg joints should now extend pushing you and the ball upwards and forwards. After your arms come in contact with the ball your legs should continue until they are fully extended, following through.

3 Biomechanical Principle 1 What is the principle? How is it used in your skill? Why is it used in your skill? So what? A biomechanical principal used in the dig is force summation. Force summation includes - Using muscles in order of biggest to largest - Correct sequence - Over a long period of time - the direction of force - Follow the movement through - stable base Initially, in the cognitive stage, my use of force summation was not good. I did not use my muscles in order of biggest to largest. Instead of extending my legs upwards and therefore pushing the ball forwards I just swung my arms to hit the ball. This results in the ball not having enough force behind it so no going very far. After using whole-part-whole learning and knowing how to perform the skill properly I was able to focus on extending my legs (knee and hip) out to make my arms come in contact with the ball. Using my muscles in the correct sequence comes with using them in order of biggest to smallest. I had to first flex my knees and hips then extend out my arms so when the ball came I could keep my arms extended but also extend my legs at the right time. In my pre test I did not flex my legs so when the ball came I couldn't extend them resulting in a lack of force behind the ball. In order to get the most force into your dig you also need to follow the movement through, when I was in the cognitive stage of learning I was not following this movement through so there was not enough force behind the ball and it did not go to the intended spot. However after I had practised this skill through multiple types of practice I could then focus on the follow through. A stable base of support means that you are more balanced so can apply more force to the ball. In the volley ball dig this requires your feet to be shoulder with apart with one slightly in front of the other. In my pre test I did not know, so wasn't able to do this however this meant that as soon as I had the skill explained in Whole-part-whole learning I could improve in this aspect.

4 Biomechanical Principle 2 What is the principle? How is it used in your skill? Why is it used in your skill? So what? Another biomechanical principle is projectile motion. Projectile motion includes, height of release, speed of release and angle of release. factors that affect the projectiles motion while in the air are gravity and air resistance. When I was in the cognitive stage of learning a dig I wasn't aware of what angle and height the ball should be hit or released at. After we had done whole part whole learning I could see that for the best results when performing a dig your arms should be extended to about 45 o below perpendicular with the ground. This enables the ball to go high enough for the setter to position them selves under the ball, and far enough if necessary. Knowing how the ball will act in the air with forces such as gravity and air resistance means that I can understand approximately where the ball will land if I hit/release with a certain speed. If I extend my legs and hip up faster then the ball will travel further. If I extend upwards slower then the balls projectile will not be as far or high because there isn't as much force behind it. And then also the height of release. If i release the ball higher then it will travel further, if i release it lower my body wont have been able to extend fast enough to get more force behind the ball so it will not go as far. Understanding the factors of projectile motion and knowing the optimum angle of release in a dig (45 0 associative stage of learning because I could continue to focus on technique rather than how much force should be behind the ball.

5 Biomechanical Principle 3 What is the principle? How is it used in your skill? Why is it used in your skill? So what? The third biomechanical principle is balance and stability. Balance and stability includes, centre of gravity and base of support ad line of gravity. To become more stable or balanced you should have a lower centre of gravity, wider base of support and your centre of gravity should be directly over you base of support. Your line of gravity should pass through the centre of gravity. When setting up for a volley ball dig I originally did not have my feet shoulder width apart nor was I flexing my legs, meaning my centre of gravity was relatively high. This meant that I wasn't as balanced as i could have been but I also wasn't able to get as much force behind the ball. However as I progressed and practised more I learnt that to dig you should push of from you legs and keep your arms locked in position. In order to extend up you need to flex your knees and hip. This means that my centre of gravity becomes lower. After doing part learning and getting feedback I learnt that my feet should be shoulder width apart and one slightly in front of the other. Having feedback on my balance and stability also affected the way I was able to perform my skill. Which helped me to improve into the associative stage. What type of practice worked for your skill learning? Whole Part Whole-Part-Whole Massed Distributed While learning this skill we used a few types of practice, Whole learning, whole part whole and part learning. Whole learning is where you continuously go over the particular skill, the dig. This was beneficial because it meant that I got a lot of practise of one particular skill that I wanted to improve on. However this got a bit repetitive and boring so I started to loose concentration. Whole part whole is where you are explained the different parts of the skill and then you attempt it. This was also beneficial because we then actually knew how to perform the skill wether or not we could yet. And we knew what to practise. Part learning was where we warmed up and practised the skill, then we got feedback and the skill and what to improve on was reinforced. Then I could go back and practice in a game setting knowing exactly how a dig was meant to be done and then attempting it. This type of training was most beneficial to me because I was learning swell as practising and therefore I was able to improve resulting in my post test having better results than my pre test.

