PRODUCTION OF DETERGENT FROM CASTOR OIL ADUMA OREGBE GIDEON 99/8050EH

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Eugene Russell
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1 PRODUCTON OF DETERGENT FROM CASTOR OL BY \ i! ADUMA OREGBE GDEON 99/8050EH A PROJECT SUBMTTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMCAL ENGNEERNG SCHOOL OF ENGNEERNG AND ENGNEERNG TECHNOLOGY FEDERAL UNVERSTY OF TECHNOLOGY MNNA. NGER STATE N PARTAL FULFLMENT OF THE REQUREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGNE:RNG (B. ENG.) NOVEMBER 2005

2 DEDCATON This research work is dedicated first of all to the almighty Father and Creator Jehovah God and the whole of ledu's family. ( i

3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT wholeheartedly glorify the almighty Father Jehovah for the gift and preservation i of my life as well as his loving directions and blessings on me in my entire life and my i academic pursuit. deeply appreciate the love and support of my parents Mr and Mrs Aduma ledu my elder brother Bethel and my deeply loved Uncle late Sunday O. ledu. x My unreserved thanks go to my uncle Paul and saac Oregbe for their goodwill land great support. ( tl also thank my friends Femi Emmyfresh Wisdom Bright Job Christian Frank!!Mayaki Victor Judah and those that cannot mention. -$! cannot forget to appreciate the love and care of my friend Uwanna Effiong and tny younger brot.her Joshua as well as my cousins Mercy Eliab Lois Salome and farah; my brothers and friends Victor and Gad for being there for me always ana in \ elping me in typing the project work. Finally my profuse thanks go to Engr. G. sah my project supervisor for his leasonablenesskindness and guidance in this work. May Jehovah bless you all. f

4 DECLARATON ADUMA OREGBE GDEON hereby declare that the project "PRODUCTON OF DETERGENT FROM CASTOR OL" originally done by me to the best of my knowledge has not been presented either wholly of in part for the award of degree or similar qualifications. Signature/Date V

5 CERTFCATON This is to certify that this project titled "PRODUCTON OF DETERGENT FROM CASTOR OL" was carried out originally by ADUMA OREGBE GDEON of the Chemical Engineering Department Federal University of Technology Minna Niger State.....:?.... gci"lah Project Supervisor Date:...?t.l... \??.... Dr. A. F. Aberuagba Head of Department Date:.... External Examiner Date:.... v

6 ABSTRACT This research work was carried out with the objective of extraction of oil from castor seeds and its utilization to produce a synthetic detergent. Solvent extraction method was employed in extracting the oil and the total percent oil yield was found to be 23.8%. The experimentally determined saponification value of the oil was mgKOH/g of oil. The detergent efficiency determined as a measure of the foamability of the detergent was found to be 2.6cm. ph tests revealed mildly basic properties. The color scent and efficiency of the detergent were improved with the addition of bleaching agent perfume and foaming agents respectively. V

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page Title Dedication Acknowledgement Declaration Certification Abstract T able of Contents ii iii iv v iv vii CHAPTER ONE - NTRODUCTON. Background of the study.2 Aims and Objectives of the study.3 Scope of work.4 Relevance of study tchapter TWO - LTERATURE REVEW w ;2..0 Castor - Oil Plant 2.. Castor oil (Ricinus Oil) {2..2 Chemical composition of castor oil 2..3 Chemistry and uses of castor oil 2.2 Detergency _ 2.2. Definition of Detergent Development of the Detergent industry Use of Addictives in Detergent industry Chemistry of Detergency.2.5 Types of Detergents.2.6 Detergent Foamability j.3 Biodegradaion k3. Definition of Biodegradability e.3.2 Biodegradation and the Law.3.3 Phosphate - containing detergents.3.4 Phosphate - free detergents f.4 Extraction of Oils j-.4. Principles of Extraction! J.4.2 Methods of Extraction i.4.3 Solvent extraction of castor oil.4.4 Factors influencing the rate of extraction t4.5 Mass transfer in leaching (s()lvent extraction) operation '.4.6 Solvent selection j L4.7 Properties of hexane Vll \ }

8 CHAPTER THREE - MATERALS AND METHODS 3. Materials 3.2 Methods 3.2. Pre - treatment of castor seeds Solvent extraction of castor oil Operation of soxhlet apparatus Refining of castor oil Determination of saponification value 3.3 Production of Detergent 3.3. Materials Procedure 3.4 Foamability tests on Detergent produced 3.4. Materials Procedure CHAPTER FOUR - RESULTS 4.0 Results 4. Discussion of results 3 32 CHAPTER FVE - CONCLUSON 5.0 Conclusion 5. Recommendation REFERENCES 36 APPENDXES Appendix A - Percentage of oil extracted Appendix B - Calculation of saponification value Appendix C - Flow diagram for the extraction of castor oil and production of synthetic detergent! Appendix D - Equations of reactions! Appendix F - Diagram of Soxhlet apparatus j \ Vlll

DECLARATION. Sani Suleiman Manu of the Department of Chemical Engineering, School of

DECLARATION. Sani Suleiman Manu of the Department of Chemical Engineering, School of DECLARATION I Sani Suleiman Manu of the Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology Minna hereby declare that this work was can-ied