VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED pneumonia (VAP) is the
|
|
- Ann Payne
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Incidence, Risk Factors, Outcome, and Microbiology Mandakini Pawar, BSc, Yatin Mehta, MD, DNB, FRCA, FAMS, Poonam Khurana, MD, Anshumali Chaudhary, MD, Vinay Kulkarni, MD, and Naresh Trehan, MD Objective: To determine the incidence, risk factors, outcome, and pathogens of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in a cardiac surgical intensive care unit (ICU). Design: Prospective study. Setting: Escorts Heart Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India. Participants: Nine hundred fifty-two consecutive patients undergoing cardiac operations who received intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV). Interventions: All patients were assigned into VAP (n 25) and non-vap (n 927) groups. Measurement and Main Results: Risk factors and other variables were analyzed with univariate and multivariate analysis. Of the 952 patients studied, 25 (2.6%) had VAP. On univariate analysis, significant risk factors were emergency surgery, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), reintubation, coma, steroid treatment, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC), enteral feedings, tracheostomy, acute physiology, age, and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) score, prior antibiotics, and IPPV hours. On multivariate analysis, IPPV hours ( v VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED pneumonia (VAP) is the most common nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit (ICU). It is a pulmonary infection that occurs after at least 48 hours of intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV), and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The incidence of VAP ranges from 10% to 65% of intubated patients depending on the risk factors. It is associated with an attributable mortality of up to 13% and approaches 55% when VAP is commonly caused by antibiotic-resistant nosocomial organisms like Psuedomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter species, and Staphylococcus species. 1 Most episodes of VAP are thought to develop from the aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions containing potentially pathogenic organisms. Aspiration of gastric secretions may also contribute but to a lesser degree. Tracheal intubation interrupts the body s anatomic and physiologic defenses against aspiration, making IPPV a major risk factor for VAP. 2 Patients who develop VAP after cardiac surgery require prolonged IPPV and hence longer ICU and hospital stays and further increase the cost of health care. Prevention of this nosocomial infection (variation in patient positioning, continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions, selective digestive tract decontamination, the use of stress ulcer prophylaxis) 3,4 and understanding the risk factors of VAP would help in decreasing the incidence of VAP. Good management strategies for VAP From the Department of Anaesthesiology and Microbiology, Escorts Heart Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India. Address reprint requests to Yatin Mehta, MD, DNB, FRCA, FAMS, Department of Anaesthesiology, Escorts Heart Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi , India. yatinmehta@hotmail.com Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved /03/ $30.00/0 doi: /jcan ; p < 0.001) and steroids (20% v 0%; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of VAP. The most common pathogens isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22), Escherichia coli (10), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4), Staphylococcus species (4), and Acinetobacter species (2). The mortality rate in VAP was 16% as compared with 0.2% in non-vap cases (p < 0.001). Conclusion: These data suggest that by univariate analysis the risk factors for VAP were emergency surgery, COPD, reintubation, coma, steroid treatment, IABC, enteral feedings, tracheostomy, APACHE II score, prior antibiotics, and IPPV hours. On multivariate analysis, only IPPV hours and steroids were independent predictors of VAP. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common pathogen associated with VAP, and the mortality is increased with VAP. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. KEY WORDS: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV), steroids, cardiac surgery like early and accurate diagnosis and more specific antimicrobial use may significantly improve patients outcome. 1,5 MATERIALS AND METHODS Approval of the institutional review board and informed consent from the patient were obtained for this prospective study conducted at Escorts Heart Institute and Research Centre between July 27, 2001, and October 31, 2001, to determine the incidence, risk factors, outcome, and pathogens of VAP in the cardiac surgical ICU. During this period, 952 adult patients who were undergoing cardiac operations and were admitted to the ICU on IPPV were included in this prospective study. They consisted of VAP (n 25) and non-vap (n 927) patient groups. Pulmonary infection was defined as VAP if the onset was recorded after at least 48 hours of IPPV and if the following criteria were present. 1. Chest radiography showing a new and persistent infiltrate consistent with pneumonia. 2. Purulent sputum. 3. Elevated temperature 38 C or leukocyte count 10,000/mL or 1,000/mL. 4. Micro-organisms isolated from at least one of the following samples: (1) bronchoalveolar lavage, (2) endotracheal aspirate, or (3) sputum. Patients were considered not having VAP when at least one clinical sign of VAP was absent with no positive culture and no curative antibiotic was prescribed. The patients were routinely administered stress ulcer prophylaxis (ranitidine, 50 mg IV 3 times a day). All patients received intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis of cefazolin, 1 g twice a day, and diabetic patients received gentamicin, 1 mg/kg 3 times a day, along with cefazolin, 1 g twice a day for 36 hours. During the study, the following risk factors were recorded. Patients age, gender, IPPV hours, reintubation, underlying illness, acute physiology, chronic health (APACHE II) score, type of surgery (elective/emergency), redo operations, enteral nutrition, total ICU stay, steroid treatment, total postoperative stay, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) used, tracheostomy, and antibiotic usage were recorded. 22 Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Vol 17, No 1 (February), 2003: pp 22-28
