Monitoring training loads, mood states, and jump performance over two periodized training mesocycles in elite young volleyball players

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1 Original research Monitoring training loads, mood states, and jump performance over two periodized training mesocycles in elite young volleyball players International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 2017, Vol. 12(1) ! The Author(s) 2016 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalspermissions.nav DOI: / journals.sagepub.com/home/spo Marcelo S Aoki 1, Ademir FS Arruda 2, Camila G Freitas 1, Bernardo Miloski 1, Pablo R Marcelino 1,3, Gustavo Drago 3, Murilo Drago 3 and Alexandre Moreira 2 Abstract The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of the periodized training program on internal training load, mood states, and vertical jump capacity of young volleyball players. Internal training load was measured using the session rating of perceived exertion (session-rpe) method. To assess mood states, the profile of mood states questionnaire was completed once a week. The vertical jump tests were performed before and after training period. The main findings were (1) the internal training load was greater during the preparatory mesocycle than during the competitive mesocycle, for both U16 and U19 groups; (2) the U19 completed a higher training load during preparatory mesocycle than U16; (3) despite the differences in the periodized training program, the U16 group presented a higher value for the total mood disturbance and for the subscales, tension, depression, anger, and fatigue; and (4) the vertical jump performance increased from the beginning to the end of the nine-week training period for U16 and U19 groups. Keywords Periodization, counter-movement jump, exercise intensity, rating of perceived exertion, squat jump, training program, vertical jump Introduction The training periodization is a key factor for athletes to achieve the best performance. In order to achieve effectiveness, the training periodization largely depends on the systematic training monitoring process. It is widely accepted that the integrated training monitoring approach provide pertinent data which could be used to guide coaches decision-making process and drive further direction. 1 3 Despite the relevance of training monitoring, there is limited data in literature about this topic, 3 especially regarding youth team sports. A possible reason for the limited information available regarding the training load distribution in youth team sport athletes is that there have been few practical and reliable methods to monitor the training load in team sports. In addition, these methods (e.g. GPS and heart rate monitors) present high cost, and there are operational difficulties for researcher to access elite young team sport athletes in a practical setting. It is also important to mention that these methods assess the performed external work (external training load); however, no information regarding internal responses (internal training load (ITL)) can be obtained. On the other hand, the session rating of perceived exertion (session-rpe) is a simple, useful, valid, and inexpensive method for quantifying ITL which was proposed by Foster et al. 4 This method has been suggested to be one of the most reliable tools for monitoring the training dose 4 9 and can provide a global indicator of exercise intensity. 10,11 The validation for Reviewer: Larry Judge (Ball State University, USA) 1 School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 2 School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 3 Integrated Support Center for Athletes CIAA E.C. Pinheiros, São Paulo, Brazil Corresponding author: Alexandre Moreira, Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil. alemoreira@usp.br

2 Aoki et al. 131 monitoring ITL for intermittent team sports has been consistently investigated. 3,6,8 10,12 17 Nevertheless, compared to adult athletes, there is still scarce information reporting the use of session-rpe method to quantify training load and describe the training periodization in youth team athletes. 15,16,18 20 Moreover, less is known about how these athletes cope with the stress derived from the training process. The ability to deal with the demands from the competitive environment in sports appears to play a key role in the likelihood to achieve a high performance level. 21 Therefore, the use of psychological markers of stress is a strategy to provide valuable information for the coach and the technical staff. The profile of mood states (POMS) questionnaire 22 has been widely used in sports setting and has been associated with the level of stress. 23 In addition, POMS is a viable psychological tool for monitoring athletes mood states during periods of intensified training. 24,25 It is also important to monitor physical performance during a periodized training program. In this sense, jumping capacity has been considered one of the most important physical attributes of volleyball players and the actions involving vertical jumps occur with elevated frequency in a typical volleyball match. 26 Nevertheless, the development of the jump capacity in volleyball players is a desirable training-induced adaptation. 