Effect of FYM, biofertilizers and zinc on phosphorus uptake by maize

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1 An Asian Journal of Soil Science Volume 10 Issue 1 June, e ISSN Visit us : Research Article DOI : /HAS/AJSS/10.1/87-92 Effect of FYM, biofertilizers and zinc on phosphorus uptake by maize R.S. FAUJDAR AND MAHENDRA SHARMA MEMBERS OF RESEARCH FORUM: Corresponding author : R.S. FAUJDAR, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, M.P. University of Ag. & Techn., UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) INDIA rohit_faujdar99@yahoo.co.in Co-authors : MAHENDRA SHARMA, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, M.P. University of Ag. & Techn., UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) INDIA Received : ; Revised : ; Accepted : Summary A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of FYM, biofertilizers (Azotobacter and VAM) and zinc on phosphorus uptake by maize during two consecutive years of and at Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur. Application of FYM, biofertilizers and zinc significantly increased phosphorus uptake by maize. Combined use of FYM and biofertilizers significantly increased phosphorus uptake by maize and combined use of FYM and Zn also significantly increased the phosphorus uptake by maize. Key words : FYM,, Zinc, Maize, Phosphorus, Uptake How to cite this article : Faujdar, R.S. and Sharma, Mahendra (2015). Effect of FYM, biofertilizers and zinc on phosphorus uptake by maize. Asian J. Soil Sci., 10(1) : Introduction FYM or farmyard manure is bulky organic manure resulting from decomposed mixture of dung and urine of farm animals along with the lt. Application of FYM is of greater significance for sustainability as it has great potentiality to improve the physical properties of soil besides supplying nutrients. Each of these physical properties has large practical implication in maintaining soil as a medium of production and great role in halting environmental degradation. Maintaining them and improving them in long run is essential part of sustaining the ecosystem. Microbial inoculants or biofertilzers are important components of organic farming, which help to nourish the crops through required nutrients. These microbes help to fix atmospheric nitrogen, soluble and mobilize phosphorus, translocate minor elements like zinc, coper, etc., to the plants, produce plant growth promoting hormones, vitamins and amino acids and control plant pathogenic fungi, thus, helping to improve the soil health and increase crop production. Thus, neither the organic manure alone nor the chemical fertilizers can achieve the yield sustainability under any cropping system where the nutrient depletion and turnover in soil plant systems is remarkable. This paper presents the results of a study on integrated use of Zn with organic and inorganic sources of N on uptake of phosphorus by maize crop. Resource and Research Methods A field study was conducted at Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur on typic Haplustept during and The soil of experimental field was clay loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction (ph 8.22 and 8.17), medium in HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

2 R.S. FAUJDAR AND MAHENDRA SHARMA organic carbon (0.71 and 0.73 %), available nitrogen (233 and 235 kg ha -1 ), available phosphorus (13.6 and 13.9 kg ha -1 ) and high in potassium (336 and 340 kg ha - 1 ) in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The experiment consisted of thirty two treatment combinations of two levels of organic manure (without FYM and 10 t FYM ha -1 ), four levels of biofertilizers [control, Azotobacter inoculation, VAM (Glomus fasciculatum) inoculation and Azotobacter + VAM inoculation] and four levels of zinc (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg ha -1 ). Azotobacter and VAM used for as a biofertilizers for fixing atmospheric and increasing phosphorus availability. The field experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design allocating organic manures and biofertilizers in main plots and zinc in subplots and replicated three times. Phosphorus content in maize was determined by ammoniumvanadomolybdo phosphoric acid yellow colour method given by Richard (1968). Phosphorus uptake (kg ha -1 ) was estimated by formula : -1 Nutrient content (%) yield (kg ha ) 100 Research Findings and Discussion The yield of crop is related with the amount of nutrient