2 VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA 23 Table 1. Comparison of VAP and Non-VAP Cases (Univariate Analysis) Variable VAP (n 25) Non-VAP (n 927) p Value Age (y) NS Gender (%) Male 21 (84) 818 (88.2) Female 4 (16) 109 (11.8) NS Diabetes (%) 12 (48) 370 (39.9) NS Smoking (%) 4 (16) 164 (17.7) NS Bronchial Asthma (%) 2 (8) 24 (2.6) NS Obesity (%) 5 (20) 86 (9.3) NS Chronic Bronchitis (%) 7 (0.8) NS Note. p value indicates comparison between VAPs and non-vaps. Abbreviation: NS, not statistically significant Univariate analysis was used to identify factors with significant unadjusted effects on VAP. Multiple logistic regression then was applied to determine the significance or independent effects of such variables on VAP. All statistical tests were 2-tailed, and the level of signficance was set at 0.05%. RESULTS Of 952 patients in the study, 25 (2.6%) had VAP. The mean interval between admission to the ICU and the diagnosis of VAP was days. The median interval was 4 days. More than 90% of VAP cases occurred within 10 days of admission to the ICU. Table 1 shows the results from the univariate analysis for 8 variables that were not significantly associated with VAP. Mean age, gender, diabetes, smoking, bronchial asthma, obesity, and chronic bronchitis were not significantly different between VAP and non-vap groups. However, the univariate analysis (Table 2) showed emergency surgery; COPD; tracheostomy; reintubation; coma; steroid treatment; APACHE II score; number of antibiotics before VAP, IPPV, and IABC; and enteral feedings were significantly associated with VAP cases. Total ICU stay and total postoperative stay were significantly higher among patients with VAP than those without VAP (p 0.001). Out of 952 operations, 25 were redo operations. Two redo operations had VAP (n 8%), and 23 redo operations did not develop VAP (2.5%; p 0.089). Multivariate analysis took into account the variables that could be the risk factors for VAP. This stepwise logistic regression showed that steroids and IPPV were independently associated with VAP (Table 3). A total of 45 respiratory tract specimens were received for culture and sensitivity from the 25 VAP cases. These specimens included endotracheal aspirate (15), bronchoalveolar lavage (12), and sputum (18). Infection was monomicrobial in 48% of patients and polymicrobial in 52% of patients. Gramnegative organisms accounted for 84% of the cases of pneumonia and a combination of gram-positive and gram-negative accounted for 16%. The organism recovered from the specimens were identified on mini-api Biomeriux (A-10; Green Park, New Delhi, India) identification system. The common pathogens isolated were P aeruginosa, E coli, K pneumoniae, Acinetobacter species, and Staphylococcus species (Tables 4 and 5). Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed on mini-api Biomeriux for all the organisms isolated. Antibiograms of grampositive bacteria are shown in Fig 1. The majority of staphylococci were oxacillin resistant (75%) but susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin (100%). Of all staphylococci, 75% of isolates were susceptible to clindamycin and rifampicin. Most of the isolates had poor susceptibility toward penicillins, -lactams, cephalosporins, quinolones, and aminoglycosides. Figs 2 to 4 show the susceptibility pattern of gram-negative isolates. Imipenem (91.89%) and amikacin (86.48%) showed the best activities against these isolates. E coli (91.3%) and K pneumoniae (100%) were highly susceptible to piperacillin plus Tazobactum, but P aeruginosa (45%) showed poor susceptibilty to it. Ceftazidine showed the best activity against P aeruginosa (80%) and K pneumoniae (75%), but was ineffective against E coli (0% susceptibility). Acinetobacter was resistant to all the routinely used antibiotics (0% susceptibility). DISCUSSION The authors investigated the incidence, risk factors, outcome, and pathogens of VAP in the cardiac surgical ICU. The estimated prevalence of nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care units ranges from 10% to 65% with mortality rates of 13% to 55%. 1 Nosocomial pneumonia was diagnosed in 25 (2.6%) of the 952 patients in this study. The incidence of 2.6% in cardiothoracic patients is comparable to that reported in another study. 6 The supine position of mechanically ventilated patients increases the risk of VAP 3-fold as compared with patients in a semirecumbent position. 7 In this series, 44% of patients with VAP had IABC, in whom it is difficult to change the position of the patient. This was 5.6% in non-vap cases. This could partly explain the higher incidence in patients with IABC. Table 2. Comparison of VAP and Non-VAP Cases (Univariate Analysis) Variable VAP (n 25) (%) Non-VAP (n 927) (%) p Value Emergency surgery 7 (28) 21 (2.3) Redo surgery 2 (8.0) 23 (2.5) (NS) COPD 3 (12) 21 (2.3) 0.05 Reintubation 9 (36) Coma 1 (4) 0.05 Steroid treatment 5 (20) 0.001) IABC 11 (44) 52 (5.6) Enteral feedings 9 (36) 2 (0.2) Tracheostomy 9 (36) APACHE II score Prior antibiotic (nos) Total ventilation hrs Total ICU stay Hospital stay Mortality 4 (16) 2 (0.2) Note. Data are shown as mean SD or number of patients; p value indicates comparison between VAPs and non-vaps. Abbreviation: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IABC, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation; APACHE, acute physiology, age and chronic health evaluation; NS, not significant.
3 24 PAWAR ET AL Table 3. Predictors for VAP on Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis Variables B SE WALD 2 p Value Exp (B) 95% CI of Exp (B) Steroid Ventilation (d) Note. p value indicates comparison between VAPs and non-vaps. Abbreviations: B, Beta; SE, Standard error; WALD 2, Chi-square; Exp, Exponent; CI, Confidence interval. The supine position can be used as a disease severity marker and directly contributes to mortality by increasing the incidence of VAP. 8 Selective digestive decontamination has been proposed in critical patients as class A treatment to avoid oropharyngeal colonization by the American College of Chest Physicians and the Society of Critical Care Medicine consensus conference. 3,4 Pneumonia develops in up to 40% of patients in ICUs, 9 but debate exists over whether the high mortality associated with such pneumonia is because of the pneumonia (attributable mortality) or whether the pneumonia is simply a part of the general downhill course of seriously ill patients. In a cardiothoracic ICU, the crude mortality rate of VAP was calculated as 30%. 6 In this series of 952 patients, 6 patients died. Out of 6 patients, 4 patients had VAP, which was a contributory factor of mortality (out of a total 25 VAP cases). The mortality rate in VAP was 16% as compared with 0.2% (p 0.001) in non-vap cases. This finding agrees with the study done by Fagon and colleagues 9 who have concluded that nosocomial pneumonia independently contributed to ICU-related mortality. Other studies, however, cast some doubt on this conclusion. For example, in a case-control study, patients with VAP (many of whom had experienced trauma) were matched for other variables with 85 controls. Mortality was 40% for the patients with pneumonia and 38.8% for controls. Therefore, the question of whether nosocomial pneumonia is an attributable cause of death in the ICU remains unanswered; moreover, the answer may differ among different types of patients in the ICU. In this study, 48% patients had monomicrobial infection, and 52% patients had polymicrobial infection. The VAP was more with gram-negative bacteria (84%) than with mixed grampositive and gram-negative bacteria infections (16%). It is well documented that the higher rates of infection and mortality among ICU patients are mostly related to factors such as exposure to invasive procedures, underlying disease conditions, duration of stay in the ICU, infection sites, and association with nosocomial multidrug-resistant pathogens This study included types of organisms and their susceptibility to commonly used antibacterial agents. As reported in other studies, 6,15 the most common gram-negative isolates in VAP patients (n 25) were P aeruginosa (88%), E coli (40%), Klebseilla species (16%), and Acinetobacter species (80%). Numerous studies have shown that multidrug-resistant bacteria, in particular aerobic gram-negative bacteria, easily colonize the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract of hospitalized patients. 