27 Despite the recognized relevance of a multidimensional training monitoring approach for youth team sports, as well as the success of Brazilian volleyball, for both adult and youth teams (first ranked team in the 2013 men senior world ranking of the Fedération Internationale de Volleyball, and the second winner in the 2013 men U19 world Championship), there is need of advancing the knowledge regarding periodization of training loads in young elite volleyball players, in particular, for those talents in the categories which precede the professional level. Therefore, the purposes of this study were (1) to describe the periodization training program undertaken by young volleyball players and to compare such periodization between two age categories (U16 versus U19) and (2) verify the effect of the periodized training program on ITL, mood states, and vertical jump performance of the young volleyball players. Method Subjects Twenty-two young male volleyball players from a Brazilian club who competed in one of the main Brazilian State Championship agreed to participate in the study. There were three main inclusion criteria to take part in the present investigation: (1) participation in all training sessions, (2) provide daily session-rpe score as well as fulfill the POMS questionnaire weekly, and (3) participation in all physical tests. While 22 players initially took part in the study, data for 18 were actually considered through nonavailability as a consequence of an injury sustained and/or missed training sessions. Therefore, the four players who had incomplete data were not included in the analysis. All assessed players (U16: n ¼ 9, age years, height cm, body mass kg and U19: n ¼ 9, age years, height: cm, body mass kg) habitually were used to training four to five days a week, with two daily sessions (physical training and technical/tactical training). They were familiarized with all adopted procedures and tests, which were used during their usual training program. The two assessed teams successfully reached the championship final of their respective age categories in the 2011 season. All the assessed players were considered healthy and carrying no injuries that would affect their participation. After ethics approval by the local University Research Ethics Committee the experimental protocols were explained in detail. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant and their respective parents or guardians. ITL The ITL was quantified by session-rpe method as proposed by Foster et al. 4 and used with a similar sample of volleyball players. 15 Thirty minutes after the session, players answered the question How was your workout? avoiding any contact between players. They were requested to ensure that their RPE referred to the intensity of the whole session rather than the most recent exercise intensity. The training intensity was measured using a Borg s category ratio 10 RPE scale. The reported session-rpe score was multiplied by the total session duration, in minutes, to indicate the ITL. All athletes were previously familiarized with the use of RPE scale. The ITL was described using the overall mean weekly training load (overall ITL) and mean of weekly training load for each form of exercise training (weight lifting training (WLT)-ITL, conditioning training (CT)-ITL, and hybrid training (HT)-ITL). Mood states The POMS 22 questionnaire was used. Players answered 65 items using a five-point Likert scale (0 represents nothing and 4 represents extremely ) on a weekly basis. Six subscales were analyzed, in which five were negative mood scales (tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion) and one was positive (vigor). The six subscales were combined into a total mood disturbance (TMD) score by summing the scores

3 132 International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12(1) of the five negative mood scales and subtracting the score for vigor. 22 A value of 100 was added to the TMD as proposed 25 and used earlier. 28 Athletes answered the questionnaire according to the question used earlier by Berger et al. 28 : ( How have you been feeling during the past week, including today? ). Vertical jump tests At the beginning and after the nine-week experimental training period, the players performed the squat jump (SJ), the countermovement jump with hands on the hips (CMJ), and the countermovement jump with arms swing allowed (CMJa). The jump tests were performed in the same day in a randomized order, at least 24 h after the last bout of exercise. Each athlete performed three attempts for each test (separated by 40 s rest); the best two attempts were averaged and used for analysis. Before jump tests, athletes performed a 10 min warm-up that consisted of jogging and sprint exercises with changes of direction. All players were largely familiarized with this procedure, which was usually performed during their training program. Vertical height during SJ, CMJ, and CMJa was measured using an ergojump contact mat (Cefise Õ, Brazil). The SJ was initiated with hands on the hips to remove the additional effects of arm swing, and knees and hip at an angle of 90. Players initiated concentric action followed a verbal command and were required to jump as high as possible. CMJ was performed as a coupled eccentric concentric movement (i.e. sinking down to a self-selected depth before the vertical jump). To CMJa an arm swing was allowed. The % typical error of the SJ, CMJ, and CMJa, was 3.4, 2.5, and 2.8%, respectively. Procedures The periodized training program was designed by the staff. The researchers did not participate in the elaboration of the training program. Both groups (U16 and U19) were submitted to a nine-week training period which was divided into two main mesocycles (preparatory mesocycle (PM) ¼ five weeks, and competitive mesocycle (CM) ¼ four weeks). During the PM, the