Reperfusion injury in STEMI. Therapeutic opportunities David Garcia-Dorado. Barcelona. Spain

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2 Reperfusion injury in STEMI. Therapeutic opportunities David Garcia-Dorado. Barcelona. Spain 1. The problem 2. Reperfusion injury after acute coronary occlusion 3. Ischemic conditioning 4. Pharmacological approaches 5. Combination therapy 6. Future research

3 cell death Progression of cell death secondary to acute coronary occlusion ischemia no reperfusion time

4 cell death Progression of cell death secondary to acute coronary occlusion ischemia reperfusion no reperfusion thrombolytics, PCI time

5 cell death Progression of cell death secondary to acute coronary occlusion ischemia reperfusion no reperfusion thrombolytics, PCI time

6 The importance of delaying reperfusion depends on previous duration of ischemia Garcia-Dorado et al.

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8 1. The problem IHD is the leading cause of death (1.8 million/year world wide) Heart failure consumes 1-2% of health resources (60 billion in Europe) STEMI remains the main responsible for both in the era of reperfusion

9 Reperfusion injury in STEMI. Therapeutic opportunities 1. The problem 2. Reperfusion injury after acute coronary occlusion 3. Ischemic conditioning 4. Pharmacological approaches 5. Combination therapy 6. Future research

10 cell death Myocardial reperfusion injury: cell death preventable by interventions applied upon reperfusion * ischemia reperfusion no reperfusion thrombolytics, PCI time

11 cell death Myocardial reperfusion injury: cell death preventable by interventions applied upon reperfusion * ischemia reperfusion * no reperfusion thrombolytics, PCI thrombolytics, PCI with cardioprotective intervention intervention time

12 Mechanism of reperfusion injury in STEMI

13 Mechanism of reperfusion injury in STEMI Nercrosis during the initial minutes of reflow 24h Rep 24 h reperfusion 28 days reoerfusion A WT Casp3/7DKO Area at risk (%) B WT Casp3/7DKO Inserte et al.. Submitted Infarct (%) WT C Casp3/7DKO Scar Area/LV Area (%) 60 Scar Area/LV Area (%) WT WT Casp3/7DKO Casp3/7DKO

14 Mechanism of reperfusion injury in STEMI REPERFUSION Ca 2+ overload ATP ph correction ROS Sercoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ oscillations Garcia-Dorado Circulation Piper Am J Physiol 1993 Barrabés JA Pflugers Arch Garcia-Dorado Cardiovasc Res Garcia-Dorado Circulation Ruiz-Meana Circ Res Ruiz-Meana Exp Physiol Ruiz-Meana Basic Res Cardiol Ruiz-Meana Am J Physiol-H 2009 Cardiomyocyte DEATH

15 Mechanism of reperfusion injury in STEMI REPERFUSION Ca 2+ overload ATP ph correction ROS Calpain proteolysis Sercoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ oscillations Inserte J. Br J Pharmacol Garcia-Dorado D.Rev Esp Cardiol Inserte J. Cardiovasc Res Garcia-Dorado D. Cardiovasc Res Inserte J. J Mol Cell Cardiol Inserte J. Antioxid Redox Signal Hernando V. J Mol Cell Cardiol Inserte J. Cardiovasc Res Inserte J. Cardiovasc Res Garcia-Dorado D. Cardiovasc Res Inserte J. Cardiovasc Res Inserte J. Circ Res Inserte J Cardiovasc Res Cardiomyocyte DEATH

16 Mechanism of reperfusion injury in STEMI REPERFUSION Ca 2+ overload ATP ph correction ROS Calpain proteolysis Sercoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ oscillations Cardiomyocyte DEATH Mitochondria MPT Crompton Halestrap Griffiths Bernerdi DiLisa Weiss Ovize Hausenloy

17 Mechanism of reperfusion injury in STEMI REPERFUSION Ca 2+ overload ATP ph correction ROS Calpain proteolysis Sercoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria Ca 2+ oscillations MPT Fernandez-Sanz Cell Death Dis 2014 Ruiz-Meana Bas Res Cardiol 2011 Ruiz-Meana Cardiovasc Res 2010 Ruiz-Meana Am J Physiol H 2009 Cardiomyocyte DEATH

18 Mechanism of reperfusion injury in STEMI REPERFUSION Ca 2+ overload ATP ph correction ROS Calpain proteolysis Sercoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria Ca 2+ oscillations MPT Recent reviews on mechanisms: Garcia-Dorado CVR 2012 (Ca2+), REC 2014 Cardiomyocyte J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011 (edema), DEATH Inserte, CVR 2012 (Calpains), ARS 2011 (ph) Rodriguez-Sinovas (Cx43), BBA 2012, Ruiz-Meana CVR 2011, BRC 2011(Mito-SR), Inserte (cgmp), BJP 2014