13,16 In addition, it is well known that multidrugresistant bacteria are becoming increasingly prevalent in the hospital environment as a result of the extensive use of antibiotics. 11,12,17,18 In VAP cases, the usage of antibiotics before the diagnosis of VAP was significantly higher as compared with the non-vaps, and justification for this lies in the fact that the patients were critically ill (as APACHE II score for VAPs) necessitating empiric therapy before the results of culture and sensitivity are known. Antimicrobial susceptibility is a hospital- and region-dependent matter (eg, P aeruginosa is many regions in Europe and the United States is not sensitive enough to permit aztreonam as the first choice). The results of this study revealed that a few types of multidrug-resistant, gram-negative bacteria were Acinetobacter species, P aeruginosa, and E coli. However, excellent activity against all gram-negative isolates was shown for imipenem (91.89%) and amikacin (86.48%). Neither of these drugs has been extensively used in the treatment of these patients. These findings suggest that the most important strategies for controlling the problem of multidrug-resistant organisms in the ICU should be directed toward continuously monitoring the presence of these organisms and the avoidance of excessive or continued use of any single drug over a long period of time. Table 4. Micro-organisms Number (%) Recovered From VAP Cases Micro-organism recovered Total No. of Organisms Recovered 42 (%) of Organisms Recovered Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22 (52.3) Escherichia coli 10 (23.8) Klebsiella pneumoniae 4 (9.5) Acinetobacter species 2 (4.7) Gram-positive Staphylococcus species 4 (9.5) (Staphylococus epidermidis Ox-S-1, S haemolytics Ox-R-3) Abbreviations: Ox, Oxacillin; S, sensitive; R, Resistant. Table 5. Patients Number (%) Organism Recovered Micro-organism Recovered Total No. of VAP 25 (%) of Patients From Whom Organism Was recovered Gram-negative 22 (88) Pseudomonas aeruginosa Escherichia coli 10 (40) Klebsiella pneumoniae 4 (16) Acinetobacter species 2 (8) Gram-positive Staphylococcus sp 4 (16) (Staphylococcus epidermidis Ox-S-I, S haemolytics Ox-R-3) Abbreviations: Ox, Oxacillin; S, sensitive; R, Resistant.
4 VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA 25 Fig 1. Percentage of susceptible gram-positive isolates (Staphylococcus species) from VAP cases. Fig 2. Percentage of susceptible gram-negative isolates (K pneumoniae) from VAP cases.
5 26 PAWAR ET AL Fig 3. Percentage of susceptible gram-negative isolates (P aeruginosa) from VAP cases. Fig 4. Percentage of susceptible gram-negative isolates (E coli) from VAP cases.
6 VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA 27 On univariate analysis variables like age, gender, diabetes, smoking, bronchial asthma, obesity, chronic bronchitis, and redo operations did not have any significant association with VAP. However, some studies 19,20 have shown a significant association of age and VAP. In this study, the mean age for VAP was and, for non-vap, (p 0.238). This may have accounted for differences in findings. Some studies have suggested that tracheostomy is associated with an increased risk of VAP This study has shown a significant relation between tracheostomy and VAP, but it is not clear whether it is the occurrence of VAP that leads to tracheostomy or vice versa. However, because in this study most cases of VAP (88.88%) occur (ie, mean 3.5 days of IPPV) before the tracheostomy, it is concluded that tracheostomy could be a result of VAP rather than a risk factor of VAP. Since the early clinical reports of IABC, the frequency of use has increased in the course of cardiac surgery for treatment of low cardiac output and cardiogenic shock. 24 The patients who are on IABC are hemodynamically unstable and may require long-term ventilatory support. In this study, it was found that longer duration IPPV is a risk factor for developing VAP, which is comparable to other studies. 5,24,25 Emergency operations for acute myocardial infarction or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty failure also contribute to postoperative morbidity 8 because the patients who undergo emergency operations are hemodynamically unstable and require longer ventilatory support. This explains its significant association with VAP. After cardiac surgery, immunosuppression caused by extracorporeal circulation, anesthetics, transfusion of blood products, body position, and mechanical ventilation favors the development of pulmonary infection as a potential risk. 20,26 In this study, it was found that 20% of patients with VAP were on preoperative steroids as compared with none in non-vap patients. On multivariate analysis, steroids had significant independent (or adjusted) effect on VAP. So, it can be concluded that patients receiving steroids are more prone to develop VAP. Enteral feeding was found to be significantly associated with VAP in this study, which is comparable to another study. 5 It has been suggested that an early initiation of enteral feeding can help to maintain the gastrointestinal epithelium and prevent bacterial translocation, but it may also increase the risk of gastric distention, colonization, aspiration, and pneumonia. Accurate assessment of nutritional status and avoidance of unnecessary enteral nutrition may help to reduce the risk of nosocomial pneumonia. Patients who develop VAP require longer ICU and hospital stays. 5,27-30 In this study, total ICU stay for VAP was significantly higher as compared with non-vap ( v ; p 0.001). Patients who were reintubated and were on prolonged IPPV are at a higher risk for VAP. 5,25,30 In this study univariate analysis has shown that COPD is a significant indicator of VAP. The risk factor was similarly identified by Celis et al 28 in a multivariate analysis of nosocomial pneumonia in nonmechanically ventilated patients and in a study of pneumonia in a a respiratory ICU and by Rello et al. 29 The loss of mucosal clearance predisposes patients with COPD to infection, probably by all gram-negative bacilli. 