International Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2015; Vol: 2, Issue: 5, 25-29

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1 International Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2015; Vol: 2, Issue: 5, Review Article ISSN: X Ayurvedic Medicinal Plant - Guggulu (Commiphora wightii) (A Bird s Eye View) Mukesh Kumar Shrivastava 1 *, Irshad Ahmed 2, GarimaSaini 3, Dr. Manoj Kumar Adlakha 4, Dr L. N. Sharma 1. P.G Scholar. P.G. Deptt. Ofdravyaguna, Dr. S.R. rajasthanayurved University, Jodhpur, India. 2. P.G Scholar. P.G. Deptt. Ofdravyaguna,n Dr. S.R. rajasthanayurved University Jodhpur, India. 3. P.G scholar. P.G. Deptt. Ofdravyaguna, Dr. S.R.rajasthanayurved University Jodhpur, India. 4. Assistant Prof. P.G. Deptt. Of Dravyaguna, Dr. S. R. Rajasthan Ayurved University, Jodhpur. India. 5. Associate Prof. P.G. Deptt. Of Dravyaguna, Dr. S. R. Rajasthan Ayurved University, Jodhpur, India. * Corresponding Author Abstract Since the time immemorial the society always relay on plants not only for the diet resources but also for medicinal purposes along with ecological balance, so that all the creatures of god starting from birth to death spend their life in a manner of dignity or we may say healthy and disease free life. From Vedic era there is a lot of descriptions regarding plants along with their therapeutic properties were available and gradually the same were added as the time progress till the date. Later on when concept were developed possible mode of action was studied and their properties were defined scientifically. The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethno pharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and "leads" which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50%of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants. Identification of active principles and their molecular targets from traditional medicine is an enormous opportunity for modern drug development. Gum resin from Commiphora wightii (syn C. wightii) has been used for centuries in Ayurveda to treat internal tumors, obesity, liver disorders, malignant sores and ulcers, urinary complaints, intestinal worms, leucoderma (vitiligo), sinuses, edema and sudden paralytic seizures. Guggulsterone has been identified as one of the major active components of this gum resin. This review describes the identification of guggulu, cellular responses to guggulu, and animal studies and clinical trials of guggulu in cancer and other diseases. Plant Guggulu is a contribution in the area of medicinal plants covering various aspects particularly relating to botanical phytochemical, pharmacological &pharmacognostical studies are very relevant & important in the national context. Guggulu has been reviewed from different aspect, starting from Vedic era up to recent books on medicinal plants and entire procured information regarding its therapeutic values, synonyms, vernacular name, classification according to Ayurvedic texts, types, purification, Rasa panchaka, karma and adverse drug reaction and treatment was compiled. Keywords: Guggulu, Gum Resin, heterogenous, Analgesic, Pharmacognosy INTRODUCTION India has a long tradition of the use of drug derived from plants in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. It has been stated that over 2000 Plants grow in India which have medicinal properties in which maximum species are found in wild state and some are cultivated. Guggulu is found on banks of the gangesat,bhagalpur,bihar and Orrisa,In Arid rocky tracts of Rajasthan,khandesh,Deccan, Bellary and Mysore. It is sometimes planted in hedges. Guggulu belongs to family Berseraceae and in Latin it is called as commiphorawightii. Ayurveda has declared that 1 The drug Guggulu having Tikta-Katu rasa, laghu,ruksha, tikshna, vishad, sara, sungandhi (old Guggulu), Snigdha, pichchhilaguna, Ushnavirya, Katuvipaka and it pacifies Vata and Kapha. Resin is useful part of Guggulu. It has five verities as Mahishaksha,mahaneela,Kumud,padma and hiranya.the variety of guggulu,having the color of large black bee or of black lead stone is called mahisaka. mahanila looks like a nymph. padma looks like a ruby. hiranya Shrivastava MK.; et.al. Int. J. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci. (2015) 2:5;

