SUPERVISION SHEET. M.Sc. Thesis In Agric. Sci. (Ornamental Horticulture)

Transcription

1 SUPERVISION SHEET EFFECT OF COMPOST AND SOME BIOFERTILIZERS ON GROWTH,YIELD, ESSENTIAL OIL RODUCTIVITY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ROSEMARY (Rosmarinus officinalis,l.) PLANT M.Sc. Thesis In Agric. Sci. (Ornamental Horticulture) By ZEINAB HASSAN ALI MAHMOUD B.Sc (Horticulture),Fac. of Agric., Cairo Univ., Egypt,2005 SUPERVISION COMMITTEE Dr. ABDALLAH.EL TANTAWY. ABDALLAH Professor of Ornamental Horticulture, Fac. Agric., Cairo University Dr. MOHAMED SAYED HANAFY Professor of Ornamental Horticulture, Fac. Agric., Cairo University. Dr. EATMAD OSMAN EL-GHAWWAS Head Research of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Agriculture Research Center, Giza

2 LIST OF TABLES No. Title Page 1. The Physical and chemical analysis of the soil used as growing media in the two seasons of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011) Chemical analysis of compost used in this investigation Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on plant height (cm) in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction between them on number of branches in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and the interaction between them on herb fresh weight / plant (g) in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and the interaction between them on herb dry weight/ plant (g) in 2009/2010and2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction between them on leaves /stem ratio of Rosmarinus officinalis plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/ Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on herb fresh yield (kg/ feddan) of Rosmarinus officinalis, L. plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on herb dry yield (kg/feddan) of Rosmarinus officinalis, L. plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons I

3 10. Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on essential oil percentage (%) in fresh herb in 2009/2010and2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on essential oil yield in fresh herb (ml/plant) in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on essential oil yield (L/ fed.) in the first and second seasons 2009/2010 and 2010/ GLC analysis of the essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plants in the second cut of the first season Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on chlorophyll a content (mg/ gm f.w.) of rosemary in the first and second seasons2009/2010 and 2010/ Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on chlorophyll b contents (mg/ gm f.w.) of rosemary in the first and second season 2009/2010 and 2010/ Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on carotenoids content (mg/ gm f.w.) of rosemary in the first and second seasons 2009/2010 and 2010/ Effect of compost, biofertilizers and the interaction between them on total carbohydrates percentage content of rosemary in the first and second seasons 2009/2010 and 2010/ Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on N percentage content in dry herb of Rosmarinus officinalis, L. plant in first and second seasons 2009/2010 and 2010/ Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on P percentage content in dry herb of rosemary (Rosmarinus II

4 officinalis, L.) plant in the first and second seasons 2009/2010 and 2010/ Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on K percentage content in dry herb in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plant in the first and second seasons 2009/2010 and 2010/ III

5 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Effect of compost fertilizer.. 2.Effect of biofertilization.. MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.. 1. Effect of compost and some biofertilizers on vegetative growth of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalisl) plant a. Plant height.. b. Number of branches per plant.. c. Herb fresh weight /plant. d. Herb dry weight / plant e. Fresh leaves/ stems ratio. f. Herb fresh yield per feddan.. g. Herb dry yield per feddan. 2. On essential oil production a. Essential oil percentage in fresh herb.. b. Essential oil yield /plant(ml) c. Essential oil yield /feddan (Litter) d. Essential oil components. 3. On plant chemical composition.. a. Leaf pigments. b. Total carbohydrates % in the dry herb. c. Mineral elements%... SUMMARY. REFERENCES.. ARABIC SUMMARY... Page I

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7 LIST OF FIGURES No. Title Page 1. Effect of compost, biofertilizers and the interaction between them on plant height of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis,l.) in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and the interaction between them on number of branches of Rosmarinus officinalis, L. plants in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and the interaction between them on herb fresh weight / plant of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) in the first and second seasons (2009/2010 ) and (2010/2011) Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on herb dry weight/ plant of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on leaves/stems ratio of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on herb fresh yield /feddan of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) in 2009/2010and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on herb dry yield (kg/feddan) of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plant in 2009/2010and 2010/2011 seasons 88 i

8 8. Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on essential oil percentage (%) in fresh herb of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on oil yield in fresh herb (ml/plant) of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on essential oli yield per feddan (L/feddan) of Rosmarinus officinalis, L. plant in 2009/2010and 2010/2011 seasons Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis,l L.) essential oil distilled from plants treated with compost at 2 ton in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 2 ton +AZ in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 2 ton+b1 in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 2 ton+b2 in the second cut of the first season ii Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 2 ton AZ+B1+B2 in the second cut of the first season.. 109