19 Reperfusion injury in STEMI. Therapeutic opportunities 1. The problem 2. Reperfusion injury after acute coronary occlusion 3. Ischemic conditioning 4. Pharmacological approaches 5. Combination therapy 6. Future research

20 Strategies to limit reperfusion injury in STEMI Conditioning Ischemic post-conditioning Remote ischemic conditioning Other Pharmacological treatments

21 Ischemic postconditioning: brief periods of ischemia at the onset of reperfusion Zhao ZQ. Am J Physiol Aug;285:H579-88

22 Mechanism of reperfusion injury in STEMI REPERFUSION Ca 2+ overload ATP ph correction ROS Calpain proteolysis Sercoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria Piper Basic Res Cardiol 1996 Agulló Am J Physiol H 2000 Ruiz-Meana J Physiol 2004 Sarri Biochem J 2006 Ruiz-Meana Cardiovasc Res 2006 Inserte Cardiovasc Res 2008 Inserte Cardiovasc Res 2009 López Am J Physiol H 2008 Rodríguez-Sinovas A, Basic Res Cardiol 2009 Ca 2+ oscillations Cardiomyocyte DEATH MPT

23 Ischemic Post-Conditioning Wahsout rate Delayed ph recovery Delayed & reduced Ca2+ oscillations, calpain activation Less hypercontracture and MPT Inserte et al. JMCC 2011, JAHA2013, CVR 2014

24 Ischemic Post-Conditioning ROS Wahsout rate NO sgc cgmp PKG NHE Delayed ph recovery Delayed & reduced Ca2+ oscillations, calpain activation Less hypercontracture and MPT Inserte et al. JMCC 2011, JAHA2013, CVR 2014

25 Ischemic Post-Conditioning ROS Wahsout rate NO CaMKII Thr287 sgc cgmp SERCA PLB PKA PDE2 PKG NHE Delayed ph recovery Delayed & reduced Ca2+ oscillations, calpain activation Less hypercontracture and MPT Inserte et al. JMCC 2011, JAHA2013, CVR 2014

26 Effect of IPoCo on infarct size in patients with STEMI Favaretto: Am J Cardiol 2014;114:946e 952

27 Strategies to limit reperfusion injury in STEMI Conditioning Ischemic post-conditioning Remote ischemic conditioning Other Pharmacological treatments

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29 FORMS OF REMOTE ISCHEMIC CONDITIONING (RIC) Remote Ischemic PRECOND PERCOND POSTCOND Protected organ B (HEART) TIME = ischemia

30 FORMS OF REMOTE ISCHEMIC CONDITIONING (RIC) Remote Ischemic PRECOND PERCOND POSTCOND Organ A (LIMB) Protected organ B (HEART) TIME = ischemia

31 Triggers, mediators and effectors of RIC Rajesh K Kharbanda: ESC 2012

32 Rople of parasympathic nerve in RIC (femoral occlusions) induced cardioprotection in isolated rabbit hearts Donato et al. Exp Physiol 98.2 (2013) pp No RIC RIC RIC + RIC+ femoral & spinal chord sciatic section section

33 PLASMA FROM RIC PIGS PROTECTS ISOLATED MICE HEARTS 1. Pigs (n=6) I R I R I R I R Baseline blood extraction (1) Post-RIC blood extraction (1) 2. Dialisate preparation 1800 rpm, 15 Baseline plasma (1) Post-RIC plasma (1) Plasma dialisate (against 10-fold volume, kda cutoff, overnight, 4ºC). Storage at -80ºC 3. Mice (n=12/group) Control group (baseline plasma dialisate, n=12) Baseline dialisate 30 Ischemia 35 Reperfusion 60 Post-RIC plasma dialisate (n=12) Post-RIC dialisate 30 Ischemia 35 Reperfusion 60 LDH release, LVdevP Infarct size

34 PLASMA FROM RIC PIGS PROTECTS ISOLATED MICE HEARTS Infarct size (%) Control (n=12) * RIC (n=12) Alburqueque-Bejar et al. Unpublished

35 FORMS OF REMOTE ISCHEMIC CONDITIONING (RIC) IN STEMI PATIENTS Remote Ischemic PRECOND PERCOND POSTCOND Organ A (limb) Protected organ B (HEART) TIME = ischemia