players did not participate in any official match. In the CM, the U16 group was involved in five official matches, while the U19 group performed four official matches. The physical training loads during each mesocycle were analyzed according to the different forms (types) of training completed. These forms consisted in (i) WLT: strength training sessions performed in the weight gym; (ii) CT: body-load exercises, high-intensity short running bouts, jumps and throwing exercises, specific endurance training and; (iii) HT: WLT and CT performed in the same training session. The typical weekly physical training program completed by players for each assessed category is outlined in Table 1. ITL was determined using the session-rpe method for all physical training sessions during a nine-week training period in the 2011 season. The assessed volleyball players fulfilled the POMS questionnaire on a weekly basis and performed the vertical jump tests at the commencement of the investigation and after the nine-week investigation period. Table 1. Typical weekly physical training during the preparatory and competitive mesocycles. Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Weekend Preparatory mesocycle U16 Body-load exercises Jumping exercises Rest Body-load exercises Jumping exercises off Throwing exercises Specific endurance Throwing exercises Specific endurance U19 Resistance training Jumping/throwing Specific endurance Resistance training Jumping and throwing exercises off Competitive mesocycle U16 Resistance training Throwing exercises Resistance training (strength) Throwing exercises Match Rest Jumping exercises High-intensity short running U19 Resistance training High-intensity short running Jumping/throwing Resistance training exercises U16: under 16 group; U19: under 19 group. Jumping exercises Resistance training (strength) Jumping/throwing exercises High-intensity short running High-intensity short running Resistance training Match Rest

4 Aoki et al. 133 Statistical analysis All data were reported as means and standard deviation. The assumption of normality and homoscedasticity was verified using the Shapiro Wilk and Levene tests, respectively. A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to verify differences between groups and time points (PM versus CM) in overall ITL, TMD, each of the mood subscales, and jump tests performance, followed by Tukey post hoc when necessary. The software SPSS (v. 20.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analyses. Statistical significance was set at p Results Individual training sessions (n ¼ 576) with a mean duration of min were recorded during the study. The U16 players and the U19 players completed 29 and 35 training sessions, respectively. The U16 completed 153 individual training sessions during the PM (mean duration of min) and 108 individual training sessions during the CM (mean duration of min). The U19 completed 171 individual training sessions during PM (mean duration of min) and 144 training sessions during CM (mean duration of min). The overall ITL and the ITL related to the distinct types of training sessions during the PM and CM are displayed in Table 2. A higher mean overall ITL during PM compared to CM was observed for both groups. The mean overall ITL was greater for the U19 compared to U16. A different training distribution for the types of training sessions between U16 and U19 during the periodization can be observed in Table 2. The U16 players did not perform WLT or HT sessions and all physical training sessions were undertaken by means of Table 2. Training loads (AU) for distinct types of training during the preparatory mesocycle (PM) and competitive mesocycle (CM) (mean SD). CT, composed by body-load exercises, high-intensity short running bouts, jumps and throwing exercises, and specific endurance training. On the other hand, the U19 group completed a greater ITL derived from both WLT and CT. For U16, during the CM, the CT was the main form of training session, and the HT was included in the periodized training program. The U19 group completed all the training sessions using the HT during the CM. Mood states (total score and subscales scores) are presented in Table 3. No difference between mesocycles for mood states (total score and subscales scores) was observed. A significant difference between U16 and U19 was identified with a higher value for tension (F ¼ 4.23, p ¼ 0.01), depression (F ¼ 4.93, p ¼ 0.04), anger (F ¼ 4.71, p ¼ 0.04), fatigue (F ¼ 4.39, p ¼ 0.05), and TMD (F ¼ 4.24, p ¼ 0.05) in the U16 group as compared to U19 group. Table 4 presents the vertical jump capacity. A significant increase in SJ, CMJ, and CMJa (p 0.05) was detected from the beginning to the end of the Table 3. Total mood states and subscales scores during the preparatory and competitive mesocycles (mean SD). Under 16 Under 19 PM CM PM CM Tension a a Depression a a Anger a a Vigor Fatigue a a Confusion TMD a a CM: competitive mesocycle; PM: preparatory mesocycle; TMD: total mood disturbance. a Different from U16 (p < 0.05). Under 16 Under 19 Resistance training Conditioning training Hybrid training Overall training AU: arbitrary units. a Different from PM (p < 0.05). b Different from U16 (p < 0.05). PM CM PM CM a a b a Table 4. Vertical jump height (cm) pre- and posttraining period (mean SD). Under 16 Under 19 Pre Post Pre Post SJ (cm) a b a,b CMJ (cm) a b a,b CMJa (cm) a a CMJ: countermovement jump; CMJa: countermovement jump with arms swing; SJ: squat jump. a Different from pretraining (p < 0.05). b Different from U16 (p < 0.05).