6 What factors impacted your skill learning? Facilities Competition Weather Show a comprehensive understanding of 3 of the following: Self-talk Visualisation Mental rehearsal Routines Arousal control Goal setting Confidence concentration Factors that impacted learning the dig were facilities and weather. Facilities positively affected my skill learning because we had good facilities. While I was in the cognitive stage we had pretty average balls an some were a bit flat which might have slightly hindered learning how to dig, because if one day I got a really pumped up ball I would have to put less force in it then if I had a slightly flat ball. However as we progressed we were given better quality volleyballs which were all pumped up evenly. Having good facilities motivates you to try harder which may have meant that I improved faster. Weather affected my performance and learning the skill because when it was bad weather other classes had to share the gym with us meaning we had less space to practise and weren't able to practise through whole learning because we just had to play games. Three sport psychology methods I used while performing and practising the volley ball dig was, Goal setting, concentration and Visualisation. I used goal setting because in our pre and post test we had to get see how many digs we could do properly out of ten. After doing my pre test (4/10) I could then set a goal of how much I wanted to improve by for the post test. My goal was to try double my pre test result after we had practised for a number of weeks. This meant that I had something to work for and gave me motivation. I used concentration throughout this topic because in the cognitive stage of learning it requires full attention to perform the skill. If i concentrated more I was able to better perform the dig because then a I could focus solely on doing the different steps in the right order which contributed to how well I used force summation. I also used visualisation during this topic because it helped me know what I was trying to achieve. If I didn't know how a dig was supposed to look at all then I would not have been able to attempt one. However before doing the dig, if I visualised how it was meant to look then I would know how well I did or what i need to improve on. This helped me get into associative stage. Eccentric and concentric contractions While doing a dig the eccentric movement occurred in my Quadriceps as I moved down flexing my knees and hip. The Concentric movement occurred in my quadriceps as I was extending my knees and pushing myself upwards onto the ball.

7 Evaluation The biomechanical principle that helped me the most was force summation, force summation allowed me to improve on my skill and progress from Cognitive to Associative, It allowed me to do this because I could understand the basic principals of hitting the ball in the correct way. Using balance and stability however allowed me to have a stable base and thus linked back to force summation. Without force summation I wouldn't have understood the importance of using my muscles in order to smallest or largest and would not be aware that following through was also very important to getting the most force behind the ball. Therefore I think for learning and improving on the dig force summation was the most helpful and informative. Improvements During this volleyball assessment we used multiple types of training, however if I was to repeat this and try to improve anymore I would use Part training more, this would mean that I could continuously repeat a skill and get feedback so would be able to improve more, although we did spend a lot of time doing whole learning and just repeating the skill over and over again, I think I would have improved more with more feedback. I would also try improve my speed of progression next time by first looking at the skill and how it is done instead of jumping straight into it as I originally did, meaning I lost a bit of time just trying the way I thought it was meant to be done. Emily Harrison, 12WH

Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard. Physical Education Level 2

Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard Physical Education Level 2 This exemplar supports assessment against: Achievement Standard 91328 Demonstrate understanding of how and why biophysical principles