36 Remote Ischemic conditioning in STEMI: clinical trials

37 Reperfusion injury in STEMI. Therapeutic opportunities 1. The problem 2. Reperfusion injury after acute coronary occlusion 3. Ischemic conditioning 4. Pharmacological approaches 5. Combination therapy 6. Future research

38 Protecting Reperfusion the injury heart in against STEMI: reperfusion unsolved issues injury: and open limitations questions Orphan targets ISCHEMIA REPERFUSION Coronary microcirculation Cytosol Mitochondria (k) Platelet activation and P-selectin expression Platelet adhesion Na + pump failure ph i normalization: NHE, Na + influx NBS, etc & ph i normalization Na + overload reverse NCX ROS repolarization & ATP availability (l) Thrombin and other Ca 2+ overload calpain activation SR Ca2+ oscillations MPT fragility contractile activation sarcolemmal rupture Cell-to-cell propagation

39 PKG signaling is cardioprotective REPERFUSION 1 Ca 2+ overload ATP ph correction ROS Calpain proteolysis Sercoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria 2 Ca 2+ oscillations MPT 3 1. Hernnando V at al JMCC Abdallha et al CVR Penna C, J Mol Cell Med 2008 Cardiomyocyte DEATH

40 Pharmacological increase of myocardial cgmp-pkg signaling in STEMI PKG ANP BNP Urodilatin CNP Natriuretic Peptides NO NO donnors L-arginine BH4 NOS protectors MEMBRANE pgc NO sgc sgc activators (ataciguat ) cgmp

41 Pharmacological protection against reperfusion injury: PKG Stimulation of cgmp synthesis with ANP prevents reoxygenation-induced hypercontracture Hempel et al. Am J Physiol 1997;273: H244-9 Hypoxia and acidosis impair cgmp syntesis in coronary endothelium and cardiomyocytes Agulló L, Am J Physiol 2002;283(:H and Am J Physiol 2003:284(6):H L-arginine limits reperfusion injury by a cgmp-dependent mechanism Agulló L, Am J Physiol ;276(:H Urodilatine at reperfusion limmits necrosis in rat hearts Inserte et al, Cardiovasc Res 2000; 45: Pretreatment with intravenous of L- arginine limmits infarct size in pigs Pdilla F, Cardiovasc Res. 2000;46: I.v. urodilatin at the time of coronary reperfusion limmits infarct size Padilla et al, Cardiovasc Res 2001;15: I.v. ataciguat reduces infarct size secondary to transient LAD occlusion in rats Inserte et al. Cardiovasc Res. 2014;103:542-53

42 Clinical trials potentially involving PKG activation Delayed phi recovery PKG signaling PLB Ca2+ hypercontracture/fragility MPT Reperfusion arrhyhthmias CELL DEATH

43 Clinical trials potentially involving PKG activation CELL DEATH Postconditioning Thibault H et al. Circulation 2008 Delayed phi recovery PKG signaling PLB Ca2+ hypercontracture/fragility MPT

44 Clinical trials potentially involving PKG activation CELL DEATH Postconditioning Thibault H et al. Circulation 2008 ANPeptide Kitakaze M et al. Lancet 2007 Delayed phi recovery PKG signaling PLB Ca2+ hypercontracture/fragility MPT

45 Clinical trials potentially involving PKG activation CELL DEATH Postconditioning Thibault H et al. Circulation 2008 Delayed phi recovery ANPeptide Kitakaze M et al. Lancet 2007 PKG signaling GIK-IMMEDIATE Selker P et al JAMA 2012 Exenatide Lonborg J et al Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2012 Early ICoronary Adenosine Garcia-Dorado et al IJC 2014 PLB Ca2+ hypercontracture/fragility MPT

46 Clinical trials aiming at MPT: Direct MPT inhibition CELL DEATH Postconditioning Thibault H et al. Circulation 2008 Delayed phi recovery ANPeptide Kitakaze M et al. Lancet 2007 PKG signaling GIK-IMMEDIATE Selker P et al JAMA 2012 Exenatide Lonborg J et al Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2012 Early ICoronary Adenosine Garcia-Dorado et al IJC 2014 PLB Ca2+ hypercontracture/fragility MPT Cyclosporine A Piot C et al. N Engl J Med 2008

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48 EXENATIDE STUDIES IN STEMI

49 Reperfusion injury in STEMI. Therapeutic opportunities 1. The problem 2. Reperfusion injury after acute coronary occlusion 3. Ischemic conditioning 4. Pharmacological approaches 5. Combination therapy 6. Future research