taken up by the crop i.e., the amount of nutrient taken up per unit amount of grain production determine the achievable yields, since the essential nutrients are involved in the metabolism of the plant. The uptake of nutrients, therefore, usually follows the yield pattern (Brar and Pasricha, 1998). Phosphorus uptake : Grain : A critical examination of data presented in Table 1 reveal that application of FYM at 10 t ha -1 significantly increased phosphorus uptake by grain of maize over no FYM during both the years. On pooled basis, application of 10 t FYM ha -1 increased the phosphorus uptake by grain over no FYM by a margin of per cent. A significant improvement in content and uptake of phosphorus as a consequence of organic manuring have also been reported by Choudhary et al. (2005). Data presented in Table 1 show that phosphorus uptake by grain of maize increased significantly with the inoculation of Azotobacter, VAM and dual inoculation of Azotobacter and VAM over uninoculated during both the years. On pooled basis, inoculation of Azotobacter, VAM and Azotobacter + VAM increased 15.15, and per cent phosphorus uptake by Table 1 : Effect of FYM, biofertilizers and zinc on phosphorus uptake (kg ha -1 ) by maize P uptake by grain P uptake by stover Total P uptake by crop S.E. ± C.D. (P=0.05) No. inoculation Azotobacter VAM Azotobacter + VAM S.E. ± C.D. (P=0.05) S.E. ± C.D. (P=0.05) HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 88 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2015) 10 (1) : 87-92

3 EFFECT OF FYM, BIOFERTILIZERS & ZINC ON PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE BY MAIZE grain, respectively over control. Rathore and Singh (1995) also reported that VA-mycorrhizas increase nutrients uptake. It is clear from data (Table 1) that application of zinc levels significantly improved the phosphorus uptake by grain of maize during both the years of investigation. On pooled basis, application of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg Zn ha - 1 resulted in 6.12, 9.40 and 9.31 per cent, respectively increased phosphorus uptake by grain of maize as compared to control. A perusal of data presented in Table 2 shows significant interactive effect of FYM levels and biofertilizers on phosphorus uptake by grain of maize during both the years of experiment and on pooled basis. Data revealed that dual inoculation of Azotobacter + VAM along with 10 t FYM ha -1 recorded the highest phosphorus uptake by the grain of maize (15.88 kg ha -1 ) which was per cent higher over control in pooled data. Combined effect of FYM and zinc levels on phosphorus uptake (Table 3) by grain of maize revealed that application of increasing zinc levels increased phosphorus uptake by grain significantly over no zinc during both the years of experimentation. On pooled basis, application of FYM at 10 t ha -1 significantly increased uptake of phosphorus by kg ha -1 giving an increase of per cent over no zinc no FYM, kg ha -1 giving an increase of per cent over 2.5 kg Zn ha -1, kg ha -1 giving an increase of per cent over 5.0 kg Zn ha -1 and kg ha -1 giving an increase of per cent over 7.5 kg Zn ha -1, respectively. However, the highest phosphorus uptake by grain of maize of kg ha -1 was obtained at 7.5 kg Zn ha -1 along with 10 t FYM ha -1 which was found significantly higher over absolute control by a magnitude of per cent. Math and Trivedi (2000) have also reported significant improvement in the uptake of nutrients due to Zn applied in conjunction with FYM under different soil crop climatic conditions. Stover : A perusal of data presented in Table 1 shows that Table 2 : Combined effect of FYM and biofertilizers on phosphorus uptake (kg ha -1 ) by grain of maize B 0 B 1 B 2 B 3 B 0 B 1 B 2 B 3 B 0 B 1 B 2 B S.E.± C.D. (P=0.05) Table 3 Combined effect of FYM and zinc on phosphorus uptake (kg ha -1 ) by grain of maize S.E.± C.D. (P=0.05) Table 4 : Combined effect of FYM and biofertilizers on phosphorus uptake (kg ha -1 ) by stover of maize crop B 0 B 1 B 2 B 3 B 0 B 1 B 2 B 3 B 0 B 1 B 2 B ` S.E.± C.D. (P=0.05) HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2015) 10 (1) : 87-92