2 variety shines like gold out of them, mahisaka and mahanila are highly useful to elephants. Kumuda and padma varieties are useful for horses.hiranya type is beneficial to human beings. i Botanical Description Guggulu is a small tree or shrub with spines & branches, 1.2 1,8 mt high. Leavespalmately trifoliate, the terminal leaflet biggest, margins crenate, Flowers brownish red, in fascicles of 2-3 ; pedicel very short. Drupes red when ripe, 6 8 mm diam., ovoid, acute, epicarp 4 valved; pyrensovate, acute, readly splitting into two. ii Pharmacognosy The bark is characterized by the presence of silvery, paper like brownish bark peelings. In young branches the bark green below the epidermal peeling due to chloroplast.drugoccurs in vermicular or stalactitic pieces of pale yellow or brown colored mass ; makes milky emulsion in hot water and readily burns; when fresh viscid and golden colored; odour aromatic; taste bitter and astringent. The gum oleo resin is located in gum oleo- resin ducts in the parenchymatous bark as slightly yellowish milky juice. The oleo- resin ducts are almost circular and are scattered throughout the bark. In longitudinal section the ducts appear as branched tubular structures. Physical constant: foreign matter not more than 4%; total ash- not more than 5.575%; acid insoluble ash not more than 3.346%; alcohol soluble extractive- not less than 39.49%; water soluble extractive- not less than %; volatile oil- not less than 1%. iii Identification (A)Macroscopic Evaluation Gum: gum resin occurs in vermicular or stalactitic pieces of pale yellow or brown coloured mass,makes milky emulsion in hot water and readly burns,when fresh viscid and golden colour. Light or dark orange-brown irregular or roundish grain or pieces of different size show components of various colours their surface is mostly covered with grey to yellowish-brown dust. The gum is often traded with pieces of stem bark which may also help in identification of Guggulu. The pieces of stem bark present can be separated from the gum by soaking the gum overnight in water and manually separating them. Stem Bark: smooth gray bark with thin papery peels. The resin oozes out in matured tree barks.wood is white and hard. (B)Microscopic Evaluation Since conventional microscopic analysis of gum oleoresin does not yield any specific information on the identity; the anatomy of stem bark is described below. Stem bark with thin cork peel which is made up of tangentially elongated narrow cork cells. Cortex has a row of resin canals at regular interval.cortical cells are globular or tangentially elongated, thin walled secondary phloem contains calcium oxalate crystals,cambial zone and secondary xylem are well developed,xylem vessels solitary or in pairs,vessels walls with reticulate pitting,medullary rays with simple pit. Vessel perforation is oblique,xylem rays are heterogeneous,4-5 cells high iv Pharmacological Activities hypolipidimic,antibacterial,atherosclerotic,anthelmintic,anti-arthritic,antiviral,calcium antagonistic activity,antiinflammatory,anti- rheumatic,hypocholestremic,hypolipaemic,increases serum cholesterol fibrinolytic activity. v Therapeutic Evaluationimprovement in patients of rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical trials withguggulu and its fraction A proved its efficacy in obesity and hypercholesteraemia. After considering all Clinical trials with SunthiGugguluand gumgugguluwith gold showed much the data on all the aspects a standardized ethyl acetate extract was evolved and released by the Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow under the Brand name Gugulipid in vi Medicinal Uses OfGuggulu Obesity: In obesity, use of rasanjana,brhatpancamula, guggulu, silajatu and agnimantha is beneficial vii. One should use regularly silajatu, guggulu, cow s urine,triphala, lauha- bhasma, rasanjan, honey, barley, mudga, kodrava, syamaka, vanakodrava etc. which are rough and reduce fat viii. Shrivastava MK.; et.al. Int. J. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci. (2015) 2:5;

3 Udararoga: use of silajatu, urine, guggulu, triphala&snuhi latex alleviates udararoga ix Oedema: one should use c with cow urine or decoction of punarnava x Vatavyadhi: use of all rasayanas particularly of silajatu and gugguluwiyh milk is beneficial xi. Guggulu is the best remedy for vata covered by medas xii Urustambha:Guggulu with cow urine is a good remedy for urustambha xiii. Vatarakta: the disease can be controlled by regular use of silajatu, guggulu and honey xiv. Use of all rasayanas particularly of silajatu and guggulu with milk is beneficial xv Foetidear: Fumigation with guggulu is a good remedy. xvi Bronchial Asthama:Sallaki,guggulu, aguru&padmaka mixed with ample ghee is used for fumigation. xvii Ayurvedic Preparations of Guggulu Triphalaguggulu, Yogarajguggulu, Chandraprabhavati, Shimhanadaguggulu, Gokshuradiguggulu, Kanchanaraguggulu, Lakshadiguggulu, punarnavaguggulu, Kaishoreguggulu,Trayodashangguggulu, vyoshadiguggulu, Vatariguggulu&Saptavishantiguggulu. xviii Commiphorawightii in Post Vedic Literature: In Ayurvedic