9 16. Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 4 ton/fed. in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 4 ton/fed. +AZ in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 4 ton/fed. +B1 in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 4 ton/fed. +B2 in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 4 ton /fed. AZ+B1+B2 in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 8 ton/fed. in the second cut of the first season.. iii Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 8 ton/fed. +AZ in the second cut of the. first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 8 ton/fed. +B1 in the second cut of the first season. 113

10 24. Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 8 ton/fed. +B2 in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 8 ton/fed. +AZ+B1+B2 in the second cut of the first season Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on chlorophyll a content (mg/g f.w) of rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on chlorophyll b content (mg/g f.w,) of rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on carotenoids content (mg/g f.w,) of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plant in 2009/2010and 2010/2011seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on total charbohydrates content % of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis,l.) in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on N percentage content in dry herb of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis,l.) plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons 139 iv

11 31. Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on P percentage content in dry herb of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis,l.) plant in the 2009/2010 and 2010 /2011seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on K percentage content in dry herb of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis,l.) plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011seasons 149 v

12 LIST OF FIGURES No. Title Page 1. Effect of compost, biofertilizers and the interaction between them on plant height of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis,l.) in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and the interaction between them on number of branches of Rosmarinus officinalis, L. plants in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and the interaction between them on herb fresh weight / plant of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) in the first and second seasons (2009/2010 ) and (2010/2011) Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on herb dry weight/ plant of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on leaves/stems ratio of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on herb fresh yield /feddan of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) in 2009/2010and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on herb dry yield (kg/feddan) of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plant in 2009/2010and 2010/2011 seasons 88 i

13 8. Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on essential oil percentage (%) in fresh herb of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on oil yield in fresh herb (ml/plant) of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on essential oli yield per feddan (L/feddan) of Rosmarinus officinalis, L. plant in 2009/2010and 2010/2011 seasons Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis,l L.) essential oil distilled from plants treated with compost at 2 ton in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 2 ton +AZ in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 2 ton+b1 in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 2 ton+b2 in the second cut of the first season ii Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 2 ton AZ+B1+B2 in the second cut of the first season.. 109

14 16. Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 4 ton/fed. in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 4 ton/fed. +AZ in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 4 ton/fed. +B1 in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 4 ton/fed. +B2 in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 4 ton /fed. AZ+B1+B2 in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 8 ton/fed. in the second cut of the first season.. iii Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 8 ton/fed. +AZ in the second cut of the. first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 8 ton/fed. +B1 in the second cut of the first season. 113

15 24. Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 8 ton/fed. +B2 in the second cut of the first season Chromatogram of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, compost at 8 ton/fed. +AZ+B1+B2 in the second cut of the first season Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on chlorophyll a content (mg/g f.w) of rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on chlorophyll b content (mg/g f.w,) of rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on carotenoids content (mg/g f.w,) of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) plant in 2009/2010and 2010/2011seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on total charbohydrates content % of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis,l.) in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on N percentage content in dry herb of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis,l.) plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons 139 iv

16 31. Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on P percentage content in dry herb of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis,l.) plant in the 2009/2010 and 2010 /2011seasons Effect of compost, biofertilizers and their interaction on K percentage content in dry herb of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis,l.) plant in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011seasons 149 v

17 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1. Effect of compost fertilizer Plant growth Kato et al. (1991) found that plant growth and development of Bixa orellana increased with increasing the percentage by volume of FYM added and 30% FYM is recommended to raise standard transplants. In addition, % FYM is the best to produce transplants in a short time. Maheshwari et al. (1991) fertilized palmarosa oil grass (Cymbopogon martinii var. "Motia") by using FYM at 0 and 15 t/ha. FYM increased the mean herb yield by 8%, compared with the control. Chattopadhyay et al. (1993) on Mentha arvensis showed that herbage yield was enhanced by the application of the combination of farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic fertilizer (N, P and K) compared with FYM alone.on the other hand, organically fertilized soil maintained significantly higher available nutrients throughout the crop growth period than nonorganically fertilized soil. Scheffer et al. (1993) stated that the biomass yield of Achillea millefolium was increased due to receiving organic fertilizer at the rates of 1 to 4 kg/m 2 (cattle manure + straw, which had N,P and K contents of 1.17, 0.21 and 0.95%, respectively). Dahdoh et al. (1994) found that the addition of organic matter and peat moss increased significantly and progressively the yield of rocket and alfalfa plants grown in sandy soil. 3