29 In summary, ventilator-associated pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in ICU patients, leading to lengthened ICU and hospital stays and higher health care costs. The mortality caused by VAP increases if it is caused by resistant bacteria. On univariate analysis significant risk factors were emergency surgery, COPD, reintubation, coma, steroid treatment, IABC, enteral feedings, tracheostomy, APACHE II score, prior antibiotic number, and IPPV hours. Other significant variables were mortality, total ICU stay, and total hospital stay. Multivariate analysis showed IPPV hours and steroids had independent effects on VAP. Prolonged IPPV is a critical risk factor for VAP. P aeruginosa is one of the most difficult to treat of those pathogens responsible for VAP. Good management strategies for VAP like adequate infection control practices, early and accurate diagnosis, and more specific antimicrobial use may significantly improve patients outcome. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors thank S. Shekhawat for statistical analysis and R. Mathew for secretarial assistance. 1. Kollef MH, Schuster DP: Ventilatior-associated pneumonia: clinical consideratins. AJR Am J Roentgenol 163: , Kollef MH, Skubas MJ, Sundi TM: A randomized clinical trial of continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in cardiac surgery patients. Chest 116: , American College of Chest Physicians Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: Definition for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med 20: , Baxby D, Saene HKF, Stoutenbeck CP, et al: Selective decontamination of the digestive tract: 13 years on, what it is and what it is not. Intensive Care Med 22: , Ziad AM, Cawen C, Gybolahan O, et al: The incidence and risk factors of ventilator associated pneumonia in a Riyadh Hospital. Infection control and hospital epidemiology. 21: , Sim S, Yek A, Yortseven N, et al: Ventilator-associated pneumonia in a cardiothoracic surgery centre, postoperative intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 47: , 2001 REFERENCES 7. Kolleff MH: Ventilator-associated pneumonia: A multivariate analysis. JAMA 270: , Castelli P, Condemi A, Munari M, et al: Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation: outcome in cardiac surgical patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 15: , Fagon JY, Chastre, Vuagnat A, et al: Nosocomial pneumonia and morbidity among patients in intensive care units. JAMA 275: , Papazian L, Bregeon F, Jhizion X, Chaster J, et al: Effect of ventilator associated pneumonia on mortality and morbidity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:91-97, New HL: Infection problems for the 1990 s. Do we have an answer? Scand J Infect Dis 91:7-13, Emori TG, Gaynes RP: An overview of nosocomial infection including the role of microbiology laboratory. Clin Microbiol Rev 6: , Weinstein RA: Epidemology and control of nosocomial infections in adult intensive care units. Am J Med 91: , 1991
7 28 PAWAR ET AL 14. Daschner FD, Frey P, Wolff G, et al: Nosocomial infections in intensive care wards: A multicentre prospective study. Intensive Care Med 8:5-9, Apostolopoulou E, Sparoo L, Soumilas A, Mantas I: Determinative factor in nosocomial pneumonia in patients with mechanical ventilation in the respiratory care unit. Noseleutike 29: , Verhoef J, Verhage EAE, Visser MR: A decade of experience with selective decontamination of the digestive tract as prophylaxis for infections in patients in the intensive care unit: what have we learned? Clin Infect Dis 17: , Verbisl L: Epidemiology and sensitivity of 8625 ICU haematology/oncology bacterial isolates in Europe. Scand J Infect Dis 91:14-24, Shehabi AA, Zobi J, Zabalawi G: Emergence of multiple drug resistance among salmonella species in Jordon. Eur J Clin Microbiol 14: , Nicoton D, Ulrich C: Process improvement plan for the reduction of nosocomial pneumonia in patients on the ventilator. J Nurs Care Qual 10:18-23, Kollef MH: Ventilation-associated pneumonia: A multivariate analysis. JAMA 270: , Celis R, Torres A, Galell J, et al: Nosocomical pneumonia: A multivariate analysis of risk and prognosis. Chest 93: , Cross AS, Reap B: Role of respiratory assistance devices in endemic nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Med 70: , Kollef MH, Van Horz B, Prentice D, et al: Patient transport from intensive care increases the risk of developing ventilator associated pneumonia. Chest 112: , Aksnes J, Abdelnoor M, Platou ES, et al: Mortality in patients supported by intra-aortic balloon pump in the course of cardiac surgery was related to perioperative myocardial infarction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 10: , Bauyer TT, Ferror R, Angrill J, et al: Ventilator-associated pneumonia: Incidence, risk factors and microbiology. Semin Respir Infect 15: , Jansen NJ, Van Oeveren W, Van Vliet M, et al: The role different types of corticosteroids on the inflammatory mediators in cardiopulmonary bypass. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 5:211, Joseph L: Hospital acquired pneumonia. Risk factors, microbiology and treatment. Chest 119:373S-384S, Celis R, Torres A, Gatell JM, et al: A nosocomical pneumonia in a multivariate analysis of risk and prognosis. Chest 93: , Rello J, Ausina V, Ricart M, et al: Risk factors for infection by pseudomonus aeruginosa in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 20: , Daniel T, Blandine M, Claude R, et al: Risks and routes for ventilator associated pneumonia with pseudomonas aeroginosa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157: , 1998
Online Supplement for:
Online Supplement for: INFLUENCE OF COMBINED INTRAVENOUS AND TOPICAL ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS ON THE INCIDENCE OF INFECTIONS, ORGAN DYSFUNCTIONS, AND MORTALITY IN CRITICALLY ILL SURGICAL PATIENTS A PROSPECTIVE,
More informationANWICU knowledge
ANWICU knowledge www.anwicu.org.uk This presenta=on is provided by ANWICU We are a collabora=ve associa=on of ICUs in the North West of England. Permission to provide this presenta=on has been granted
More informationHEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA: DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT & PREVENTION
HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA: DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT & PREVENTION David Jay Weber, M.D., M.P.H. Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics, & Epidemiology Associate Chief Medical Officer, UNC Health Care Medical
More informationHEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA: EPIDEMIOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA: EPIDEMIOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY David Jay Weber, M.D., M.P.H. Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics, & Epidemiology Associate Chief Medical Officer, UNC Health
More informationTHE MICROBIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA.
THE MICROBIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA. Dr. Poonam C. Sharma, Dr. S. S. Raut, Dr. S. R. More, Dr. V. S. Rathod, Dr. V. M. Gujar. 1. Post Graduate Student, Department of Microbiology,
More informationMarcos I. Restrepo, MD, MSc, FCCP
Thank you for viewing this presentation. We would like to remind you that this material is the property of the author. It is provided to you by the ERS for your personal use only, as submitted by the author.
More informationGuess or get it right?
