Sampling and measurements, incl. analytical issues related to clearance
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1 Sampling and measurements, incl. analytical issues related to clearance Dr. J. Feinhals, DMT Dr. M. Bothe, VKTA IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
2 Measurement techniques IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
3 selection of measurement technique criteria nuclides, kind of radiation clearance level (investigation level) radiation background material surface distribution of radioactivity (homogeneity, depth) IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
4 selection of measurement technique non or badly detectable nuclides low energy pure beta emitters H-3 Ni-63 low energy photon emitters Fe-55 alpha emitters under an absorbing layer (dust, moisture, paint etc.) IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
5 selection of measurement technique criteria nuclides, kind of radiation clearance level (investigation level) radiation background material surface distribution of radioactivity (homogeneity, depth) IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
6 selection of measurement technique parameter surface contamination measurement gross alpha gross beta dimension cm² in-situgammaspectrometry gammanuclides 1 some 100 m² total gamma measurement gross gamma up to some Mg laboratory analysis all nuclides sampling point, sampling area time needed very low low - medium very low high results after 1 10 min 15 min 12 h 2 5 min 1 d some weeks cost of equipment cost of measurement low medium - high high high low medium medium medium - high IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
7 selection of measurement technique quality indicators accuracy (bias) precision selectivity comparability IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
8 measurement techniques surface activity alpha and beta thin window gas flow proportional counter scintillation counter gamma: NaI organic scintillation counter IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
9 Gas flow proportionalcounter window counting wire Isolator metallic box gas 2000 Volt IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
10 remediation control surface contamination measurement IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
11 large area detector surface contamination measurement IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
12 multiple measurements surface contamination measurement IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
13 surface contamination measurement electric driven shielded measuring instrument IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
14 dynamic measurement surface contamination measurement IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
15 measurement techniques total gamma measurement scintillation detectors organic scintillation counter IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
16 total gamma measurement clearance measuring station IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
17 Plastic-Scintillationdetector aluminum box photomultiplier preamplifierer plasticscintillator (50 mm thick) HV signal Disc. discriminator IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
18 Plastic-Scintillationdetector aluminum box photomultiplier preamplifier plasticscintillator (50 mm thick) HV signal IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov Disc. Discriminator
19 IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
20 IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
21 Detector materials Summary Gas { low density, only for particles acceptable often used, high sensivity, low cost not easy to use (thin window, gas filling ) Plastic { intermediate density, only for gamma radiation often used, high sensivity, low cost robust, in every size available semi conductor crystal { { high density, only for gamma radiation new technology, high sensivity, high background (S/N ratio) robust, only per mm³ available high density, only for gamma radiation actual technology, very high sensivity, high energy accuracy robust, hygroscopic, maximum volume some dm³, expensive IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
22 IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
23 IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
24 NWG [rel.] Optimierung Co60 in 20 mm Stahl (RADOS RTM643) 0,40 0,35 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05 0, [V] 900 [V] 1000 [V] 1100 [V] 1200 [V] 1300 [V] 1400 [V] 1500 [V] 1600 [V] HV [V] IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
25 NWG [rel.] FMA-1 Optimierung Co60 in 20mm Stahl 0,40 0,35 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05 0, [V] 1000 [V] 1100 [V] 1200 [V] 1300 [V] 1400 [V] 1500 [V] 1600 [V] HV [V] IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
26 Ditch 60 NPP Greifswald IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
27 Ditch 60 NPP Greifswald in-situ-gammaspectrometry investigations IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
28 Ditch 60 NPP Greifswald removal of soil by hand accord. to the grid IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
29 Ditch 60 NPP Greifswald measuring with clearance measuring station IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
30 NPP Greifswald Ditch 60 and sewage plant IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
31 belt device for clearance measurement IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
32 belt device for clearance measurement Throughput of belt device: > 10 Mg/h The belt device was used successfully for remediation of the area of a fuel fabrication plant. The soil was contaminated by Uranium. Due to the results of soil samples a remediation survey plan was performed, where areas for remediation were defined. IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
33 belt device for clearance measurement Jawcrusher The material filled in was reduced by size. The size of debris can be defined. For avoiding dust a waterspraying system was installed. IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
34 belt device for clearance measurement magnetic separator separation of iron fragments by magnet IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
35 belt device for clearance measurement measurement chamber 4 HPGe detectors ( 70 mm) with a good signal to noise ratio were used to reach a high efficiency additional 5 cm Pb-shielding under the belt and at the sides separate air condition dewar 7 liter liquid nitrogen for 4 days operation technical supply, control, IT in a separate room (container) IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
36 belt device for clearance measurement manual sampling for quality assurance if necessary IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
37 belt device for clearance measurement disposal pathways Material for clearance is collected in an open area. The belt is connected with the detector and will be stopped, if radioactive waste is detected. Material not acceptable for clearance is collected in a container and filled in drums later on. IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
38 belt device for clearance measurement Advantages results of clearance measurements are online available only small buffer storage needed higher throughput compared to other clearance measurement techniques Disadvantages high effort for maintenance (erosion of belts) disposal of belts as radioactive waste energy and place consuming robust motors and control technique are needed due to high dust production costly IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
39 radiation detectors measurement techniques gas filled detectors (Geiger-Müller-counter) scintillation detectors NaI(Tl) ZnS(Ag) CdTe CsI(Tl) IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
40 radiation detectors gamma logging measurement techniques IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