5 134 International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12(1) investigated period for both U16 and U19 groups. A greater vertical jump performance was verified for the U19 group as compared to the U16 group (SJ and CMJ; p < 0.05). Discussion The purpose of this study was to describe the periodization training program undertaken by young volleyball players and to compare such periodization between two age categories (U16 versus U19). In addition, the study was designed to verify the effect of the periodized training program on ITL, mood states, and vertical jump capacity of the young players. This is the first study to investigate the periodized training program of elite young volleyball players from two consecutive age categories of a same volleyball club, during a competitive season. The main findings were as follows: (1) the distribution and the types of performed training sessions differ substantially between groups suggesting a strategy focused on strength development for U19 during the PM and a mixed pattern for U16. During the CM, there is a predominance of using mixed (hybrid) training sessions for both groups. (2) The ITL was greater during the PM than during the CM, for both U16 and U19 groups. (3) The U19 completed a higher ITL during PM than U16. (4) Despite the differences in the periodized training program, the U16 group presented a higher value for the TMD and for the subscales, tension, depression, anger, and fatigue. (5) A significant pre-to-post difference in jump performance was observed for both age groups, with a greater improvement for the U19 group. The present study showed that during the PM, the young volleyball players are subjected to a higher overall ITL than during the CM. This result is in agreement with the widespread assumption that the main goal of the preseason training phase in team sports is to develop fitness, preparing athletes for the competition season. 13,29 As a result athletes often complete a large volume of high-intensity training during the preseason preparation period in order to optimize physical performance prior to the competition. 30 The present results add new information regarding the distribution of the training loads in elite young volleyball players during different training mesocycles and show that these young athletes undertake a similar training load pattern to those described in adult team sport s athletes. 13,29,30 The unique approach of the present study, which described the ITL from different types of training sessions show for the first time that there are differences between age categories (U16 versus U19) at a same club, as well as between phases (PM and CM); such differences between age categories might be explained due to the perspective of the long-term training process. Interestingly, the differences are not only regarding the distribution of distinct training sessions undertaken by players during the periodized program but also to the magnitude of ITL. The distribution of training sessions and the magnitude of ITL during the training program may indicate that coaching staff, in particular strength and conditioning trainers of the assessed club, are concerned with the so-called quality of development 31,32 which has thought to be important to avoid athletes dropout or underachievement high performance level during the long-term training process. 21 This concern seems to be reflected in the adopted periodization strategy which demonstrates a gradual progress from a more varied training sessions pattern (U16) toward a more focused and delimited, and perhaps more intense, types of training sessions in the subsequent category (U19). This assumption is supported by a greater overall ITL completed by the U19 group. The U19 group completed a great amount of WLT sessions during the PM. This periodization approach suggests that the main focus was to maximize the strength and power development to prepare U19 players to the CM; on the other hand, the U16 players completed all their training sessions by means of CT sessions. The approach implemented in the U16 group suggests that there are a greater number of objectives in the training of this category (U16) during the PM compared to U19. Probably, coaches focused on the simultaneous development of different physical capacities such as speed, agility, strength, power, and aerobic fitness. The ability to cope with the demands from the competitive environment in sports appears to play a key role in the likelihood to achieve a high performance level. Gulbin et al. 21 pointed out that the concept of elite performers needs to take into account the interrelationships of previous development experiences and attributes and therefore, it should be included in the claim that expert sport performers are mentally tough, resilient, and confident. In the present study, the U16 group showed a higher level of tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and TMD than the U19 group. These results might indicate that the experience and/or perhaps the chronological age play a role in the ability to cope with the stress of youth team sport talent athletes. Interestingly, these results corroborate those reported by Lovell et al., 11 who showed that adult professional soccer players demonstrate a more positive mood states profile (iceberg profile) at the beginning of the season in comparison with university and amateur athletes. The findings of the present study together with the results from Lovell et al. 11 suggest that the ability to cope with the demands of the sport environment in team sport athletes may be associated with its