Guess or get it right? Antimicrobial prescribing in the 21 st century Robert Masterton Traditional Treatment Paradigm Conservative start with workhorse antibiotics Reserve more potent drugs for non-responders
More informationVentilator Associated
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia: Key and Controversial Issues Christopher P. Michetti, MD, FACS Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA Forrest Dell Moore, MD, FACS Banner Healthcare System, Phoenix,
More informationVAP Prevention bundles
VAP Prevention bundles Dr. Shafiq A.Alimad MD Head of medical department at USTH YICID workshop, 15-12-2014 Care Bundles What are they & why use them? What are Care Bundles? Types of Care Bundles available
More informationVentilator Associated Pneumonia. ICU Fellowship Training Radboudumc
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ICU Fellowship Training Radboudumc Attributable mortality VAP Meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized prevention studies Attributable mortality mainly results
More informationHospital-acquired Pneumonia
Hospital-acquired Pneumonia Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) Pneumonia that occurs at least 2 days after hospital admission. The second most common and the leading cause of death due to hospital-acquired
More informationHealthcare-associated infections acquired in intensive care units
SURVEILLANCE REPORT Annual Epidemiological Report for 2015 Healthcare-associated infections acquired in intensive care units Key facts In 2015, 11 788 (8.3%) of patients staying in an intensive care unit
More informationMultivariate Analysis of the Factors Associated With the Risk of Pneumonia in Intensive Care Units
BJID 2007; 11 (June) 339 Multivariate Analysis of the Factors Associated With the Risk of Pneumonia in Intensive Care Units Cláudia Maria Dantas de Maio Carrilho 1, Cintia Magalhães Carvalho Grion 1, Ana
More informationVentilator Associated Pneumonia. ICU Fellowship Training Radboudumc
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ICU Fellowship Training Radboudumc Attributable mortality VAP Meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized prevention studies Attributable mortality mainly results
More informationA Novel Score to Estimate the Risk of Pneumonia After Cardiac Surgery
A Novel Score to Estimate the Risk of Pneumonia After Cardiac Surgery Arman Kilic, MD 1, Rika Ohkuma, MD 1, J. Trent Magruder, MD 1, Joshua C. Grimm, MD 1, Marc Sussman, MD 1, Eric B. Schneider, PhD 1,
More informationOriginal Article Mahidol Univ J Pharm Sci 2015; 42 (4), MT. Nguyen 1, TD. Dang Nguyen 1* 1
Original Article Mahidol Univ J Pharm Sci 2015; 42 (4), 195-202 Investigation on hospital-acquired pneumonia and the association between hospital-acquired pneumonia and chronic comorbidity at the Department
More informationPREVALENCE PATTERN OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN VENTILATION ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA (VAP) PATIENTS OF INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (ICU) IN MAHARASHTRA REGION.
Original research article International Journal of Medical Science and Education pissn- 2348 4438 eissn-2349-3208 PREVALENCE PATTERN OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN VENTILATION ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA (VAP)
More informationEUROANESTHESIA 2007 Munich, Germany, 9-12 June RC4
POSTOPERATIVE PNEUMONIA EUROANESTHESIA 2007 Munich, Germany, 9-12 June 2007 12RC4 HERVÉ DUPONT Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine North University Hospital Amiens, France Saturday Jun 9, 2007
More informationAmerican College of Surgeons Critical Care Review Course 2012: Infection Control
American College of Surgeons Critical Care Review Course 2012: Infection Control Overview: I. Central line associated blood stream infection (CLABSI) II. Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) I. Central
More informationNosocomial Pneumonia. <5 Days: Non-Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
Nosocomial Pneumonia Meredith Deutscher, MD Troy Schaffernocker, MD Ohio State University Burden of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Second most common nosocomial infection in the U.S. 5-10 episodes per 1000
More informationMDR AGENTS: RISK FACTORS AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
MDR AGENTS: RISK FACTORS AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES 1 Marin H. Kollef, MD Professor of Medicine Virginia E. and Sam J. Golman Chair in Respiratory Intensive Care Medicine Washington University School of
More informationContinuous Infusion of Antibiotics In The ICU: What Is Proven? Professor of Medicine Vice-Chairman, Department of Medicine SUNY at Stony Brook
Continuous Infusion of Antibiotics In The ICU: What Is Proven? Michael S. Niederman, M.D. Chairman, Department of Medicine Winthrop-University Hospital Mineola, NY Professor of Medicine Vice-Chairman,
More informationCommunity Acquired & Nosocomial Pneumonias
Community Acquired & Nosocomial Pneumonias IDSA/ATS 2007 & 2016 Guidelines José Luis González, MD Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine Outline Intro - Definitions & Diagnosing CAP treatment VAP & HAP
More informationAirway bacterial colonization in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and the alterations during the perioperative period
Original Article Airway bacterial colonization in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and the alterations during the perioperative period Jiandong Mei 1, Lunxu Liu 1, Menglin Tang 2, Ninghui Xu 3,
More informationPneumonia (PNEU) and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Prevention. Basics of Infection Prevention 2-Day Mini-Course 2016
Pneumonia (PNEU) and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Prevention Basics of Infection Prevention 2-Day Mini-Course 2016 Objectives Differentiate long term care categories of respiratory infections
More informationPERCUTANEOUS DILATATIONAL TRACHEOSTOMY
PERCUTANEOUS DILATATIONAL TRACHEOSTOMY GM KOKSAL *, NC SAYILGAN * AND H OZ ** Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the rate, timing, the incidence of complications of percutaneous
More informationDiagnosis of Ventilator- Associated Pneumonia: Where are we now?
Diagnosis of Ventilator- Associated Pneumonia: Where are we now? Gary French Guy s & St. Thomas Hospital & King s College, London BSAC Guideline 2008 Masterton R, Galloway A, French G, Street M, Armstrong
More informationHospital Acquired Pneumonias
Hospital Acquired Pneumonias Hospital Acquired Pneumonia ( HAP ) Hospital acquired pneumonia ( HAP ) is defined as an infection of the lung parenchyma developing during hospitalization and not present
More informationCritical Care Nursing Theory. Pneumonia. - Pneumonia is an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma
- is an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma - is a common infection encountered by critical care nurses when it complicates the course of a serious illness or leads to acute respiratory distress.