41 in-situ-gamma spectrometry detector type coaxial planar window material thickness cooling liquid nitrogen electrical measurement techniques IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
42 in-situ-gamma spectrometry NaI-detector IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
43 in-situ-gamma spectrometry HPGe-detector IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
44 in-situ-gamma spectrometry shielding (collimator 180 ) IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
45 in-situ-gamma spectrometry shielding (collimator 90 ) IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
46 in-situ-gamma spectrometry IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
47 in-situ-gamma spectrometry IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
48 in-situ-gamma spectrometry IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
49 in-situ-gamma spectrometry IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
50 in-situ-gamma spectrometry IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
51 in-situ-gamma spectrometry IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
52 measurement techniques calibration differences between calibration and routine use geometry uniformity of contamination surface characteristics (e.g. roughness) overlaying material (dust, moisture, paint etc.) correction in sometimes possible by factors ε total = ε detector ε source energy, probability of emission different nuclides source characteristics regularly response checks uncertainty conservative calibration value + 2 SD < clearance level (confidence level 95 %) IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
53 measurement techniques calibration differences between calibration and routine use geometry uniformity of contamination surface characteristics (e.g. roughness) overlaying material (dust, moisture, paint etc.) correction in sometimes possible by factors ε total = ε detector ε source self absorption, geometry different nuclides source characteristics regularly response checks uncertainty conservative calibration value + 2 SD < clearance level (confidence level 95 %) IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
54 measurement techniques calibration differences between calibration and routine use geometry uniformity of contamination surface characteristics (e.g. roughness) overlaying material (dust, moisture, paint etc.) correction in sometimes possible by factors ε total = ε detector ε source HPGe crystal is aging during longtime use, new characterization of crystal might be necessary different nuclides source characteristics regularly response checks uncertainty conservative calibration value + 2 SD < clearance level (confidence level 95 %) IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
55 measurement techniques calibration differences between calibration and routine use geometry uniformity of contamination surface characteristics (e.g. roughness) overlaying material (dust, moisture, paint etc.) correction in sometimes possible by factors ε total = ε detector ε source conservative use of nuclide library different nuclides source characteristics regularly response checks uncertainty conservative calibration value + 2 SD < clearance level (confidence level 95 %) IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
56 in-situ-gamma spectrometry calibration concrete calibration object calibration tube area calibration object IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
57 profiency test in-situ-gamma spectrometry intercomparison IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
58 measurement techniques selecting criteria for service providers 1. validated Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), appropriate instrumentation, trained personnel 2. experience in the same or similar data collection activities 3. satisfactory performance evaluation QA audits, QC measurement by interlaboratory comparison, traceability to standards 4. adequate capacity to perform the work within the timeframe number of personnel and calibrated equipment 5. internal quality control review independent from data generators 6. adequate protocols for method performance documentation, sample tracking and documentation of results IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
59 measurement techniques selecting criteria for service providers QM-system accreditation according to ISO/IEC General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
60 Sampling and Analysis IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
61 sampling selection of sampling points depends on objectives overview inventory radiological characterisation ( nuclide vector ) possibilities: grid greatest potential of contamination maxima of previous direct measurements stochastic combination IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
62 representative samples sampling good selection of sample point avoid cross contamination without foreign material (roots, glass, meta, concrete etc.) appropriate sampling technique appropriate sample size homogeneity grain size amount for analyses soil typical 100 g some kg sample container (polyethylene, glass) preservation of sample normally not necessary IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
63 sampling sampling methods surface samples scraping chiselling wiping material samples direct collection drilling cores drill dust chiselling IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
64 sampling scraping IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
65 sampling scraping IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
66 sampling drilling IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
67 sampling drilling depth profile IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
68 drilling, drill dust collection sampling IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
69 sampling core drilling IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
70 sampling core drilling IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
71 sampling core piling IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
72 sample tracking sample tracking chain-of-custody sampling report (incl. photo, sketch, map) labelling (system of sample numbers) packing sample list transport conditions storage in laboratory aliquoting IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
73 sample preparation sample preparation in the laboratory drying grinding, milling combustion aliquoting dissolution radiochemical separation preparation for measurement IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
74 analysis analytical methods gammaspectrometry: Co-60, Cs-137, Eu-152, Am-241, K-40, decay series of U-238, U-235 and Th-232 liquid scintillation counting (LSC): after radiochemical separation H-3, C-14, Cl-36, Ca-41, Fe-55, Ni-63, Sr-90, Pu-241 alpha spectrometry: after radiochemical separation Th-232, U-234, U-235, U-238, Pu-238, Pu-239/240, Am- 241, Cm-242, Cm-243/244 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): Th-232, U-234, U-235, U-238 (alpha total) (beta total) IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
75 analysis gamma spectrometry IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
76 analysis mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) VG Elemental AXIOM IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
77 analysis radiochemical separation IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
78 checking data verification and validation of data all data complete meet the results the required detection limits questionable results check records check QA documentation repeat analysis repeat sampling IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
79 IAEA Regional Workshop on Clearance of Decommissioning Waste, Bangkok 6-9 Nov
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