4 R.S. FAUJDAR AND MAHENDRA SHARMA application of FYM at 10 t ha -1 significantly improved phosphorus uptakes by stover of maize over no FYM in both the years of experimentation. On pooled basis, application of 10 t FYM ha -1 increased phosphorus uptake by stover of maize over no FYM by a margin of per cent. The increase in uptake of P due to application of organic matter could be attributed to higher availability of these nutrients and increased utilization of native P due to organic acids produced during decomposition of organic matter (Shrikanth et al., 2000). The data presented in Table 1 show that phosphorus uptake by stover of maize increased significantly with the inoculation of Azotobacter, VAM and dual inoculation of Azotobacter and VAM over uninoculated control during both the years. On pooled basis, inoculation of Azotobacter, VAM and Azotobacter + VAM increased 12.64, and per cent phosphorus uptake by stover of maize over control, respectively. It is due to VAM chemically modifying the availability of nutrients for uptake by plants through mycorrhizal hyphae (Somani, 2004). It is clear from data of Table 1 that application of various zinc levels significantly improved the phosphorus uptake by Stover of maize by during both the years. On pooled basis, application of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg Zn ha -1 resulted in 4.83, 7.24 and 8.05 per cent increased phosphorus uptake by stover of maize, respectively over control. Similar findings have been also reported by Satbagambetov et al. (1984). Data presented in Table 4 showed significant interactive effects of FYM and biofertilizers on phosphorus uptake by stover of maize during both the years of experimentation. Data revealed that dual inoculation of Azotobacter + VAM along with 10 t FYM ha -1 recorded the highest phosphorus uptake by stover of maize and recorded per cent higher over control, on pooled basis. Similar findings have also been reported by Singh et al. (2004). Combined effect of FYM and zinc levels on phosphorus uptake (Table 5) by stover of maize showed Table 5 : Combined effect of FYM and zinc on phosphorus uptake (kg ha -1 ) by stover of maize S.E.± C.D. (P=0.05) Table 6 : Combined effect of FYM and biofertilizers on total phosphorus uptake (kg ha -1 ) by maize crop B 0 B 1 B 2 B 3 B 0 B 1 B 2 B 3 B 0 B 1 B 2 B S.E.± C.D. (P=0.05) Table 7 : Combined effect of FYM and zinc on total phosphorus uptake (kg ha -1 ) by maize crop S.E.± C.D. (P=0.05) HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 90 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2015) 10 (1) : 87-92

5 EFFECT OF FYM, BIOFERTILIZERS & ZINC ON PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE BY MAIZE that application of zinc levels along with FYM increased significantly the phosphorus uptake by stover of maize during both the years of experimentation. On pooled basis, application of 7.5 kg Zn ha -1 along with 10 t FYM ha -1 recorded significantly highest phosphorus uptake by stover over rest of treatment combinations and recorded per cent higher over no zinc no FYM. Total uptake : A critical examination of data presented in Table 1 reveals that application of FYM at 10 t ha -1 significantly increased total phosphorus uptake over no FYM during both the years. On pooled basis, application of 10 t FYM ha -1 increased the total phosphorus uptake over no FYM by a margin of per cent. Significant improvement in content and uptake of P as a consequence of organic manuring have also been reported by Yadav et al. (2006). A critical look on data presented in Table 1 shows that total phosphorus uptake by maize increased significantly with the inoculation of Azotobacter, VAM and dual inoculation of Azotobacter and VAM over uninoculated during both the years. On pooled basis, inoculation of Azotobacter, VAM and Azotobacter + VAM increased 13.99, and per cent total phosphorus uptake, respectively over control. It is clear from Table 1 that application of zinc levels significantly improved the total phosphorus uptake by maize during both the years of investigation. On pooled basis, application of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg Zn ha -1 resulted in 5.50, 8.46 and 8.76 per cent, respectively increased total phosphorus uptake as compared to control. Data presented in Table 6 show significant interactive effect of FYM levels and biofertilizers on total phosphorus uptake by maize during both the years of experiment and on pooled basis. Data revealed that dual inoculation of Azotobacter + VAM along with 10 t FYM ha -1 recorded the highest total phosphorus uptake by the maize (27.74 kg ha -1 ) which was per cent higher over control in pooled data. Similar findings have been also reported by Dwivedi et al. (2003) Vyas et al. (2012) and Jaga and Upadhyay (2013) on