More informationwithout the permission of the author Not to be copied and distributed to others
Emperor s Castle interior-prato What is the Role of Inhaled Polymyxins for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections? Helen Giamarellou CONCLUSIONS: Patients with Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter VAP may
More informationGUIDE TO INFECTION CONTROL IN THE HOSPITAL. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
GUIDE TO INFECTION CONTROL IN THE HOSPITAL CHAPTER 47: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae Authors E-B Kruse, MD H. Wisplinghoff, MD Chapter Editor Michelle Doll, MD, MPH) Topic Outline Key Issue Known
More informationNew Surveillance Definitions for VAP
New Surveillance Definitions for VAP 2012 Critical Care Canada Forum Toronto Dr. John Muscedere Associate Professor of Medicine, Queen s University Kingston, Ontario Presenter Disclosure Dr. J. G. Muscedere
More informationEvaluation of Outcome for Intubated Patients with Pneumonia Due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
973 Evaluation of Outcome for Intubated Patients with Pneumonia Due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Jordi Rello, Paola Jubert, Jordi Valles, Antonio Artigas, Montse Rue, and Michael S. Niederman From the Department
More informationRoutine endotracheal cultures for the prediction of sepsis in ventilated babies
Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1989, 64, 34-38 Routine endotracheal cultures for the prediction of sepsis in ventilated babies T A SLAGLE, E M BIFANO, J W WOLF, AND S J GROSS Department of Pediatrics,
More informationEnterobacter aerogenes
Enterobacter aerogenes Piagnerelli M 1, Carlier E 1, Deplano A 3, Lejeune P 1, Govaerts D 2 1 Departments of Intensive Care and 2 Microbiology, A. Vésale Hospital. 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul. 3 Department
More informationThe Value of Routine Microbial Investigation in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
The Value of Routine Microbial Investigation in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia JORDI RELLO, MIGUEL GALLEGO, DOLORS MARISCAL, ROSARIO SOÑORA, and JORDI VALLES Intensive Care, Respiratory and Microbiology
More informationAnnual Surveillance Summary: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections in the Military Health System (MHS), 2017
i Annual Surveillance Summary: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections in the Military Health System (MHS), 2017 Jessica R. Spencer and Uzo Chukwuma Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. The
More informationCross-colonisation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa of patients in an intensive care unit
Thorax 1998;53:1053 1058 1053 Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The DCJJBergmans S van der Geest R M Wilting P W de Leeuw Internal Medicine, University Hospital Utrecht, Utrecht,
More informationBIP Endotracheal Tube
Bactiguard Infection Protection BIP Endotracheal Tube For prevention of healthcare associated infections Ventilator associated pneumonia Infections of the respiratory tract are serious and common healthcare
More informationSurgery Grand Rounds. Non-invasive Ventilation: A valuable tool. James Cromie, PGY 3 8/24/09
Surgery Grand Rounds Non-invasive Ventilation: A valuable tool James Cromie, PGY 3 8/24/09 History of mechanical ventilation 1930 s: use of iron lung 1940 s: First NIV system (Bellevue Hospital) 1950 s:
More informationVentilator-associated pneumonia after pediatric cardiac surgery in southern Taiwan
J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2009;42:413-419 Ventilator-associated pneumonia after pediatric cardiac surgery in southern Taiwan Chia-Wan Tang 1, Po-Yen Liu 1, Yung-Feng Huang 1, Jun-Yen Pan 2, Susan Shin-Jung
More informationHospital-acquired pneumonia
Key points Hospital-acquired pneumonia has a maj impact in terms of mtality and mbidity. Empirical treatment approach is still the best course of action. Prevention is of critical imptance. REVIEW Hospital-acquired
More informationBacteriological profile and outcome of Ventilator associated pneumonia in Intensive care unit of a tertiary care centre
ORIGINAL ARTICLE ASIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bacteriological profile and outcome of Ventilator associated pneumonia in Intensive care unit of a tertiary care centre Ravi K 1, Maithili TM 2, David
More informationChapter 10 Respiratory System J00-J99. Presented by: Jesicca Andrews
Chapter 10 Respiratory System J00-J99 Presented by: Jesicca Andrews 1 Respiratory System 2 Respiratory Infections A respiratory infection cannot be assumed from a laboratory report alone; physician concurrence
More informationInadequate Empiric Antibiotic Therapy among Canadian. Hospitalized Solid-Organ Transplant Patients: Incidence and Impact on Hospital Mortality
Inadequate Empiric Antibiotic Therapy among Canadian Hospitalized Solid-Organ Transplant Patients: Incidence and Impact on Hospital Mortality by Bassem Hamandi A thesis submitted in conformity with the
More informationThe clinical implication and prognostic predictors of Tigecycline treatment for pneumonia involving multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Journal of Infection (2011) 63, 351e361 The clinical implication and prognostic predictors of Tigecycline treatment for pneumonia involving multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii R 陳南丞 VS 余文良醫師 本檔僅供內部教學使用檔案內所使用之照片之版權仍屬於原期刊公開使用時,
More informationAbstract. Introduction
ORIGINAL ARTICLE INFECTIOUS DISEASES Accuracy of American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America criteria in predicting infection or colonization with multidrug-resistant bacteria at intensive-care
More informationPotential Conflicts of Interests
Potential Conflicts of Interests Research Grants Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Akers Bioscience, Inc. Pfizer, Inc. Scientific Advisory Boards Pfizer, Inc. Cadence Pharmaceuticals Kimberly
More informationPradeep Morar, MD; Zvoru Makura, MD; Andrew Jones, MD; Paul Baines, MD; Andrew Selby, MD; Julie Hughes, RGN; and Rick van Saene, MD
Topical Antibiotics on Tracheostoma Prevents Exogenous Colonization and Infection of Lower Airways in Children* Pradeep Morar, MD; Zvoru Makura, MD; Andrew Jones, MD; Paul Baines, MD; Andrew Selby, MD;
More informationUseful? Definition of High-risk? Pre-OP/Intra-OP/Post-OP? Complication vs Benefit? Mortality? Morbidity?
Preoperative intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in high-risk CABG Stefan Klotz, M.D. Preoperative IABP in high-risk CABG Questions?? Useful? Definition of High-risk? Pre-OP/Intra-OP/Post-OP? Complication
More informationClinical Practice Management Guideline for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention
Clinical for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), a pneumonia that develops 48hrs after initiation of mechanical ventilation,
More informationA NEW direction for subglottic secretion management
A NEW direction for subglottic secretion management The SIMEX Subglottic Aspiration System, cuff M and cuff S are the most advanced solution for the aspiration of subglottic secretion, featuring all new
More informationPseudomonas aeruginosa
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, July 1983, p. 16-164 95-1137/83/716-5$2./ Copyright C) 1983, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 18, No. 1 A Three-Year Study of Nosocomial Infections Associated with
More informationYear in Review Intensive Care Training Program Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen
Year in Review 2013 Intensive Care Training Program Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen Contents ARDS Ventilator associated pneumonia Tracheostomy and endotracheal intubation Enteral feeding Fluid
More informationTransfusion & Mortality. Philippe Van der Linden MD, PhD
Transfusion & Mortality Philippe Van der Linden MD, PhD Conflict of Interest Disclosure In the past 5 years, I have received honoraria or travel support for consulting or lecturing from the following companies:
More informationSevere β-lactam allergy. Alternative (use for mild-moderate β-lactam allergy) therapy
Recommended Empirical Antibiotic Regimens for MICU Patients Notes: The antibiotic regimens shown are general guidelines and should not replace clinical judgment. Always assess for antibiotic allergies.