18 Li (1994) found that using cattle manure promoted the growth of Ocimum basilicum and Artemisia dracunculus plants. Hammam (1996) on anise (Pimpinella anisum) plants, mentioned that the application of farmyard manure (0.46 % N) as an organic fertilizer in one dose at the time of soil preparation, at two rates (20 and 40 m 3 /fed.) in the first season, and three rates (10, 20 and 40 m 3 /fed.) in the second one was less effective (especially at the low rate) than chemical fertilization. Higher N levels had a positive effect on stem length, and raising the rate of chemical or organic fertilization resulted in steady increases in plant weight. The highest rate of organic fertilization (40 m 3 /fed) increased plant dry weight significantly, compared to the control. Fruit production was more favourably affected by organic fertilization (especially at the high rates of 20 or 40 m 3 /fed.) than chemical fertilization at low rates. Khandkar and Nigam (1996) fertilized Zingiber officinale with farmyard manure (FYM) at 0, 3 or 6 t/ha. They found that rhizomes yield was increased with increasing rate of FYM application (3300 kg/ha with 6 t/ha, compared with 2260 kg/ha with 0 t/ha). Plant height was greater with FYM than without it, although there was no difference between 3 and 6 t/ha. FYM at 6 t/ha gave more leaves and tillers/plant than the other rates. O`Brien and Barker (1996) stated that, the effects of different composts (mixed municipal solid wastes (MSW 2 containing chips composted for 30 or 90 days (BI 030 and BIO 90, respectively), cranberry fruit pomace + chicken manure, autumn leaves or yard 4

19 wastes) on the growth of Mentha pipperita.shoot growth was vigorous in all composts except the BI 030 and yard wastes composts. All composts except initial concentration of NH4+ and high salinity in BI 030 were responsible for reduced shoot growth. NH4+ concentration in BI 030 decreased due to nitrification and ammonia volatilization Ram and Kumar (1997) fertilized Mentha arvensis plants with farmyard manure (FYM) using 20t / ha at planting and 20t l ha after the first harvest. The treatment was most effective on enhancing the total herb and essential oil yield. Prakasa et al. (1997) studied the effect of farmyard manure (at levels of 0, 15 and 30 t/ha), on biomass production of Artemisia pallens. They found that application of 15 t of farmyard manure/ha significantly increased the biomass yield of the ratoon crop and the total biomass yield in comparison with the control plants, while raising the level to 30 t/ha increased the biomass yield of the main crop and the main ratoon than untreated plants. El-Ghadban (1998) on Mentha viridis, showed that poultry manure (PM) at 30 m 3 / fed significantly increased the herb fresh and dry yields, following by cattle manure (CM) at 60 m 3 / fed. PM and CM (30 and 60 m3 / fed., respectively) were more effective on increasing the plant height and leaf area. Moreover, PM at 30 m 3 / fed and CM at 60 m 3 /fed were the best treatments for increasing herb fresh and dry weights of Origanium majorana. PM at 20 m 3 /fed and CM at 40 m 3 / fed gave higher leaves fresh weights : stems fresh weight ratio. 5

20 In this respect, Shafeek and El-Habbasha (2000) demonstrated the effect of two organic manures (pigeon and sheep) as compared with NPK on climbing bean plants. The results indicated that the application of pigeon manure increased the leaf area/plant as compared to the other sources. Abd E1-Raoof (2001) studied the effect of different rates of compost on growth and yield of basil (Ocimum basilium) plants. The results indicated that, the organic fertilization significantly affected plant height and number of branches. Increasing compost amendment up to 45 m 3 / fed. in the first season and up to 55 m 3 / fed in the second one significantly increased plant height, number of branches and fresh and dry weight of herb/ plant. The maximum fresh and dry weight of herb/plant were obtained from organic fertilization at a rate of 45 m 3 /fed, while the minimum values were obtained from plants received organic fertilization at a rate of 15 m 3 fed. El-Desuki et al. (2001) (compost), stated that, plant height, leaves number and dry weight of leaves and bulbs were significantly increased by increasing the levels of compost up to 12 ton /fed. Sakr (2001) on Mentha pipperita applied poultry manure (PM) at 5, 10 and 20m 3 / fed./season, cattle manure (CM) at 10, 20 and 40m 3 / fed./season and sheep manure (SM) at 10, 20 and 30m 3 /fed./season. The best results were obtained with PM at 20m 3 / fed. /season which increased the leaf area, total herb fresh and dry weights of root system and plant height. 6