6 Aoki et al. 135 development during the long-term training process. Therefore, these findings should be taken into account by coaches not only as a single measure for training monitoring but also as an attribute to be appropriately developed to increase the likelihood of achieving the higher performance level. Another important finding from the present study was the absence of change in TMD and subscales scores from the PM to the CM. Despite the significant change in ITL, no change in TMD was identified for both groups. This result is in agreement with previous findings in adult athletes from different sports Rietjens et al., 35 for example, investigated cyclists during two training weeks. The athletes completed the POMS questionnaire at the beginning, at the end of the first week, and at the end of the second week of investigation. The results showed that despite the increment in training volume and training intensity during the two assessed weeks, no significant difference in POMS scores was observed between the assessed time points. Faude et al. 34 did not observe difference in mood states between two overload weeks training and one tapering week in professional swimmers. Additionally, Arruda et al. 33 investigated the influence of the training periodization on the profile of the mood states of a Brazilian women basketball national team during the preparation for the 2009 American basketball Cup and reported no significant change in the POMS subscales scores over the training period. Monitoring the development of the jumping capacity in volleyball is essential to the knowledge of the training-induced adaptation. 27 Jumping activities have been considered as one of the most important action to the performance outcome in volleyball and occurs with elevated frequency in typical volleyball matches. 26 In the present study, a significant increase in SJ and CMJ performance was verified for both groups from the beginning to the end of the nine-week investigated period with a similar relative improvement for U16 and U19 (SJ, 13.9% versus 14.7%; CMJ, 11.2% versus 10.4%, and CMJa, 8.8% versus 9.9%, respectively). These results suggest that the reported improvement in jumping capacity of U16 and U19 elite volleyball players may be expected during periods of periodized training. This likelihood was mentioned earlier by Stanganelli et al. 27 who inferred that it might be related to the continued neuromuscular activation from jumping exercises performed during the volleyball training. It is important to highlight that the athletes of the present study were largely familiarized with the testing procedures and therefore the changes in vertical jumping performance may not be attributed to an eventually learning effect and adjustments in the coordination patterns which have been suggested to influence the improvement of jump capacity. 36 The improvement in SJ and CMJ verified in the present study is in agreement with those reported by Sheppard and Newton 37 who demonstrated changes in the CMJ and SJ tests over two years in a group of 16 volleyball players who successfully transitioned from age group (U21) to senior national team in the investigated time period. These authors showed that the players improved their CMJ and SJ to 6.1 and 9.0 cm (d ¼ 0.80 and d ¼ 0.93), respectively. Sheppard and Newton 37 pointed out that such results support the justification of the CMJ and SJ as being a key performance indicator for elite volleyball and highlight that these measures must be developed to successfully progress from junior to senior representation in volleyball. Sheppard et al. 38 also examined jumping performance over two years in a group of 14 athletes from a National volleyball team and reported an improvement of 5.0 and 9.0 cm to the CMJ and SJ, respectively. This study suggests that further improvement can be made within elite populations. Therefore, the results from the present study concerning the increase in jumping capacity, in conjunction with previous data from elite young and senior volleyball players suggest that the periodized training program in volleyball should be developed with an aim to improve this ability. It is also important to highlight the importance of this physical attribute to increase the likelihood of junior volleyball players to achieve the highest performance level. One limitation of the present study that should be mentioned is the fact that only two teams of the same club were investigated. Therefore, the present study may be considered as a case study from a single club and the results may be specific to these players and to the planning adopted by coaching staff of this particular club. It is possible that the magnitude of training loads and the distribution of the types of training sessions observed in the present study may vary between clubs. Future research could investigate the differences between talented young volleyball players in different clubs to the further understanding of how these players train and figure out the organization of training loads during an entire season. Conclusion The results of the present study indicate that a different periodized training program was implemented in the U16 and the U19 groups. The types of training sessions developed during the periodization were different between groups and there is a focus on strength development for U19, in particular during the PM. The current results also suggest that the ITL is higher during the PM than during the CM for elite young volleyball players, with a magnitude of ITL for U19 compared to U16. Despite changes in ITL, the mood

7 136 International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12(1) states remain relatively stable during the periodization program, but it appears to be affected by the experience of the athletes, with a higher TMD and a higher score of negative subscales for U16. The vertical jump capacity increased from the beginning to the end of the nine-week period for U16 and U19 groups, suggesting the effectiveness of the implemented training program to maximize muscular power. This result reinforces the relevance of a periodized training program for volleyball players. Declaration of Conflicting Interests The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. References 1. Borresen J and Lambert MI. The quantification of training load, the training response and the effect on performance. 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