Internationally Indexed Journal

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1 Internationally Indexed Journal Indexed in Chemical Abstract Services(USA),Index Coppernicus,Ulrichs Directory of Periodicals,Google scholar,cabi,doaj,psoar, EBSCO,SCOPUS, EMBASE etc. Rapid Publishing!!! " " #!$ "!!%!$ & ' ()*+ *+ *Refer Instruction to authors available at Journal Home page

2 Research Article Pharmacognosy International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences ISSN PHARMACOGNOSY AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF NILAVEMBU CHOORANAM AND NILAVEMBU TABLET, A SIDDHA POLYHERBAL FORMULATION C.BALAKRISHNAN * M.SENTHILKUMAR AND M.VISWANATH Skm siddha and Ayurveda research and development,saminathapuram, modakkuruchi Erode ABSTRACT The Indian subcontinent is enriched by a variety of flora- both medicinal and aromatic plant s. This extensive flora has been greatly utilized as a source of many drugs in the Indian traditional systems of medicine. This study aims at exploring the pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, physic-chemical and TLC analysis of a siddha polyherbal formulation Nilavembu chooranam and Nilavembu tablet. The raw materials were authenticated by a pharmacognosist. The macroscopic characters and the powder microscopy of the chooranam revealed the presence of all those ingredients in the final product. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of nilavembu chooranam and nilavembu Tablet revealed the presence of Glyccoside,Tannins, alkaloids, Flavonoids, in Thin layer chromatographic analysis the solvent front was standardized as petroleum ether :chloroform:methanol:1:0:5:2 the methanol, chloroform and ether extracts were fractionized. KEYWORDS: Polyherbal, Nilavembu, phytochemistry, Microscopy C.BALAKRISHNAN Skm siddha and Ayurveda research and development, saminathapuram, modakkuruchi Erode *Corresponding author B - 180

3 INTRODUCTION Man has been using herbs and plantproducts for combacting diseases since time immemorial. The Indian subcontinent is enriched by a variety of flora-both medicinal and aromatic plants. This is due to the wide diversity of climate conditions in India ranging from deserts to swamplands. Numerous types of herbs have been well recognized and cataloged by botanists from the high ranges of the Himalayan tract up to the sea shore of kanyakumari. This extensive flora has been greatly utilized as a source of many drugs in the Indian traditional systems of medicine 1 It is notable that world health organization is showing great interest on drugs from natural sources especially from traditional systems and folklore medicines. Among the natural sources, plants are economic and they are the source for abundant chemical intermediates to produce new drugs with fewer side effects 2 Plants are the only economic source of a number of well established and important drugs. In addition they are also the source of chemical intermediates needed for the production of some drugs 2. Indian systems of medicine have a deep root in our cultural heritage and cater to the Medicare of large sections of our population. These systems mainly use herbs. In recent times, there has been a marked shift towards herbal cures because of the pronounced cumulative and irreversible ill effects of May modern drugs. In Siddha system of medicine, Sridhars have mentioned 4448 diseases based on derangement in three humors due to changes in diet, environment and pathological changes and diagnosed by naadi. Among them they have dealt few diseases affecting the females. Among the Siddha polyherbal formulations, nilavembu chooranam and nilavembu tablets are used to prevent dengue, fever, and increase blood cell count 3. The present study aims at the evaluation of pharmacognostical, phytochemical, physicochemical and TLC analysis of the formulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of Nilavembu chooranam and Nilavembu tablet Contents 1. Nilavembu dry 2. Vettiver 3. Vilamichan ver 4. Parpadagam 5. Korai kilangu 6. Chukku 7. Milagu 8. Peypudal samoolam 9. Sandhanam Reference Siddha sasthiriya medicine; Siddha vaidhiya thirattu. Procurement and authentication of drugs The dried raw drugs were procured from the raw drug store from Chennai. The identity and authenticity of the drugs were confirmed by pharmacognist, Skm Siddha and Ayurvedha research and development, Erode. Purification of the drug The other sticks and foreign matters are removed. And dust particles are cleaned by handling. Preparation of the Drugs The contents were powdered and mixed in the ratio as per the literature. The powder was sieved by the traditional method adopted by siddhars. Also the chooranam tablet was prepared as per literature and the traditional of Siddha proprietary medicine. Then chooranam and tablet preserved airtight container. Microscopy and macroscopy study of Nilavembu chooranam and tablets The macroscopy of the ingredients and microscopy study was done at Department of B - 181

