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2 Lancet. 2010;375(9723):

3 Lancet. 2010;375(9723):

4 Fundação)Pro,Sangue)Results)(1993,94)) Tests% N% %% IFA$ 2,809$ 40.5$ IHA$ 902$ 13.0$ ELISA$ 541$ 7.8$ IFA$+IHA$ 215$ 3.1$ IFA$+EIA$ 277$ 4.0$ IHA+EIA$ 97$ 1.4$ IHA+$IFA$+ELISA$ 2,095$ 30.2$ Total$ 6,936$ 100$ 6.936(1,7%)))Units)discarder)out)of)411,617)screened.)) Salles)et)al)Transfusion)1996,)36:969.)

5 Return)for)counselling) Results$at$ screening$ Results%%at%return% 3$tests+$ 2$tests+$ 1$test+$ NegaEve$ total$ n%$ n%$ n%$ n%$ n%$ 3$testes$+$ 370$(95)$ 16$(4)$ 5(1)$ 0$ 391$(100)$ 2$testes+$ 21$(18)$ 39(33)$ 31(27)$ 26(22)$ 117(100)$ 1$teste$+$ 1$(0.1)$ 29$(4)$ 192(25)$ 537$(71)$ 795(100)$ Total$ 392(31)$ 84(7)$ 228(18)$ 393(44)$ 1267(100)$

6 Argentinian)Chaco)region)! 1453)blood)donor)samples))not)pre)screened)! Tested))with)5)EIA)assays) )

7 Argentinian)Chaco)region)panel) number of EIA tests% number of samples% %% 0$ 1026$ 72,10$ 1$ 41$ 2,88$ 2$ 12$ 0,84$ 3$ 13$ 0,91$ 4$ 27$ 1,90$ 5$ 304$ 21,36$ total$ 1423$ 100,00$ 6.3%) Remesar)et)all))

8 Hypothesis)! Resolved)infection?)! Cross)reactivity)with)other)parasites?)! Active)infection)with)low)antibody)response?)

9 REDS II sites: Sao Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Recife Blood Systems Research Institute San Francisco CA NHLBI

10 Methods)) All)center)screen)with)one)EIA)assay)for) Chagas)disease.))) Reactive)samples)are)send)to)Sao)Paulo:) EIA)lysate)(Chagatek)Biomérieux,)Argentina)ou) Elisa)cruzi)Biomérieux,)Brasil),)) IFA)(IFA;)Biolab)Merieux,)Brazil.)) EIA)recombinant)(Chagatest)Wiener)rec.)V.3.0,) Argentina)))

11 Classification) Screening assay Lysate EIA 2 nd EIA (Lysate) IFA Rec. EIA Interpretation Confirmed Positive (CP) +/I +/I/neg +/I/neg + Probable Positive (PP) +/I +/I/neg +/I/neg - Other Parasite infection (OPI) +/I False Positive (FP)

12 Enhanced(classification(of(Chagas(serologic(results(and(epidemiologic(characteristics(of( seropositive(donors(at(three(large(blood(centers(in(brazil( Transfusion) Volume)50,)Issue)12,)pages)2628,2637,)23)JUN)2010)DOI:) /j.1537, x)

13 Geographical)distribution)of)Chagas) serology)pattern) Blood Center Region: # donations tested: RE 204,124 BH 139,429 SP 271,880 Total 615,433 Classification CP PP OPI Ratio PP/CP Ratio OPI/CP n/100,000 n/100,000 n/100,000 n/100, Transfusion.)2010)Dec;50(12):2628,37.)

14 Prevalence)among)1 st )time) Confirmed Positive Chagas (CP) Prevalence / 100,000 donations (95%CI) Probable Positive Chagas (PP) Prevalence / 100,000 donations (95%CI) Possible Other Parasitic Infection Prevalence / 100,000 donations (95%CI) False Positives (FP) Prevalence / 100,000 donations (95%CI) Overall 114 (99 129) 26 (19 34) 10 (5 14) 96 (82 110) Age Gender age <25 age 25 - <35 age 35 - <45 age 45 - <55 age 55 Female Male 15 (6-24)* 8 (2 15)* 5 (0 11) 87 (66 108) 73 (52-94) 24 (12 37) 13 (4 22) 86 (63 109) 214 ( ) 48 (24 72) 10 (0 20) 121 (83 160) 362 ( ) 63 (24 103) 13 (0 30) 121 (66 175) 756 ( ) 69 (0 147) 23 (0 68) 115 (14 215) 118 (93 143) 29 (16 41) 4 (0 9)* 76 (56 96) 111 (92 131) 25 (16 34) 13 (7-20) 109 (89 128)

15 ) If)low,level)reactive)samples)represent)cases)in) which)the)donor)has)eradicated)parasitemia) (spontaneous(cure))with)consequent) decreasing)antibodies)titers)over)time)we) should)expect)an)association)between)antibody) levels)and)parasetima.)