literature, Commiphorawightii has several references in all the books. Sangyasthapana (Consciousness restoring) xix KashaySkandh xx Eladi group xxi Katuka group xxii Eladi group xxiii Eladi group xxiv Karpuradi group xxv Researches on Guggulu 1. Aqueous extract is used as one of the ingredient of a popular ayurvedic drug sandhika used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The drug showed significant anti- inflammatory activity at 0.25g/kg body weight of albino rats. Using the drug up to 2g/ kg body weight for 15 days, did not show any rise in serum transaminase and showed no adverse effect as the drug might be acting through scavenging the free radicals ( chaurasia et al, Indian J ExpBiol, 1995, 33, 428). 2. The plant gum is an ingredient of arogyavardhinivati used in the treatment of diarrhea & dysentery. Chloroform extract of the gum was found to be twice as effective as metronidazole. The chloroform extract contained guggulsterol 1-5, and guggulsterone E. the oleoraction of gum contains myrcenes& the diterpene alcohol, mukulol (Sharma & Sharma, CurrSci, 1996, 71, 68; Shah et al, Indian Drugs, 1983, 20,435). 3. The plant gum is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and myrrh is used by African tribal s in treating genital wounds of female [ Paranjpe&Kulkarni, J Med Arom Plant, 1995,17,343; Omar & Omar, World Health, 1995, 48(6), 25 ]. 4. A ketosteroid isolated from the oleoresin characterized as Z- guggulsterone showed thyroid stimulatory activity (Tripathi et al, Planta Med, 1988, 54,271) xxvi 5. The yield of guggulu or the gum resin can be increased by improved tapping technique, using mitchiegolledge knife, coupled with Ethephon application. Guggulu is reported to reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects. It is reported to be more effective than clofibrate as a hypolipidemic.the aqueous extract of the resin showed anti- inflammatory activity in rats. The neutral fraction of ethyl acetate extract of the resin showed hypocholestrolemic activity while the acidic fraction showed anti- inflamatory activity. KanchannarGuggulu, are composite preparation containing this resin is used in the treatment of swellings like galaganda, gandamala, granthi, etc. an ayurvedic preparation THYROCAP having Guggulu as one of the constituents is found to control simple diffuse Shrivastava MK.; et.al. Int. J. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci. (2015) 2:5;

4 goiter very effectively. Another composite formulation, puskarguggulu containing Guggulu and puskarmoolm (roots of inularacemosa ) was found effective in controlling hyperlipidemia, and for providing relief of chest pain as well as improved functional status in patients having ischaemic heart diseases [ duwiejua et al, planta med, 1993, 59, 12; bhatt et al, currsci, 1989,58, 349;Handa et al,fitoterapia, 1992, 63,3; pandit& Prasad, j res educ Indian med,1992,11(3),21 ; pandit et al, ibid, 1992,11(3), 39; 1992, 11(4), 13; singh et al. int j pharmacogn, 1993, 31, 147]. 6. Guggulu is one of the constituents of the well-knownayurvedic preparation rumalaya which is used to treat and control, rheumatoid arthritis. it is able to reduce pain and morning stiffness significantly. Guggulu also enters into the formulation of the ayurvedic preparation, lakshaguggulu used in healing fractures.arogyavardinivati, another preparation, is reported to control the parasite entaamoebahystolytica in intestinal and hepatic amoebiasis in experimental animals. The resin is also used like shampoo against head parasite in traditional phytotherapy in coastal areas of makran, southern Pakistan (naidu et al, probe, 1990, 30, 41; panda j res ayurvsidhha 1990, 11, 7; leporatti&lattanzi, fitoterapia, 1994, 65,158; shukla et al, ancient sci life, 1990, 10, 56). 7. The Guggulu steroids can also be converted into animal steroids eeg- pregnenolone, like diosgenin of yam, thus offering an alternative to diosgenin (phale et al, Indian j exp boil, 1989, 27,338). 8. The genuine myrrh of commerce, also known as heerabol myrrh, is obtained from commiphora myrrh (nees) engl and some other species, such as C.abyssinica Engl. And C. schimpri Engl. C. molmolengl.extschirch also yields a myrrh, and is considered by some to be C. myrrha var. molmol Engl. Heerabol myrrh is often confused with bissabol myrrh or sweet myrrh, an exudates form C. erythraea (Ehrh.) Engl. These species are native to Ethiopia, the Somali republic and Arabia, and are not found in India but the myrrh (gum resin) is imported into india since long. heerabol myrrh is very often adulterated with the oleo gum resin from C. wightii,. The myrrh is used in perfumery, as incense and for ambalming.it is used as a