EFFECT OF BIO-INOCULANTS AND BIO- FORMULATIONS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF BUCKWHEAT

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2 Int. J. Agric.Sc & Vet.Med Chaya P Patil et al., 2014 Research Paper ISSN Vol. 2, No. 4, November All Rights Reserved EFFECT OF BIO-INOCULANTS AND BIO- FORMULATIONS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF BUCKWHEAT Sakhubai H T 1, Laxminarayana H 1 and Chaya P Patil 1* *Corresponding Author: Chaya P Patil, patilpradeepc@yahoo.co.in An investigation was carried out to study the effect of Vescicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and bioformulations (panchagavya and amritpani) on growth, yield and quality of buckwheat by comparing with RDF at K.R.C.C.H. College of Arabhavi. The results showed that growth parameters viz., plant height ( cm), number of leaves per plant (75.62), leaf length (9.52 cm), leaf breadth (9.03 cm) recorded maximum with the application of RDF and yield parameters viz., days to 50% flowering was earlier in T 10 and T 11 with DAS, herb yield recorded maximum with the application of RDF, however the organic treatment T 10 have shown on par results in growth and yield parameters. Keywords: Buckwheat, Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza, Bioformulations, RDF, Organic treatments INTRODUCTION Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench, 2n = 16) belongs to the Polygonaceae family, in Hindi, it is called as Kutu. Temperate Central Asia is reported to be the origin of this plant. Buckwheat is a herbaceous annual plant of days crop duration that grows to a height of cm. in Europe, Russia, USA and France. It constitutes one of the main food crops in India, it is grown as a grain crop in the higher altitudes ( m) of the Himalayas and in Nilgiris (Bhairab, 1999). Buckwheat contains rutin, it occurs in 3-6% of its dry weight. It is a flavonol present in the seeds, cotyledon, leaf, stem and flower (Dipak and Ranbir, 2002). Buckwheat is used for medical reasons in gluten free-diet for celiac diseased patients, and in alleviation of some specific diseases. The rutin is reported to be beneficial in treating conditions characterized by capillary bleeding and increased capillary fragility, in preventing haemorrhagic diseases. With the growing importance of rutin as a medicine to treat 1 Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants KRC College of Horticulture, Arabhavi , Tal Gokak, Belgaum, Karnataka, India. 2 Professor of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants HRS, Sirsi, Dist Uttar Kannada, Karnataka, India. 3 Professor and Head (Agricultural Microbiology), Division of NRM KRC College of Horticulture, Arabhavi , Tal Gokak, Belgaum, Karnataka, India. 83

3 the harmful effects of X-rays, it is used for persons exposed to dangerous atomic radiations (Farooqi and Sreeramu, 2004). MATERIALS AND METHODS The field experiment was carried out in the division of plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, college of horticulture, Arabhavi during The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 11 treatments and 3 replications. The spacing followed was 20 x 10 cm. The effect of Vescicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and bio-formulations (panchagavya and amritpani) on growth, yield of buckwheat are summarized in the Table 1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Vegetative parameters differed significantly at all the stages of crop growth. Maximum plant height ( cm) was recorded in the treatment T 11 receiving RDF (50:40:40 kg NPK/ha, FYM-20 q/ ha), which is followed by T 10 (99.80 cm). Highest number of leaves were observed in T 11 (RDF- 50:40:40 kg NPK/ha, FYM-20 q/ha) with 75.62, which was on par with the T 10 (73.85). Maximum leaf length (9.52 cm) was observed in T 10, with the treatment of VAM + Panchagavya + Amritpani, 3% Drench and Spray, was on par with T 9 (9.30 cm). Maximum leaf breadth (8.88 cm) was found in T 11 (RDF-50:40:40 kg NPK/ha, FYM-20 q/ha) and T 9 (VAM + Panchagavya + Amritpani 3% Spray). This increasing trend in morphological parameters might be due to recommended dose of fertilizer alone recorded significantly higher values for morphological parameters. It could be attributed to the quick and readily availability of major nutrients like N, P and K to plants at earlier stages of plant growth. The results obtained in the present investigation are in agreement with Table 1: Growth and Yield of Buckwheat at 45 Days After Sowing Treatments Plant Height (cm) Number of Leaves Leaf Length (cm) Leaf Breadth (cm) Days to 50% Flowering Herb Yield (q/ha) T 1 - Vescicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM - 25 kg/ha, soil application) T 2 - VAM + Panchagavya (3% Drench) T 3 - VAM + Panchagavya (3% Spray) T 4 - VAM + Panchagavya (3% Drench and Spray) T 5 - VAM + Amritpani (3% Drench) T 6 - VAM + Amritpani (3% Spray) T 7 - VAM + Amritpani (3% Drench and Spray) T 8 - VAM + Panchagavya + Amritpani (3% Drench) T 9 - VAM + Panchagavya + Amritpani (3% Spray) T 10 - VAM + Panchagavya + Amritpani (3% Drench and Spray) T 11 - RDF (50:40:40 kg NPK/ha, FYM-20q/ha) Mean S Em CD 5%