16 BSRI)PCR)Assay)Sensitivity) All 5 coded replicates of non-spiked blood tested negative at 45 cycles

17 Study)Population) Region( Screening(test/Confirmation( (Year( Subjects( N( Brazil)(REDS,II)) EIA+IFA+IHA) 1996,2002) 189) Honduras) Wiener/Ortho) 2008,10) 58) USA) Ortho)/RIPA) 2008,10) 201) Transfusion.)2013)Jun;53(6):1257,65)

18 EIA)Values)by)PCR)Results)

19 EIA)Values)by))PCR)Results) 56%) 24%) 13%)

20 EIA)Values)by)PCR)Results)) (all)countries)combined)) BSRI PCR Negative Positive Total EIA S/C < 4 94 (94.9%) 5 (5.1%) 99 EIA S/C >= (56.1%) 109 (44.9%) 243 Total 342 p<0.001)))))))))

21 Index)sample=)plasma)unit))(15%)of)anticoagulant)) Enrollment=)EDTA)tube)aprox)10)years)latter) Rates)of)antibody)decline)over)10)years) period)according)to)pcr)status) Level%of%Change%in%An7body%Reac7vity%% (Index'dona*on'S/CO' 'Enrollment'S/CO)% PCR%Posi7ve%(N=81)% N%(%)% PCR%Nega7ve%(N=62)%% N%(%)% Increase greater than 1$ 16 (20%)$ 4$(7%)$ Increase less than 1, but greater than no change$ 46 (57%)$ 35$(57%)$ No change or decrease less than 1$ 19 (24%)$ 17$(27%)$ Decrease greater than or equal to 1$ 0*$ 6$*(10%)$ Total$ 81$ 62$ *6/62)versus))0/81;)p=0.003)

22 EIA)Values)by)PCR)Results)

23 Spontaneus( Cure( Infection) Persistent( Indeterminate) chronic)form( Indeterminate) chronic)form) Acute)Phase) (apparent)or) unapparent)) Biomarkers) Cardiac)and) digestive)forms) Death)

24 Brazil)Chagas)Cohort)Study)Design) Retrospective)cohort)study)(target)500)cases) and)500)controls))) Donors)from)1996,2002) Two)cities:) São)Paulo)))no)vectorial)transmission)since)1970) Montes)Claros))no)vectorial)transmission)since) 2002) Supplemented)with)101)patients)with)known)) Chagas)cardiomiopathy)(CC)) Circulation.)2013)Mar)12;127(10):1105,15)

25 Circulation.)2013)Mar)12;127(10):1105,15) Overview)of)Chagas)Cohort)Methods)) Recruitment)by)letters)and) phone)calls) Questionnaire,)medical)examination,)ECG,)ECHO,) PCR,)cardiac)and)other)biomarkers,)GWAS)) ECG)and/or)ECHO)abnormalities)detected)by) US,based) Reading)Centers ) Adjudication)of)diagnoses)of) Chagas)Heart) Disease )by)brazil,based)panel) comprised)of)3)experienced)cardiologists)

26 Donors included and excluded in the Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study-II (REDS-II) Chagas study. Sabino E C et al. Circulation 2013;127:

27 Incidence)rate)=)1.85)per)100)person)year)) )considering)normal)at)index)donation) ) )) ) Overall)Expert)panel)results) Expert results( % T cruzi POS% T cruzi NEG% Chagas cardiomyopathy (CC)$ 120 (24)$ 24 (5)$ Probable$ 15 (3)$ 14 (3)$ Possible$ 53 (11)$ 49 (10)$ No Chagas cardiomyopathy$ 311(63)$ 401 (82)$ Total$ 499 (100)$ 488 (100)$ Supplemental)cases=)99)CC,)1)possible,)1)probable)

28 PCR)positivity)rate)is)associated)with) Chagas)cardiomiopaty) % N with PCR results% PCR+% Patients with cardiomyopathy$ 101$ 82 (81.2%)$ SP Donors with cardiomyopathy$ 105$ 79 (75.2%)*$ SP Donors inconclusive for cardiomyopathy$ 61$ 35 (57.4%)*$ SP Donor with no cardiomyopathy$ 279$ 143 (51.3%)*$ SP donors treated Benzonidazole$ 48$ 13 (27.1%)$ SN control donors$ 483$ 0 (0.0%)$

29 Follow)up)studies)! GWAS)! Testing)a)panel)of)22)biomakers)! Gene)expression)! Large)cohort(2000)patients))of)Chagas) patients)with)ekg)for)biomarker) validation(niaid))! Infrastructure)for)clinical)trials)

30 Acknowledgments)! Fundacao)Pro,Sangue) " Cesar)Almeida)Neto) " Ligia)Capuani) " Marcia)Otani) " Nanci)Salles) " Giuseppina)Patavino)! Hemominas) " Anna)Barbara)Proietti)! Heart)Institute/FMUSP) " Vera)Salemi) " Fabio)Fernandes) " Luciano)Nastari) " Barbara)Ianni) " Charles)Mady)! Federal)University)of)Minas)Gerais) " Antonio)Ribeiro)! Federal)University)of)Sao)Joao)del)Rey) " Claudia)di)Lorenzo)Oliveira))! Montes)Claros)University) " Marcia)Menezes) " Andre)Antunes)! Blood)Systems)Research) Institude) " Michael)Busch) " Edward)Murphy) " Brian)Custer) " Thelma)Gonzalez) " TzonHae)Lee)! NHLBI) " Vandana)Sachdeva)! Westat) " Danielle)Carrick) " Katherine)Kavounis) " David)Wright)

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