tonic, stimulant, astringent, stomachic, and antiseptic and is often a constituent of mouthwashes and dentifrices. The tincture of myrrh is useful in menstrual disorders and chlorosis. Aloes compound, containing myrrh as one of the ingredients, promotes conception, in primary and secondary sterility. The oleogum resin showed cytotoxic and anti-tumor activity in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell-bearing mice. In china the gum is used as an ingredient to prepare ointments for inflammation inhibition and tissue growth promotion [ Hill, 173; Chopra et al, 1958, 670,; uphof, 146; dutt, Indian oil soap J, 1961, 26, 233; agarwal med surg, 1985, 25(4), 11; chemabster, 1994, 121, , 18104; information from the deputy director, botanical survey of india, southern circle, Coimbatore, and prof. sivarajan, university of Calicut, kerala]. xxvii CONCLUSION- From this paper it is concluded that, Guggulu is one of the oldest and most famous herb in Ayurvedic medicine. Guggulu is a multi-purpose drug and because of its magical properties, it is very beneficial in so many diseases. Guggulu has several uses which are supported by various researches done by researchers throughout the world. These findings could open a new window on the use of this plant in Ayurveda. REFERENCES i DR.BulusuSitaram,. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu,; Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, (2006) pg.202 ii P.C Sharma, M.B Yelne, Y.J Dennis,Database On Meditional Plants Used In Ayurveda Vol.2. Edition 2005 Peg.No.225, iii P.C Sharma, M.B Yelne, Y.J Dennis,Database On Meditional Plants Used In Ayurveda Vol.2. Edition 2005 Peg.No.225, iv AmitAgarwal, BalasubhramaniamMurli, Quality Assessment Of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol1, Edition- 2010, Pg 60 v P.C.Sharma, M.B. Yelne, T.J.Dennis Database On medicinal plants used in ayurved Vol-2, new delhi-2005pg226 vi P.C.Sharma, M.B. Yelne, T.J.Dennis Database On medicinal plants used in ayurved Vol-2, new delhi-2005 pg. 226 vii Dr.BrahmanandTripathi,Astangahridayam,sutra sthan, choukhmbha Sanskrit pratisthan, delhi, 2010, PG- 194 Shrivastava MK.; et.al. Int. J. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci. (2015) 2:5;

5 viii Kavirajdrambikaduttashastri, susrutasamhita(ayurveda tatvasandipika), sutra sthan, choukhmbha Sanskrit sansthan, 2013, pg 82 ix Prof.p.v Sharma, classdical,uses of medicinal plant, chaukhambhavisvabharati Varanasi, sedition- 2004, pg 125 x Kavirajdrambikaduttashastri, susrutasamhita Ayurvedatatvasandipika, chikitsasthan, choukhmbha Sanskrit sansthan, 2013, pg 130 xi Pandit Kashinath Pandey Charak Samhita Chikitsa Sthana 28/241, Chaukhamba Bharti Academy Varanasi India (2013). xii Prof.p.v Sharma, classdical,uses of medicinal plant, chaukhambhavisvabharati Varanasi, sedition- 2004, pg 125 xiii Kavirajdrambikaduttashastri, susrutasamhita Ayurvedatatvasandipika, chikitsasthan, choukhmbha Sanskrit sansthan, 2013, pg 45 xiv Panditkashinathshastri, drgorakhnathchaturvedi, charaksamhitab vidyotani, chikitsasthan, chaukhambhavishvabharati, 2011, pg 839 xv Prof.p.v Sharma, classdical,uses of medicinal plant, chaukhambhavisvabharati Varanasi, sedition- 2004, pg 125 xvi Kavirajdrambikaduttashastri, susrutasamhita Ayurvedatatvasandipika, uttaratantra, choukhmbha Sanskrit sansthan, 2013, pg 132 xvii Prof.p.v Sharma, classdical,uses of medicinal plant, chaukhambhavisvabharati Varanasi, sedition- 2004, pg xviii P.C Sharma, M.B Yelne, Y.J Dennis,Database On Meditional Plants Used In Ayurveda Vol.2. Edition 2005 Peg.No.226, xix Pandit Kashinath Pandey Charak Samhita Sutra Sthana 4/48, Chaukhamba Bharti Academy Varanasi India (2013). xx Pandit Kashinath Pandey Charak Samhita Viman Sthana 8/144, Chaukhamba Bharti Academy Varanasi India (2013). xxi Dr. Ambikadatta Shastri Sushruta Samhita Sutra Sthana38/24, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi India (2013). xxii Dr. Ambikadatta Shastri Sushruta Samhita Sutra Sthana38/24, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi India (2013). xxiii Kaviraj Atridev Gupt, Ashtanga Sangraha Sutra Sthana12/66 Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi India (2005). xxiv Kaviraj Atridev Gupt, Ashtanga Hradya Sutra Sthana15/43-44 Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi India (2005). xxv Dr. K.C. Chunekar, edited by G.S. Pandey Bhavaprakasha Nighantu,; Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, (2010), First Section 6/2/31 xxvi The wealth of india, vol 1:A-F, NISCIR New Delhi, 2006, pp xxvii The wealth of india, vol 2:cl-cy, NISCIR New Delhi, 2010, pp Shrivastava MK.; et.al. Int. J. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci. (2015) 2:5;