4 earlier findings of Rana et al. (2005), Campbell and Gubbels (1978) in buckwheat, Snezana et al. (2012) in buckwheat. Nitrogen helps in synthesis of tryptophan which is a precursor of auxins. The auxins might have hastened the metabolic activities in the plants which in turn increased the vegetative structures and leaves per plant. A similar positive effect of inorganics were also reported by Muthumanickam and Balakrishnamurthy (1999) by application of 40 kg N + 60 kg P 2 O kg K 2 O per hectare produced maximum plant height (30.40 cm) in ashwagandha. However the organic treatment (VAM + Panchagavya + Amritpani-3% Drench and Spray) has also shown better result, this might be due to the reason that, their built up beneficial soil microbial population in the rhizosphere, increased plant residue decomposition and mineralization with the help of mulching, regular addition of bioformulations especially by the synergetic effect both drench and spray of panchagavya and amritpani have lead to the effective supply of nutrients for the plant acting as source of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) organisms, growth regulators, hormones, etc. This had helped to improve nutrient availability to the plants and also by Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, due to their ability to increase nutrient uptake and water transport. The results obtained in the present investigation are in agreement with earlier findings of Rajamani et al. (2007) in turmeric and Bassanagowda (2005) in Mango. The days taken for 50% flowering was earliest (25.67) in T 10 (VAM + Panchagavya + Amritpani- 3% drench and spray) and T 11 (RDF-50:40:40 kg NPK/ ha, FYM-20 q/ha). The maximum herbage yield per hectare was recorded in T 11 (RDF-50:40:40 kg NPK/ha, FYM- 20 q/ha) with q was on par with T 10 ( q), T 7 ( q) and T 9 ( q). Seed yield ( kg) was found maximum in T 11 (RDF- 50:40:40 kg NPK/ha, FYM-20 q/ha) was on par with T 10 ( kg). The results show that the treatment T 11 (RDF- 50:40:40 kg NPK/ha, FYM-20 q/ha), have given the maximum results, where the organic treatment T 10 (VAM + Panchagavya + Amritpani- 3% drench and spray) have shown the on par results. The higher values in T 11 (RDF-50:40:40 kg NPK/ha, FYM-20q/ha) might be due to the fact that the role of major essential nutrients (N, P and K) in plant metabolism, particularly in the cell elongation and multiplication. The results obtained in the present investigation are in agreement with earlier findings of Campbell and Gubbels (1978) and Rana et al. (2005) in buckwheat, Shivanna et al. (2007) in Makoi. The organic treatments have also given on par results due to the effect of both drench and spray of panchagavya and amritpani which contain a lot of saprophytic bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, yeasts, nitrogen fixers, P solubilisers, growth promoting PGPRs and biocontrol agents, leading to microbial biotechnology and their amplified sufficient vegetative growth in better sink for faster mobilization of photosynthates and early transformation of plant parts from vegetative to reproductive phase. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has increased nutrient uptake and water transport. The results obtained in the present investigation are in agreement with earlier findings of Rajamani et al. (2007) in turmeric. Duragannavar (2005) also reported that, the application of panchagavya and amritpani increased the yield per plant in papaya, also by Sudhaker (2005) in coleus and Hannah et al. (2005) in banana. 85

5 REFERENCES 1. Bassanagowda (2005), Synergistic Effect of AM Fungi in Combination with Bioformulations on Germination, Graft-Take, Growth and Yield of Mango, M.Sc. (Hort.) Thesis, Univ. Agric. Sci., Dharwad. 2. Bhairab D J (1999), Status of Buckwheat in India, Fagopyrum., Vol. 16, pp Campbell C G and Gubbels H (1978), Growing Buckwheat, Agriculture Canada Publication. 4. Dipak H and Ranbir S R (2002), Collection, Cultivation and Characterization of Buckwheat in Northeastern Region of India, Fagopyrum., Vol. 19, pp Duragannavar M P, Patil C P, Patil P B, Swamy G S K and Sidaramayya M B (2004), Combined Effect of Glomus Fasiculatum and GA3 Treatment on Papaya Seed Germination, 13 th Southern Regional Conference on Microbial Inoculants, December 3-5, p. 29, College of Agriculture, Bijapur. 6. Farooqi A A and Sreeramu B S (2004), Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, pp Hannah K A, Pandian B J and Selva Rani (2005), Panchagavya Spray Produces Tastier Banana Fruit, Agrobios Newslet., Vol. 4, No. 1, pp Muthumanickam D and Balkrishnamurthy (1999), Studies on Nutritional Requirement for Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera Dunal) in Shevroy Hills of Tamilnadu, J. Spices and Aromatic Crops, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp Rajamani K, Kamalkumar R, Shoba N and Balakrishnamurthy G (2007), Influence of Organic Manure and Bio-Regulates on Growth and Yield of Turmeric Var. BSR-2, South Indian Hort., Vol. 55, Nos. 1-6, pp Rana R S, Rana S S, Rana M C and Rajendra Prasad (2005), Influence of Row Spacing and Fertility Levels on Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Tataricum Gaertn) Under Sangla Valley Conditions of Himachal Pradesh, Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp Shivanna J, Sreenivas K N, Sreeramu B S and Ravi C S (2007), Influence of Spacing, Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium on Growth, Herbage Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Makoi, Biomed., Vol. 2, No. 1, pp Snezana O, Zeljko D, Mico O and Snezana D (2012), Effect of Microbiological Fertilizer and Soil Additive on Yield of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Under High Altitude Conditions, Ratar. Povrt., Vol. 49, No. 3, pp Sudhakar D H (2005), Standardization of Organic Farming Practices in Coleus (Coleus forskohlii Benth), M.Sc. (Hort.) Thesis, Univ. Agri. Sci., Bangalore. 86

6 APPENDIX Figure A1: General View of Plot at 40 DAS Plate 1 General View of Experimental Plot at Different Stages of Crop Growth Figure A2: T 11 = RDF (50:40:40 kg NPK/ha, FYM-20 q/ha) 87

7 APPENDIX (CONT.) Figure A3: Plate 2 Treatments Showing Best Performance in Field Condition Figure A4: Buckwheat Root Colonization by VA Mycorrhizal Fungus Acaulophora Laevis 88

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