what. Combined effect of FYM and zinc levels on total phosphorus uptake by maize (Table 7) revealed that application of increasing zinc levels increased total phosphorus uptake significantly over no zinc during both the years of experimentation. On pooled basis, application of FYM at 10 t ha -1 significantly increased uptake of phosphorus by kg ha -1 giving an increase of per cent over no Zn no FYM, kg ha -1 giving an increase of per cent over 2.5 kg Zn ha -1, kg ha -1 giving an increase of per cent over 5.0 kg Zn ha -1 and kg ha -1 giving an increase of per cent over 7.5 kg Zn ha -1, respectively. However, the highest phosphorus uptake by maize of kg ha -1 was obtained at 7.5 kg Zn ha - 1 along with 10 t FYM ha -1 which was found significantly higher over absolute control by a magnitude of per cent. The uptakes by both the crops were higher in Zn + FYM treatments indicating better availability of nutrients through their complementary additive effect (Latha, 2003; Faujdar and Sharma, 2012 and Faujdar and Sharma, 2013). Literature Cited Brar, B.S. and Pasricha, M.S. (1998). Long term studies on integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizer in maizewheat-cowpea cropping system on alluvial soil of Punjab. In : Long term soil fertility management through integrated plant system. Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal pp. Choudhary, A.N., Latifm M.I., Jilani, G., Khan, A.A. and Iqbal, T. (2005). Comparison of chemical fertilizers with organic manure by using effective micro-organisms under maize cropping in rain fed areas. Internat. J. Biol. & Biotechnol., 2 : Dwivedi, O.P., Vyas, D. and Vyas, K.M. (2003). Impact of VAM and bacterial inoculants on wheat genotype C-306. Indian Phytopathol., 4 : Faujdar, R.S. and Sharma, Mahendra (2012).Effect of FYM, biofertilizers and zinc on microbial biomass and enzyme activity in soil at 30 DAS of maize. Asian J. Soil Sci., 7(2): Faujdar, R.S. and Sharma, Mahendra (2013). Effect of FYM, biofertilizers and zinc on dynamics of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil under maize-wheat cropping system. Asian J. Soil Sci., 8(1): Jaga, P.K. and Upadhyay, V.B. (2013). Effect of FYM, biofertilizer and chemical fertilizers on wheat. Asian J. Soil Sci., 8(1): Latha, M.R. (2003). Influence of zinc enriched organic manures on the nutrition of maize in Inceptisols. J. Ecobiol., 15 : Math, S.K.N. and Trivedi, B.S. (2000). Effects of organic amendments and zinc on the yield content and uptake of zinc by wheat and maize grown in succession. Madras Agric. J., 87 : HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2015) 10 (1) : 87-92

6 R.S. FAUJDAR AND MAHENDRA SHARMA Rathore, V.P. and Singh, H.P. (1995). Influence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate on maize. J. the Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 43 : Richard, L.A. (1968). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soil. U.S.D.A., handbook Number 60. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., NEW DELHI, INDIA. Satbagambetov, K.S., Chasovitina, G.M. and Algashav, A.A. (1984). Effect of zinc fertilizer on yield of a mix stand of maize and soybean in Kazakhstan. Khiniya V. Sel Skom Khozyaistve, 5 : Shrikanth, K., Shrinivasamurthy, C.A., Siddaramappa, R. and Ramakrishnaparam (2000). Direct and residual effect of enriched composts, FYM, vermicompost and fertilizers on properties of an Alfisol. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 48 : Singh, T.R., Singh, S., Singh, S.K., Singh, M.P. and 10 t h Year of Excellence Srivastava, B.K. (2004). Effect of integrated nutrient management on crop nutrient uptake and yield under okrapea-tomato cropping system in a Mollisol. Indian J. Hort., 4 : Somani, L.L. (2004). Handbook of biofertilizer. Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur : 1168pp. Vyas, K.G., Patel, A.M., Raval, C.H. and Bhatt, P.K. (2012). Effect of rock phosphate, biofertilizers and FYM on growth, yield and economics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under North Gujarat condition. Adv. Res. J. Crop Improv., 3 (2) : Yadav, R.P., Aggarwal, R.K., Bhattacharyya, P., Singh, P. and Yadav, M.K. (2006). Effect of nutrient management practices and rainwater conservation on nutrient balance under reinfed shivaliks, Himachal Pradesh. Indian J. Dryland Agric. Res. & Develop., 21 : HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 92 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2015) 10 (1) : 87-92