More informationKIMBERLY-CLARK* MICROCUFF* Endotracheal Tube.. Revolutionary cuff material designed to reduce micro-aspiration
KIMBERLY-CLARK* MICROCUFF* Endotracheal Tube.. Revolutionary cuff material designed to reduce micro-aspiration Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia VAP is a major clinical concern...... associated with high
More informationRobert A. Weinstein, MD Stroger (Cook County) Hospital Rush Medical College April 6, Disclosure: Grant funding from CDC & Sage Products, Inc.
Robert A. Weinstein, MD Stroger (Cook County) Hospital Rush Medical College April 6, 2010 Disclosure: Grant funding from CDC & Sage Products, Inc. How the BLEEP should I know? Only problem how we gonna
More informationUsefulness of Gram staining of tracheal aspirates in initial therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in extremely preterm neonates
(2010) 30, 270 274 r 2010 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved. 0743-8346/10 $32 www.nature.com/jp ORIGINAL ARTICLE Usefulness of Gram staining of tracheal aspirates in initial therapy for ventilator-associated
More informationA Randomized Clinical Trial of Continuous Aspiration of Subglottic Secretions in Cardiac Surgery Patients*
clinical investigations in critical care A Randomized Clinical Trial of Continuous Aspiration of Subglottic Secretions in Cardiac Surgery Patients* Marin H. Kollef, MD, FCCP; Nikolaos J. Skubas, MD; and
More informationManagement of nosocomial pneumonia on a medical ward: a comparative study of outcomes and costs of invasive procedures
ORIGINAL ARTICLE 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02649.x Management of nosocomial pneumonia on a medical ward: a comparative study of outcomes and costs of invasive procedures B. Herer 1,2, C. Fuhrman 2, Z. Gazevic
More information한국학술정보. Clinical Investigation of Pneumonia Complicating Organophosphate Insecticide Poisoning: Is It Really Aspiration Pneumonia?
Clinical Investigation of Pneumonia Complicating Organophosphate Insecticide Poisoning: Is It Really Aspiration Pneumonia? Seung Cheol Han, M.D., Young Ho Ko, M.D., Kyoung Woon Jung, M.D., Tag Heo, M.D.,
More informationVAP in COPD patients. Ignacio Martin-Loeches. St James s University Hospital. Trinity Centre for Health Sciences. Dublin Ireland.
VAP in COPD patients Ignacio Martin-Loeches St James s University Hospital. Trinity Centre for Health Sciences. Dublin Ireland. Outline Pathophysiology Is enough information? COPD trends in ICU How do
More informationPULMONARY EMERGENCIES
EMERGENCIES I. Pneumonia A. Bacterial Pneumonia (most common cause of a focal infiltrate) 1. Epidemiology a. Accounts for up to 10% of hospital admissions in the U.S. b. Most pneumonias are the result
More informationCritical care resources are often provided to the too well and as well as. to the too sick. The former include the patients admitted to an ICU
Literature Review Critical care resources are often provided to the too well and as well as to the too sick. The former include the patients admitted to an ICU following major elective surgery for overnight
More informationGuidelines. 14 Nov Marc Bonten
Guidelines 14 Nov 2014 Marc Bonten Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia SWAB/ NVALT guideline 2011, replaced SWAB guideline 2005 Empirical treatment must cover the most likely causative pathogen.
More informationSurveillance of Healthcare Associated Infections in Scottish Intensive Care Units
Surveillance of Healthcare Associated Infections in Scottish Intensive Care Units Annual report of data from January 2011 to December 2011 Scottish Intensive Care Society Audit Group Health Protection
More informationISF criteria (International sepsis forum consensus conference of infection in the ICU) Secondary peritonitis
Appendix with supplementary material. This appendix was part of the submitted manuscript and has been peer reviewed. It is posted as supplied by the authors. Supplementary Tables Table S1. Definitions
More informationFrom the labo to the ICU: Surveillance cultures in daily ICU practice. Pieter Depuydt MD PhD Dept. Intensive Care Ghent University Hospital
From the labo to the ICU: Surveillance cultures in daily ICU practice Pieter Depuydt MD PhD Dept. Intensive Care Ghent University Hospital Question 1: What is the current practice of surveillance cultures
More informationCHEST VOLUME 117 / NUMBER 4 / APRIL, 2000 Supplement
CHEST VOLUME 117 / NUMBER 4 / APRIL, 2000 Supplement Evidence-Based Assessment of Diagnostic Tests for Ventilator- Associated Pneumonia* Executive Summary Ronald F. Grossman, MD, FCCP; and Alan Fein, MD,
More informationALERT. Clinical microbiology considerations related to the emergence of. New Delhi metallo beta lactamases (NDM 1) and Klebsiella
ALERT Clinical microbiology considerations related to the emergence of New Delhi metallo beta lactamases (NDM 1) and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPC) amongst hospitalized patients in South Africa
More informationTreatment of febrile neutropenia in patients with neoplasia
Treatment of febrile neutropenia in patients with neoplasia George Samonis MD, PhD Medical Oncologist Infectious Diseases Specialist Professor of Medicine The University of Crete, Heraklion,, Crete, Greece
More informationDiagnosis of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Pilot, Exploratory Analysis of a New Score Based on Procalcitonin and Chest Echography
CHEST 2014; 146(6): 1578-1585 文献精读 Diagnosis of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Pilot, Exploratory Analysis of a New Score Based on Procalcitonin and Chest Echography Giovanni Zagli, MD, PhD ; Morena
More informationSupplementary Appendix
Supplementary Appendix This appendix has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. Supplement to: Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, et al. Hydrocortisone therapy for
More informationSurveillance of Healthcare Associated Infections in Scottish Intensive Care Units
Surveillance of Healthcare Associated Infections in Scottish Intensive Care Units Annual report of data from January 2010 to December 2010 Scottish Intensive Care Society Audit Group 1 Health Protection
More informationChapter 22. Pulmonary Infections
Chapter 22 Pulmonary Infections Objectives State the incidence of pneumonia in the United States and its economic impact. Discuss the current classification scheme for pneumonia and be able to define hospital-acquired
More informationOutcomes of Patients with Preoperative Weight Loss following Colorectal Surgery
Outcomes of Patients with Preoperative Weight Loss following Colorectal Surgery Zhobin Moghadamyeghaneh MD 1, Michael J. Stamos MD 1 1 Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine Nothing to
More informationHOSPITAL INFECTION CONTROL
HOSPITAL INFECTION CONTROL Objectives To be able to define hospital acquired infections discuss the sources and routes of transmission of infections in a hospital describe methods of prevention and control
More informationProspective Observational Study of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in a tertiary care hospital, New Delhi.