50 Combination of RIC + insulin therapy Rationale of combined therapy 1. Different mechanisms of action, additive efects 2. Lower doses, less side effects 3. Potentially different modulation by age, sex, comorbidities Selection of treatments

51 Combination therapy against myocardial reperfusion injury in PIGS METHODS Transient coronary occlusion (40 min, LAD) Study protocol: 3 treatments A) RIC: 5 Isq/5 Rep, Right femoral artery (during ischemia) B) GIK or glucose 5% (from 10 min after ischemia onset) C) Exenatide (from min 25) GIK Exenatide No treatment RIC Yes No Alburqueque-Bejar et al. Cardiovascular Research, June 4, 2015

52 Combination therapy against myocardial reperfusion injury in PIGS METHODS Transient coronary occlusion (40 min, LAD) Study protocol: 3 treatments A) RIC: 5 Isq/5 Rep, Right femoral artery (during ischemia) B) GIK or glucose 5% (from 10 min after ischemia onset) C) Exenatide (from min 25) 40 Ischemia 2h or 5 m Reperfusion GIK: 30% glucose, 50 U/L insulin, 80 meq KCl: 1.5 ml/kg (IMMEDIATE: JAMA 2012) Exenatide (10µg or 40µL of Byetta 10 in 100mL of saline) 72mL/h 15 before reperfusion 26mL/h since reperfusion, during 2 hours. (Lonborg et al EHJ 2012)

53 Signaling pathways. 5 min reperfusion (n=4 per group) Alburqueque-Bejar et al. Cardiovascular Research, June 4, 2015

54 Signaling: H1 NMR metabolomics in myocardium A) Pattern recognition Vs

55 Signaling: H1 NMR metabolomics in myocardium A) Pattern recognition Vs B) Validation:

56 Signaling pathways: AKT enos activation with GIK REPERFUSION O 2 - PoCo enos BH 2 BH 4 e NOS ONOO - NO PKG S. Reticulum Mitochondria S. Reticulum Mitochondria CELL DEATH CARDIOPROTECTION Alburqueque-Bejar et al. Cardiovascular Research, June 4, 2015

57 Signaling pathways: different in RIC, GIK and EXE REPERFUSION RIC PoCo INSULIN EXENATIDE enos BH 2 O 2 - BH 4 e NOS Akt Glucose uptake ONOO - NO Metabolic shift PKG S. Reticulum Mitochondria S. Reticulum Mitochondria CELL DEATH CARDIOPROTECTION Alburqueque-Bejar et al. Cardiovascular Research, June 4, 2015

58 RESULTS: INFARCT SIZE 2 hours of reperfusion (n= 7-10 per group)añdkfadf Alburqueque-Bejar et al. Cardiovascular Research, June 4, 2015

59 COMBinAtion Therapy in Myocardial Infarction: The COMBAT-MI Trial NCT START - END: Sept 15, February 2017 SPONSOR: PARTICIPANTS: H.U. Vall d Hebron Research Institute, Spain HUVH, Barcelona; HUGTP, Barcelona; Spain Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, London, GB TREATMENTS: Exenatide i.v., RIC, both or neither PATIENTS: Included > 16y with STEMI receiving ppci < 6h Excluded confused, TIMI > 1, Shock > 48h, c.i. CMRI Primary ENDPOINT: Infarct Size (CMRI 2-7 days after ppci) SAMPLE SIZE: 360 pts DESIGN: Double blind, placebo controled STATISTICS: Factorial 2 x 2

60 Reperfusion injury in STEMI. Therapeutic opportunities 1. The problem 2. Reperfusion injury after acute coronary occlusion 3. Ischemic conditioning 4. Pharmacologic approaches 5. Combination therapy 6. Future research

61 Reperfusion injury in STEMI. Therapeutic opportunities Future research 1) The mechanisms of R-induced cell death are only partially understood 2) The mechanism of RIC needs to be elucidated 3) PKG interventions need to be further explored in IS trials 4) Combination therapies to be developed and clinically tested 5) Extending reduction of RI into prevention of adverse postinfarct remodeling 6) Translation to clinical outcome trials (death, heart failure) 7) Social need: lot of work for cardiovascular scientists and clinical investigators

62 Reducing Myocardial Injury Secondary to Coronary Artery Disease (REMIND) Program 2, Cardiovascular Research Network of the ISCiii Coordinating group: Sevicio de Cardiología HUVH-VHIR, UAB VHIR cardiovascular cooperative project Neurovascular, Diabetes, Hepathology, Nephrology

63 THANK YOU! Cardiovascular Research Group Vall d Hebron University Hospital and Research institute Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. SPAIN