4 pharmacognosy in skm Siddha and Ayurvedha research and development, Erode. PROCEDURE Macroscopy of the ingredients and organleptic and powder microscopy of the chooranam was studied. Physico chemical analysis of Nilavembu choooranam and tablet The physico chemical parameters like total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash and Loss on drying of the Nilavembu chooranam and total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash. Disintegration time, hardness and thickness were determined by standard methods. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Nilavembu chooranam The nilavembu chooranam and Tablet was extracted with the solvents namely methanol, and chloroform. The extracts were filtered and the concentrated under vacuum, followed by drying (40 0 C). The extracts were screened for the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoid, carbohydrates, glycosides,saponins, tannins and triterpenoids by standard methods. Thin layer chromatographic study of Nilavembu chooranam and tablet 4 TLC was used to identify compounds and its purity. As a stationary phase a special fine pre coated silica gel plates (Merck TLC plates) were used to analyze the extract (methanol) were spotted and developed with solvents as follows. Test solution Extract 5 g of powdered drug with methanol (50 ml) in a soxhlet apparatus (6hr). Evaporate the methanol extract under reduced pressure. Dissolve 10 mg of residue in 1ml methanol. Reference solution Prepare a solution containing 1 mg each of andrographolide, neoandrographolide and andrographiside in 1.5ml methanol. Solvent system Chloroform: Diethyl ether(7:2) Chloroform: Diethyl ether (7:2) was optimized for the TLC separation of the Extracts and the spots were visualized in ultra violet chamber and UV at 240 nm and 360 nm. R f Values were calculated. RESULTS Microscopic study of Nilavembu chooranam Fig- 1 Nilavembu chooranam Fig-2 Nilavembu tablet Macroscopy of nilavembu An erect, glabrous, annual, much branched herb upto 90 cm High, branches sharply quadrangular;aften narrowly. Winged in the upper part. Leaves simple, opposite, shortpetioled,2-7 cm long and 1-3 cm wide, lanceolate, glabrous, slightly undulate, pale beneath; base tapering; main nerves 4-6 pairs, B - 182

5 slender; petioles 0-6 mm long. Flowers pink in solitary, axillary and terminal panicles. Capsules erect, linear-oblong, compressed, longitudinally furrowed on the broad faces, thinly glandular hairy; seeds numerous, sub-quadrate. Powder microscopy of nilavembu chooranam Powder is pale Green in colour with characteristic odour and Bitter taste. Microscopy of Nilavembu chooranam Nilavembu chooranam seen as coarse powder 5. It is oval or round shape measuring 4 to 21 micro meter dia., nilavembu leaves are both the upper and lower epidermis show the presence of glandular trichomes. Lithocysts fairly large on upper epidermis as compared to the lower. Lower epidermis have a layer of wavy walled cells and diacytic type of stomata, which is absent on the upper surface. A stem of nilavembu is epidermis have glandular and nonglandular trichomes. Collenchymas densely found at the corners of the stem. Secondary phloem consists of acicular fibers mainly. Xylem fibres are elongated and thickened. Vessels with scalariform and spiral thickenings. Parenchyma cells of the pith contain small acicular crystals of calcium oxalate. Microscopy of Nilavembu tablet Nilavembu kashaya tablet seen as dull green colour. Nilavembu kashaya tablet odour is as characteristic. Then the taste is a slightly bitter taste. Then it is seen as an oval shape. Then surface is very soft. And we see the thickness and hardness and disintegration time and total ash and moisture are analyzed as standard method. Table 1 Physio-chemical properties of Nilavembu chooranam 6 S.No Parameters Result 1 Total 0 C in % Loss on 0 C in% Acid insoluble ash in % Water insoluble ash in % Bulk density Fineness of the particle coarse The physio-chemical properties of nilavembu tablet showed the presence of the following properties. Table 2 Physio-chemical properties of Nilavembu Tablet S.No Parameters Result 1 Total 0 C in % Loss on 0 C in% Acid insoluble ash in % Water insoluble ash in % Average Weight gm/tablet Hardness Kgs/cm Thickness in mm Friability 0.01 The physio-chemical properties of nilavembu tablet showed the presence of the following properties. B - 183

