VII. REFERENCES. Bhalla, M. and Thami, G.P. (2005). Acute urticaria following 'gomutra' (cow's urine) gargles. Clin. Experi. Dermato., 30:

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1 VII. REFERENCES Abigail, E., Stevenson, P.J. and Markwell. (2001). Comparison of urine composition of healthy labrador retrievers and miniature schnauzers. Am. J. Vet. Res., 62: Achliya, G.S., Kotagale, N.R., Wadodkar, S.G and Dorle, A.K. (2003). Hepatoprotective activity of panchagavya ghrita against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Indian. J. Pharmacol., 35: Achliya, G.S., Wadodkar, S.G. and Avinash, K.D. (2004). Neuropharmacological actions of panchagavya formulation containing Emblica officinalis Gaerth and Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn in mice. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 42: Adams, S.S., Hebborn, P. and Nicholson, J.S. (1968). Some aspects of the pharmacology of ibufenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 20: Apte and Bhalchandra (2002). Analysis of Go-mutra and its possible therapeutic implications. 5th International Congress on traditional Asian Medicine. Halle (Saale), August, Ayorinde, F.O., Avery, W., Adekile, A.D., Ojewole, J.A. and Odebiyi, O.O. (1982). Chemistry of a Nigerian herbal preparation (Cow's Urine Concoction) I: J. Trop. Pediatr., 28: Bhalla, M. and Thami, G.P. (2005). Acute urticaria following 'gomutra' (cow's urine) gargles. Clin. Experi. Dermato., 30: Brummerstedt, E. and Basse, A. (1973). Cutaneous hypersensitivity to 2-4 Dinitrochlorobenzene in calves. Nord. Vet. Med., 25: Burger, I.H. and Smith, P.M. (1987). Effects of diet on the urine characteristics of the cat. Edney, A.T.B. eds. Nutrition, Malnutrition and Dietetics in the Dog and Cat: British Veterinary Association U.K. Chau, T.T. (1989). Analgesic testing in animal models. In:Pharmacological methods in the control of inflammation. Alan R Liss Inc., pp: Chauhan, R.S., Singh, B.P. and Singhal, L.K. (2001). Immunomodulation with kamdhenu ark in mice. J. Immunol. Immunopath., 3:

2 Chauhan, R.S., Singh, D.D., Singhal, L.K. and Kumar, R. (2004). Effect of cow urine on IL-1 & IL-2. J. Immunol. Immunopath., 6: Cook, L. and Weildly, E. (1957). Behavioral effect of some psychopharmacological agents. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 66: Cook, N.E. (1985). The importance of urinary ph in the prevention of feline urologic syndrome. Pet. Food. Ind., 27: Dhama, K., Chauhan, R.S. and Singhal, L. (2005). Anti-cancer activity of cow urine: current status and future directions. Int. J. Cow Sci., 1: Dutta, D. Devi, S.S., Krishnamurthi, K. and Chakrabarti, T. (2006). Anticlastogenic effect of redistilled cow's urine distillate in human peripheral lymphocytes challenged with manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 19: Eddy, N.B., Touchberry, C.F. and Lieberman, I.E., (1950). Synthetic analgesics,a methadone isomers and derivatives. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 98: Edin-Liljegren, L. Grenabo, H. Hedelin, S. Pettersson and Y.H. Wang. (1992). The influence of ph and urine composition on urease enzymatic activity in human urine: Urological Research, 20: 1 / Jan. Elegbe, R.A. and Oyebola, D.D. (1977). Cow's urine poisoning in Nigeria: cardio respiratory effects of cow's urine in dogs. Trans. R.Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 71: Elegbe, R.A., Bamgbose, S.O. and Oyebola, D.D. (1976). Cow's urine poisoning in Nigeria: the cardio toxic effects of cow's urine concoction on anaesthetized cats. J. Trop. Pediatr., 22: Fields H.L. Analgesic Drugs. In: Day W Eds. Pain 1 st ed. (USA, Mac. Graw-Hill; 272 (1987). Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit Analysis. 3 rd London, pp Edn., Cambridge University Press, Fulzele, S.V., Satturwar, P.M., Joshi, S.B. and Dorle, A.K. (2003). Study of immunomodulatory activity of Haridradi Ghrita in rats. Indian J. Pharmacol., 35:

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4 Jaiswal, A.K., Upadhyay, S.N. and Bhattacharya, S.K. (1989). Experimental evaluation of drugs affecting learning and memory. in: Drug Evaluation, Proc. North Eastern Regional Conf. Indian Pharmacol Soc., p.140. Jalalpure, S.S., Patil, M.B., Prakash, N.S., Hemalatha, K. and Manvi, F.V. (2003). Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 65: 363. Jane, A. Hoppin, A. Ross Ulmer, B. Antonia, M. Calafat, C. Dana, B. Barr, C. Susan, V. Baker, D. Helle, M. Meltzere and Kjersti, S. Rønningene. (2006). Impact of urine preservation methods and duration of storage on measured levels of environmental contaminants. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemio., 16: Jimoh, S.A., Soladoye, A.O., Enaibe, B.U. and Owoyele, B.V. (2000). Effect of chronic consumption of cow's urine concoction on gastric mucosa of albino rat. Afr. J. Biomed. Res., 3: John, C.M., Stewart, L., Chris, M. and Warwick, S. (2003). The effect of a single application of cow urine on annual N 2 fixation under varying simulated grazing intensity, as measured by four 15 N isotope techniques. Plant and Soil., 254: Kaviratna and Sharma. (1996). Use of cow's urine in leprosy. Charak Sarnhita (Eng.), 2nd Ed., Sri Satguru Publications, Khan, A. and Srivastava, V.K. (2005). Antitoxic and bioenhancing role of Kamdhenu ark (cow - urine distillate) on fertility rate of male mice (mus musculus) affected by cadmium chloride toxicity. Intern. J. Cow Sci., 1: 2 Khanuja, S.P.S., Sushil Kumar, A.K., Shasany, J.S., Arya, M.P., Darokar, M., Singh, P., Sinha, S., Awasthy, S.C., Gupta, V.K., Gupta, M.M., Gupta, R.K., Verma, S., Agarwal, S.B. Mansinghka and S.H. Dawle (2000). Filed in India, USA and PCT (358 NF 2000). (US Patent No. 6,410,059 granted on , Divisional US Patent No. 6,896,907 granted on ). Pharmaceutical composition containing cows urine distillate and an antibiotic. Khanuja, S.P.S. (2002). Pharmaceutical composition containing cow urine distillate and an antibiotic. US Patent Kirchmann, H. and Pettersson, S. (1994). Human urine - chemical composition and fertilizer use efficiency. Nutri. Cycl. Agro. ecosys., 40:

5 Krishnamurthi, K., Dutta, D., Sivanesan, S.D. and Chakrabarti, T. (2004). Protective effect of distillate and redistillate of cow's urine in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes challenged with established genotoxic chemicals. Biomed. Environ. Sci., 17: Kumar, A. (2001). A study on various biochemical constituents in the urine of cow, buffalo and goat. M.V.Sc. Thesis submitted to the C.S.A. University of Agriculture & Technology. Kanpur. UP. Kumar, P., Singh, G.K., Chauhan, R.S., Singh, D.D. and Singhal, L.K. (2004). Cow urine upregulates lymphoblastogenesis in chicks. J. Immunol. Immunopath., 6: Landi, M.T. and Caporaso, N. (1997). Sample collection, processing and storage. IARC Sci. Publ., 142: Larsen, G.L. and Henson, P.M. (1983). Mediators of inflammation. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 1: Lowry, O.H., Rosenberg, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. ( 1951). Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193 : Loomis D. and Kromhout H. (2004) Exposure variability: concepts and applications in occupational epidemiology. Am. J. Ind. Med., 45: Luna, L.G. (1968). Manual of Histopathological Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. 3 rd Edn., McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. Manoj, B. and Aqueed, K. (2003). Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Bauhinia recemosa. Nat. prod. Sci., 22 : Mathivanan, R., Edwin, S.C., Amutha, R. and Viswanathan, K. (2006). Panchagavya and Andrographis paniculata as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoter on broiler production and carcass characteristics: Int. J. Poult. Sci., 5: Morton, J.J. and Malone, M.H. (1972). Evaluation of vulnerary activity by an open wound procedure in rats. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther., 96: Nair, M.D. (2002). A report on cow urine therapy, published in national daily The Hindu on Thursday, Sept 19, 2002.

6 Mullen, P.A. (1975). Zinc Sulphate turbidity test as an aid to diagnosis. Vet. Annual., 15: Natarajan, K., (2003). Panchgavya: A manual. Other India Press, Goa. Okuno, H., Hazama, H., Muraze, T. and Shiozaki Someshima, Y.T. (1986). Drug metabolizing activity in rats with chronic liver injury, induced by carbon tetrachloride relationship with the hydroxyproline content in liver. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 41: Olajide, O.A., Awe, S.O., Makinde, J.O., Ekhelar, A.I., Olusola, A., Morebise, O. and Okpako, D.T., (2000). Studies on the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties of Alstonia boonei stem bark. J. Ethnopharmacol., 71: Olusi, S.O. and Ojewole, J.A. (1978). Evidence for complement activation following the oral administration of cow's urine concoction in rats. Afr. J. Med. Sci., 7: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Environment, health and safety publications, Paris. ( Guidance document on acute oral toxicity testing Series on testing and assessment No. 24, Oyebola, D.D and Elegbe, R.A. (1975). Cow's urine poisoning in Nigeria. Experimental observations in mice. Trop. Geogr. Med., 27: Oyebola, D.D. (1983). Cow's urine concoction: its chemical composition, pharmacological actions and mode of lethality. Afr. J. Med. Sci., 12: Oyebola, D.D. and Adetuyibi, A. (1979). Studies on the effects of variation in the quantities of the constituents of cow's urine concoction on its acute toxicity in mice. West Afr. J. Pharmacol. Drug. Res., 5: Oyebola, D.D. and Ariwodola, J.O. (1984). Effects of ganglionic blockade and adrenalectomy on the cardio-respiratory response to cow's urine concoction in rats. Afr. J. Med. Sci., 13: Oyebola, D.D. and Ariwodola, J.O. (1985). Effect of adrenergic receptor blockers on the cardio-respiratory response to cow's urine concoction in rats. Afr. J. Med. Sci., 14:

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