DOI: 10.21276/aimdr.2017.3.4.MB2 Original Article ISSN (O):2395-2822; ISSN (P):2395-2814 Prospective Observational Study of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in a tertiary
More informationIs the package insert correct? PK considerations
Is the package insert correct? PK considerations Jason A Roberts B Pharm (Hons), PhD, FSHP Professor of Medicine and Pharmacy The University of Queensland, Australia Royal Brisbane and Women s Hospital,
More informationInstitute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine. Charité University Medicine Berlin. Mail:
AAC Accepts, published online ahead of print on 13 April 2009 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:10.1128/aac.01070-08 Copyright 2009, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions.
More informationPage 126. Type of Publication: Original Research Paper. Corresponding Author: Dr. Rajesh V., Volume 3 Issue - 4, Page No
ISSN- O: 2458-868X, ISSN P: 2458 8687 Index Copernicus Value: 49. 23 PubMed - National Library of Medicine - ID: 101731606 SJIF Impact Factor: 4.956 International Journal of Medical Science and Innovative
More informationWork up of Respiratory & Wound Cultures:
Work up of Respiratory & Wound Cultures: Culture work up 2 Systematic approaches 1 Work up of Respiratory & Wound Cultures Resident flora Colonizing organisms Pathogens 2 Work up of Respiratory & Wound
More informationImplementation and evaluation of the impact of a "ventilator-bundle at Kinshasa University Clinics: Before and after study.
Research Article http://www.alliedacademies.org/journal-infectious-diseases-medical-microbiology/ Implementation and evaluation of the impact of a "ventilator-bundle at Kinshasa University Clinics: Before
More informationSeptic shock. Babak Tamizi Far M.D Isfahan university of medical sciences
Septic shock Babak Tamizi Far M.D Isfahan university of medical sciences Definitions Used to Describe the Condition of Septic Patients Approximately 750,000 cases of severe sepsis or septic shock occur
More informationVentilator-associated pneumonia
Respirology (2009) 14 (Suppl. 2) S51 S58 doi: 10.1111/j.1400-1843.2009.01577.x CHAPTER VIII Ventilator-associated pneumonia SUMMARY Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a pneumonia that develops initially
More informationEarly gastrostomy reduces the rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia in stroke or head injury patients
Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 106 111 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.05.00096104 CopyrightßERS Journals Ltd 2005 Early gastrostomy reduces the rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia in stroke or head injury patients
More informationGuidelines 2017 for the management of hospitalacquired pneumonia (HAP) and. ventilator-associated. pneumonia (VAP)
Guidelines 2017 for the management of hospitalacquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated Modifiez le style des sous-titres du masque pneumonia (VAP) Filip Moerman Présentation pour les soins int
More informationSupplementary Appendix
Supplementary Appendix This appendix has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. Supplement to: Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, et al. Hospitalized patients
More informationSupplementary appendix
Supplementary appendix This appendix formed part of the original submission and has been peer reviewed. We post it as supplied by the authors. Supplement to: Blum CA, Nigro N, Briel M, et al. Adjunct prednisone
More informationSep Oct Nov Dec Total
LB PAGE 2 LB PAGE 3 Sep Oct Nov Dec 2007 2007 2007 2007 Total Repeat Information Total Repeats 35 15 17 9 76 Repeat Rate 6.01% 0.17% 1.12% 0.39% 2.07% Repeat Chemistry 25 0 2 0 27 Repeat Extraction 1 0
More informationAerosolized Antibiotics in Mechanically Ventilated Patients
Aerosolized Antibiotics in Mechanically Ventilated Patients Gerald C Smaldone MD PhD Introduction Topical Delivery of Antibiotics to the Lung Tracheobronchitis Aerosolized Antibiotic Delivery in the Medical
More informationACCP/SCCM Critical Care Preparatory Review and Recertification Course Learning Objectives
ACCP/SCCM Critical Care Preparatory Review and Recertification Course Learning Objectives Module 1 Critical Care Pharmacy Evolution and Validation, Practice Standards, Training, and Professional Development,
More informationIntraoperative application of Cytosorb in cardiac surgery
Intraoperative application of Cytosorb in cardiac surgery Dr. Carolyn Weber Heart Center of the University of Cologne Dept. of Cardiothoracic Surgery Cologne, Germany SIRS & Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB)
More informationA Snapshot of Colistin Use in South-East Europe and Particularly in Greece
A Snapshot of Colistin Use in South-East Europe and Particularly in Greece Helen Giamarellou 02.05.2013 When Greek Physicians Prescribe Colistin? It is mainly prescribed in the ICU for VAP, bacteremia
More informationFungal Infections in Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis and the Use of Prophylactic Therapy
MAJOR ARTICLE Fungal Infections in Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis and the Use of Prophylactic Therapy Jan J. De Waele, 1 D. Vogelaers, 2 S. Blot, 1 and F. Colardyn 1 1 Intensive Care Unit and
More informationVentilator Associated Pneumonia: New for 2008
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia: New for 2008 Jeanine P. Wiener-Kronish, MD Henry Isaiah Dorr Professor of Research and Teaching in Anaesthetics and Anaesthesia Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care
More informationA study on common pathogens associated with nosocomial infections and their antibiotic sensitivity
International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics Ahirrao VS et al. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2017 Mar;4(2):365-369 http://www.ijpediatrics.com pissn 2349-3283 eissn 2349-3291 Original Research Article DOI:
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Torres A, Sibila O, Ferrer M, et al. Effect of corticosteroids on treatment failure among hospitalized patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and high inflammatory
More information