6 Table 3 Priliminary phytochemical analysis of Nilavembu chooranam Phytochemicals Test used Ethanol Petroleum Ether Carbo hydrate Molich Test - - Fixed oil and Fat Spot test + + Flavanoids Alkaline reagent test + + Detection of saponin Saponin test - - Alkaloids Wagner s test + + Gums and Musilage Spot test - - The phytochemical analysis of nilavembu chooranam showed the presence of the following active constituents. Nilavembu chooranam and nilavembu tablet analyzed standard as Indian pharmacopoeia method. Table 3 Priliminary phytochemical analysis of Nilavembu Tablet Phytochemicals Test used Ethanol Petroleum Ether Carbo hydrate Molich Test - - Fixed oil and Fat Spot test + + Flavanoids Alkaline reagent test + + Detection of saponin Saponin test - - Alkaloids Wagner s test + + Gums and Musilage Spot test - - The phytochemical analysis of nilavembu Tablet showed the presence of the following active constituents. Table 4 Thin layer chromatographic analysis of Nilavembu chooranam (A) Solvent Ratio R f values Extract Chloroform:Diethyl ether 7: Methanol The TLC separation of Nilavembu chooranam and the R f values of the visible compounds and compounds at 254nm from bottom to are as follows. A B Figure 3 TLC of visible compound of Nilavembu chooranam (A) and tablet (B) B - 184

7 Table 4 Thin layer chromatographic analysis of Nilavembu Tablet (B) Solvent Ratio R f values Extract Chloroform:Diethyl ether 7: Methanol The TLC separation of Nilavembu Tablet and the R f values of the visible compounds and compounds at 254nm from bottom to are as follows. A B DISCUSSION Figure 4 TLC of visible compound of Nilavembu chooranam (A) and tablet (B) In Siddha system of medicine, the line of treatment starts from herbal drugs only. It can be well understood from the famous quote. unave marunthu marunthe unavu is the basic concept of siddhars. Hence by this saying, it is well understood that the diet habits are the major cause of derangement in the 3 humors and hence diseases are produced. It is confirmed by siddhar thiruvalluvar by the saying Miginum kuraiyinum noi seyyum noolar valimudhala enniya moondru. People mostly affected by Fever all season. And often suffering from fever. Hence the fever the drug, should be aimed to possess characters that reduce the fever and reduce the joint pain and increase the platelet cell. Nilavembu chooranam is a compound drug containing Nilavembu dry and vettiver, vilamichan ver parpadagam, korai kilangu, chukku, milgu, peypudal samoolam, santhanam as ingredients. Nilavembu have increase immunity and antibiotic properties. Then increase RBC platelet cell. Firstly the macroscopic characters of the ingredients and the microscopy of the chooranam were done to ascertain the presence of the ingredients and authenticate them. The macroscopic study of the ingredients revealed the authenticity of the ingredients. The microscopic study of the chooranam revealed the presence of the individual ingredients in the compound drug as whole. This may pave way in future to use the same authenticated ingredients and develop standards for the chooranam. In thin layer chromatographic analysis the solvent front was standardized as chloroform: Diethyl ether 7:2 the methanol extracts were fractionized. There were 6 compounds clearly visible at 254 nm. Nilavembu tablet and nilavembu chooranam both were clear 6 spot in above R f value. Also visible in 360 nm and visible light. B - 185

8 CONCLUSION To conclude, the present study has revealed the microscopic, phytochemisty, Phytochemical and Thin layer chromatography fingerprint of the drug. Further studies should be carried out to generate the HPTLC and HPLC fingerprinting of the drug for maintaining the quality control of the drug. REFERENCES 1 1. Agarwal SS, Paridhavi M, Herbal Drug Technology 2007, Pf 2 J University press (India) Pvt.Limited. pg-6,7 2. Rustogi, R.P. Search for new Medicinal plants from Indians flora Advance notes for symposia and discussion, Botany section, 67th session of Indian science congress, Gawahathi, Pg Dr.M. Shanmugavelu H.B.I.M, Siddha Maruthuva Noi Naadal Noi Muthal Naadal Thirattu, Part II 1988, Govt of Tamilnadu. Pg A joint publication of Regional research Laboratory and Indian drug manufacturers Association, Indian Herbal pharmacopoeia Volume I SKM siddha and ayurveda company Pvt( india) Ltd. siddha sasthiriya medicine; siddha vaidhiya thirattu. Pg Captain srinivasa murti drug research institute for Ayurveda and siddha, Quality Control of drugs. Chennai Pg- 43,44,55, B - 186