[1] Levy [3] (odds ratio) 5.5. mannitol. (renal dose) dopamine 1 µg/kg/min atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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1 [1] Levy [3] (odds ratio) 5.5 Woodrow [1] mannitol (renal dose) dopamine 1 µg/kg/min atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) McCarthy [2] insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) ANP

2 1. (unsubsituted cellulose (renal replacement therapy RRT) membrane) cuprophane 2. (subsituted cellulose membrane) hemophane cellulose diacetae cellulose triacetate polyacrylonitrile polysulfone ethylenevinylalchohol polymethylmeacrylate ( ) 1995 Conger [4] (meta-analysis) 90 (case control) (randomized control trial) (end stage renal disease ESRD) [5] (review articles) (biocompatibility) (bioincompatible) 1. * * * * * * *

3 -ln [(R-0.008t) (4 (3.5R))] UF ( ) (intermittent hemodialysis, IHD) BW ( ) (continuous renal replacement therapy, R BUN CRRT) CRRT ( 1) double pool urea kinetic model Kt/ V equilibrate Kt/V 90 dialysate base CRRT IHD CRRT 90 [6] Mehta [7] CRRT CRRT IHD Swartz [8] (intension to treat) CRRT single pool urea kinetic model CRRT [11] Paganini [12] IHD Kt/V 1.0 Ronco [13] ESRD CRRT 20 ml/kg/ [9-10] DOQI hr 35 ml/kg/hr Kt/V 1.2 Evanson [14] (prescribed dose Kt/V) K ( Kt/V ) t ( ) V ( % Kt/V 1.2 ) double pool model (delivered dose Kt/V) Clark [11] single pool urea kinetic model delivered Kt/V ( 2)

4 2. Clark [11] (BUN) (NA ) ( ) BUN 60 mg/dl NA NA BUN 80mg/dl BUN 100mg/dl IHD CRRT 50 (BUN) 60 mg/dl [16] 60 mg/dl 100 mg/dl 100 (slow continuous dialysis SCD) [17] (extended daily dialysis EDD) [18] (sustained low-efficiency hemodialysis Schiffl [15] SLED) [19-20] ( ) 6 12 Kt/V 1.9 CRRT CRRT ( 3) CRRT Schiff IHD CRRT IHD

5 3. Schiffl [15] P value (hr) (ml/min) (Kt/V) (Kt/V) BUN creatinine ( ) (%) 25% 5% 5% 2% (%) ( ) 21% 73% (SIRS) ( %) 16 (22%) 33 (46%) ( %) 28 (38%) 50 (69%) ( %) 11 (15%) 26 (36%) ( %) 26 (35%) 50 (69%) ( %) 22 (28%) 37 (46%) 0.01 (day) IHD CRRT J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: S Woodrow G, Turney JH: Cause of death in acute renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992; 7: McCarthy JT: Prognosis of patients with acute renal failure in the intensive-care unit: a tale of two eras. Mayo Clin Proc 1996; 71: Levy EM, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI: The effect of acute renal failure on mortality. JAMA 1996; 275: Conger JD: Intervention in clinical acute renal failure: what are the data? Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 26: Modi GK, Pereira BJG, Jaber BL: Hemodialysis in acute renal failure: does the membrane matter? Semi Dialysis 2001; 14: Vanholder R. Van Biesen W. Lameire N: What is the renal replacement method of first choice for intensive care patients? 7. Mehta RL, McDonald B, Gabbai FB, et al: A randomized clinical trial of continuous versus intermittent dialysis for acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2001; 60: Swartz RD, Messana JM, Orzol S, Port FK: Comparing continuous hemofiltration with hemodialysis in patients with severe acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 34: Hakim RM, Breyer J, Ismail N, Schulman G: Effects of dose of dialysis on morbidity and mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23: 10. Parker TF 3rd, Husni L, Huang W, Lew N, Lowrie EG: Survival of hemodialysis patients in the United States is improved with a greater quantity of dialysis: Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23: n

6 11. Clark WR, Mueller BA, Kraus MA, Macias WL: Renal replacement therapy quantification in acute renal failure: Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13(S6): Paganini EP, Kanagasundaram NS, Larive B, Greene T: Prescription of adequate renal replacement in critically ill patients. Blood Purif 2001; 19: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Homel P, et al: Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous hemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomized trial. Lancet 2000; 356: Evanson JA, Ikizler TA, Wingard R, et al: Measurement of the delivery of dialysis in acute renal failure. Kidney Int 1999; 55: Schiffl H, Lang SM, Fischer R: Daily hemodialysis and the outcome of acute renal failure: N Engl J Med 2002; 346: Bonventre JV: Daily hemodialysis- Will treatment each day improve the outcome in patients with acute renal failure? N Engl J Med 2002; 346: Schlaeper C, Amerling R, Manns M, Levin NW: High clearance continuous renal replacement therapy with a modified dialysis machine. Kidney Int 1999; 56(S72): S Kumar VA, Craig M. Depner TA, Yeun JY: Extended daily dialysis: A new approach to renal replacement for acute renal failure in the intensive care unit. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: Chatoth DK, Shaver MJ, Marshall MR, Golper TA: Daily 12- hour sustained low-efficiency hemodialysis for the treatment of critically ill patients with acute renal failure: initial experience. Blood Purif 1999; 17: Shaver MJ, Marshall MR, Chatoth DK, Hall JA, Golper TA: Adequacy, solute and acid-base control with daily sustained low-efficiency hemodialysis for acute renal failure. Blood Purif 1999; 17: