MAJOR ARTICLE. 82 CID 2012:55 (1 July) Geisler et al

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1 MAJOR ARTICLE Safety and Efficacy of WC2031 Versus Vibramycin for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection: A Randomized, Double-blind, Double-Dummy, Active-Controlled, Multicenter Trial William M. Geisler, 1 William D. Koltun, 2 Nader Abdelsayed, 3 John Burigo, 4 Leandro Mena, 5 Stephanie N. Taylor, 6 Byron E. Batteiger, 7 Andrea R. Thurman, 8 Edward W. Hook III, 1,9 Toby A. Vaughn, 10 Miriam P. Annett, 10 Ruth A. Muenzen, 10 and John Caminis 10 1 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; 2 Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego, California; 3 Centennial Hills OB/ GYN Associates, North Las Vegas, Nevada; 4 OB Gyn Specialists of The Palm Beaches, West Palm Beach, Florida; 5 Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; 6 Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; 7 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; 8 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk; 9 Jefferson County Department of Health, Birmingham, Alabama; and 10 Warner Chilcott Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Rockaway, New Jersey Background. Recent studies have raised concern about efficacy of azithromycin for Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Research investigating new antibiotic regimens for chlamydia has been sparse, especially regimens that may reduce adherence difficulties with the recommended twice-daily doxycycline regimen. Methods. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, multicenter trial with the objective of evaluating the safety and efficacy of WC2031 (doxycycline hyclate delayed-release 200-mg tablet) orally once daily for 7 days versus Vibramycin (doxycycline hyclate capsule) 100 mg orally twice daily for 7 days for treatment of uncomplicated urogenital chlamydia. Men and nonpregnant women aged years with a urogenital chlamydial diagnosis or a sexual partner with chlamydia were eligible. The primary outcome was microbial cure by nucleic acid amplification testing at day 28. Noninferiority of WC2031 was inferred if the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the difference in cure rates was > 10%. Results. A total of 495 subjects were randomized. The modified intent-to-treat (mitt) population with evaluable efficacy consisted of 323 subjects. Baseline patient characteristics did not differ between the mitt groups. Microbial cure rates for WC2031 were 95.5% (95% CI, ) versus 95.2% (95% CI, ) for Vibramycin (95% CI for the difference in cure rates, 4.3% to 4.9%). Types of adverse events were comparable. Nausea and vomiting occurred less frequently with WC2031 than with Vibramycin (13% vs 21% and 8% vs 12%, respectively). Conclusions. WC2031 was noninferior to Vibramycin for uncomplicated urogenital chlamydia treatment, better tolerated, and demonstrated comparable safety. WC2031 could improve treatment adherence over twice-daily Vibramycin. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT Received 20 October 2011; accepted 23 February 2012; electronically published 19 March Correspondence: William M. Geisler, MD, MPH, University of Alabama at Birmingham, th St S, Zeigler Research Bldg, Room 242, Birmingham, AL (wgeisler@uab.edu). Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;55(1):82 8 The Author Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please journals.permissions@oup.com. DOI: /cid/cis291 Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the most frequently reported bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. [1]. Untreated urogenital chlamydia can cause significant morbidity, including infertility. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends either azithromycin 1 g oral single dose or doxycycline 100 mg orally twice daily for 7 days for uncomplicated chlamydia treatment [2]. A meta-analysis 82 CID 2012:55 (1 July) Geisler et al

2 of randomized clinical trials of azithromycin versus doxycycline for chlamydia treatment revealed that the treatments were equally efficacious, with microbial cure rates of 97% and 98%, respectively [3]. However, most trials used chlamydial culture for assessing microbial cure rather than more sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) that are now recommended by the CDC for chlamydia diagnosis [2]. Recent studies in women [4, 5] and symptomatic men with nongonococcal urethritis [6] that used NAATs to evaluate for chlamydia cure demonstrated lower cure rates with azithromycin than the majority of previous chlamydia treatment trials [3], raising concern about its efficacy. In the past 15 years, there has been sparse research reevaluating chlamydia therapy or investigating new chlamydia treatments, especially those that could improve treatment adherence over twicedaily doxycycline regimens. We performed a clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of once-daily WC2031 (delayed-release doxycycline hyclate) compared with twicedaily doxycycline (Vibramycin) for urogenital chlamydia treatment. METHODS Study Design and Participants We conducted a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, multicenter phase 3 trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of a single WC mg tablet orally once daily for 7 days versus Vibramycin (doxycycline hyclate capsule) 100 mg orally twice daily for 7 days for uncomplicated urogenital chlamydia treatment. Participants were men and nonpregnant women aged years with either a urogenital chlamydia diagnosis (based on a positive C. trachomatis test) within the preceding 14 days or a sexual partner diagnosed with chlamydia. Patients were enrolled in 41 US centers, mostly sexually transmitted disease or gynecologic clinics, from April through October Patients were excluded if pregnant or breastfeeding, or if they had received an investigational drug in the preceding 30 days or an antibiotic with activity against C. trachomatis in the preceding 28 days. Additional exclusion criteria were diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease, epididymitis, or gonorrhea, or having known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, active hepatitis B or C infection, intolerance or hypersensitivity to tetracycline class antibiotics, prior hysterectomy, current substance abuse, inability to swallow pills, significant intercurrent medical or psychiatric illnesses that could affect participation, unwillingness to abstain from alcohol use during treatment, unwillingness to abstain from sexual activity or to use condoms for all sexual activities during the study, or a requirement for lithium, anticoagulation, or detoxification. Randomization Following enrollment by study staff, participants were randomized (stratified by study site and participant sex) to the WC2031 or Vibramycin treatment arm in a 1:1 ratio using an interactive Web-based randomization system generated by Almac Clinical Services. Study Procedures Participants provided written informed consent. At enrollment, participants underwent a medical history review and directed physical examination (including vital signs [heart rate and temperature] and genital examination) and had blood collected for clinical laboratory studies (complete blood count and comprehensive chemistry panel). Men provided first-void urine for C. trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis NAATs. Women provided urine for pregnancy testing, and clinicians collected vaginal swabs for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, and M. genitalium NAATs and a wet mount to evaluate for trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and candidiasis. Testing for these infections other than chlamydia was not only to identify and treat them as appropriate, but also to control for their presence in an analysis of clinical cure in a subset of participants. Testing for other STIs (eg, HIV and syphilis) was not a study requirement but was usually done at most study sites as a part of routine care. The WC2031 tablet could not be overencapsulated; therefore, a placebo tablet identical in appearance to WC2031 was designed, as was a placebo capsule identical to an overencapsulated Vibramycin capsule. To ensure blinding, participants in the WC2031 arm took a WC2031 tablet and placebo capsule in the morning and a placebo capsule in the evening, while the Vibramycin group took an overencapsulated Vibramycin capsule and a placebo tablet in the morning and an overencapsulated Vibramycin capsule in the evening. All participants and study site staff (study staff and healthcare providers) were blinded to treatment assignment. Irrespective of time of day at enrollment, participants always received the first dose of study drug (morning dose) as directly observed therapy to ensure active treatment was initiated on day 1. Participants were asked to abstain from sexual activity or to use condoms during all sexual activities during the study, counseled regarding partner notification and treatment, and scheduled for an end-of-treatment visit at day 8 ( 1/+3 days). Participants testing positive for N. gonorrhoeae were notified to return for treatment per local guidelines. At the end-of-treatment visit, participants were queried regarding treatment adherence, concomitant medications, and possible adverse events (AEs). Measurement of vital signs, clinical laboratory studies, and pregnancy testing were repeated. Study drug bottles and unused drug were collected. WC2031 vs Vibramycin for Chlamydia CID 2012:55 (1 July) 83

3 Participants with a positive C. trachomatis NAAT at enrollment were scheduled for a test-of-cure (TOC) visit at day 28 ( 3/+7 days), whereas those with a negative C. trachomatis NAAT at enrollment were discontinued from the study after completing the end-of-treatment visit. At the TOC visit, participants were queried regarding concomitant medications and possible AEs. Vital signs were recorded and genital examination was performed, and participants had repeat testing for C. trachomatis and other select infections per the enrollment procedures. Microbiological Methods STI tests were performed at DCL Medical Laboratories (Indianapolis, IA). C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae testing was performed using the Gen-Probe APTIMA Combo 2 (AC2) Assay (Gen-Probe, San Diego, CA) per the manufacturer s instructions. M. genitalium and T. vaginalis were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the AutoGenomics Multiplex Assay on the Infinity System (AutoGenomics, Vista, GA) per the manufacturer s instructions. Sample Size Considerations in sample size calculations were (1) reported chlamydia cure rate with doxycycline (90% 98% [3]), and (2) estimated spontaneous cure rate ( self-cure without treatment) of <30% (estimate of placebo cure rate ). With 200 subjects per group and expected cure rate >90%, the halfwidth of the 95% confidence interval (CI) will be <5%, yielding an estimate far greater than any possible placebo cure rate. If study drug cure rate exceeds 90% as expected, the noninferiority margin of 10% corresponds to the range of cure rates previously published. To ensure that approximately 200 participants per group will be included in the primary efficacy analysis, 480 were to be randomized, assuming up to 20% would have a negative chlamydia test result at enrollment and be nonevaluable for efficacy. Statistical Methods The primary efficacy objective was to evaluate for noninferiority of WC2031 compared with Vibramycin for treating uncomplicated urogenital chlamydia. The primary efficacy variable was proportion of participants with microbial cure, defined as a negative Gen-Probe AC2 result for C. trachomatis at TOC. The primary analysis was performed on the primary efficacy variable using the modified intent-to-treat (mitt) population and making no imputations for nonevaluable outcomes. The mitt population consisted of randomized subjects who had a positive Gen-Probe AC2 for C. trachomatis at enrollment and took at least 1 dose of the study drug. Participants were nonevaluable for microbial cure in the mitt population if the TOC C. trachomatis test result was missing or outside the allowable analysis window (days 21 42), if the participant was <80% compliant with study drug or treatment duration was <6 days (based on reported association of doxycycline treatment failure with this degree of noncompliance [7]), or if a participant received exclusionary treatment or had major protocol deviations that could influence TOC. Noninferiority of WC2031 to Vibramycin was inferred if the 2-sided 95% lower confidence limit on the difference in cure rates was > 10%. Because randomization was stratified by participant sex, a post hoc analysis was conducted to evaluate microbial cure rate differences by sex for each treatment group. The difference in percentage of participants with microbial cure was calculated by sex, along with the 95% CI of that difference. We performed a secondary efficacy analysis of microbial cure in all mitt participants regardless of evaluability, with missing outcomes considered treatment failures. An additional secondary efficacy analysis performed on a subset of chlamydia-infected subjects without concomitant STIs at baseline was evaluation of clinical cure at TOC, defined in men as resolution of baseline dysuria, urethral pruritus, and/or urethral discharge symptoms/examination findings and in women as resolution of baseline endocervical discharge. Safety was assessed by summarizing AEs, withdrawals, vital signs, and clinical laboratory test results in the safety population, which included all randomized subjects taking at least 1 dose of the study drug. Ethical Approval Study sites received approval from a properly constituted institutional review board. RESULTS Study Population A total of 504 patients were screened for eligibility, and 9 were excluded: 1 did not meet inclusion criteria and 8 met exclusion criteria (Figure 1). Of the 495 remaining patients, 247 were randomized to WC2031 and 248 to Vibramycin. The safety population consisted of 494 participants; 1 randomized participant was excluded from safety analysis because of not receiving the study drug. The mitt population consisted of 378 participants; the primary reason for randomized participants not meeting mitt criteria was a negative enrollment C. trachomatis test result. The mitt treatment groups were well matched with respect to baseline demographic and clinical characteristics (Table 1). Median age was 23; 62% were female, 56% were African American, and 20% were of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Urogenital examination findings were frequently observed at enrollment, with endocervical discharge in 44% of women and urethral discharge in 20% of men. 84 CID 2012:55 (1 July) Geisler et al

4 Figure 1. Concomitant gonorrhea, M. genitalium infection, or trichomoniasis at enrollment was rare. Treatment Efficacy Of 378 mitt participants, 323 were evaluable for the primary efficacy outcome, with distribution of nonevaluability criteria for participants excluded from the primary efficacy analysis shown in Figure 1. The microbial cure rate at TOC for WC2031 was 95.5% (95% CI, ) versus 95.2% (95% CI, ) for Vibramycin (Table 2); the 95% CI for the difference in cure rates between treatments was 4.3% to 4.9%, meeting noninferiority criteria. Analyzing by participant sex, there remained no significant difference in microbial cure rates between treatment arms; however, for both study drugs, microbial cure rates were higher in men. For WC2031, the cure rate was 98.3% for men versus 93.8% for women (95% CI for the difference in cure rates, 1.2% 10.4%). For Vibramycin, the cure rate was 98.5% for men versus 93.1% for women (95% CI for the difference in cure rates, 0.3% 11.2%). For the analysis of microbial cure in all 378 mitt participants with missing outcomes treated as failures, the microbial cure rate was comparable for WC2031 versus Vibramycin (86.7% [95% CI, ] versus 90.0% [95% CI, ]; 95% CI for the difference in cure rates, 9.8 to 3.2). Disposition of subjects. Clinical cure of chlamydia at the TOC visit was assessed in the subset of 96 participants (46 WC2031 participants; 50 Vibramycin participants) with chlamydia as the only infection identified (no concomitant gonorrhea, M. genitalium infection, or trichomoniasis) and who had cervicitis (women) or signs or symptoms of urethritis (men) at enrollment. Clinical cure rates were 84.8% (95% CI, ) for WC2031 and 76.0% (95% CI, ) for Vibramycin; combined microbial and clinical cure rates in this subset were 80.4% (95% CI, ) and 73.5% (95% CI, ), respectively. Safety In the safety population, AEs occurred in 99 (40.2%) participants in the WC2031 group and 132 (53.2%) in the Vibramycin group; some experienced >1 AE. There were 360 AEs: 141 in the WC2031 group and 219 in the Vibramycin group. Types of AEs were similar in both groups, with the most commonly reported AEs in descending order being nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis (Table 3). Gastrointestinal AEs, especially nausea and vomiting, and headache occurred more often with Vibramycin. AEs categorized as severe intensity were noted for 3 (1.2%) participants in each group (vomiting, Bartholin s gland abscess, and hypersensitivity in the WC2031 WC2031 vs Vibramycin for Chlamydia CID 2012:55 (1 July) 85

5 Table 1. Baseline Participant Characteristics in the Modified Intent-to-Treat Population Variable WC2031 (n = 188) Vibramycin (n = 190) Total (N = 378) Age, years Mean (±SD) 24.1 (±4.9) 23.9 (±4.9) 24.0 (±4.9) Median (range) 23.0 (19 43) 23.0 (19 42) 23.0 (19 43) Sex Male 73 (38.8) 72 (37.9) 145 (38.4) Female 115 (61.2) 118 (62.1) 233 (61.6) Race White 61 (32.4) 73 (38.4) 134 (35.4) African American 109 (58.0) 104 (54.7) 213 (56.3) Asian 3 (1.6) 1 (0.5) 4 (1.1) American Indian or 2 (1.1) 1 (0.5) 3 (0.8) Alaskan Native Native Hawaiian or 3 (1.6) 1 (0.5) 4 (1.1) other Pacific Islander Multiracial 10 (5.3) 10 (5.3) 20 (5.3) Ethnic origin Hispanic or Latino 33 (17.6) 44 (23.2) 77 (20.4) Not Hispanic or 155 (82.4) 146 (76.8) 301 (79.6) Latino Baseline gonorrhea Positive 1 (0.5) 4 (2.1) 5 (1.3) Negative 187 (99.5) 186 (97.9) 373 (98.7) Baseline Mycoplasma genitalium infection Missing 6 (3.2) 7 (3.7) 13 (3.4) Positive 15 (8.0) 12 (6.3) 27 (7.1) Negative 167 (88.8) 171 (90.0) 338 (89.4) Baseline trichomoniasis Missing 5 (2.7) 5 (2.6) 10 (2.6) Positive 5 (2.7) 6 (3.2) 11 (2.9) Negative 178 (94.7) 179 (94.2) 357 (94.4) Urogenital findings Male Urethral discharge 17 (23.3) 12 (16.7) 29 (20.0) (observed) Urethral discharge 8(11.0) 14 (19.4) 22 (15.2) (reported) Urethral pruritus 4 (5.5) 14 (19.4) 18 (12.4) (reported) Dysuria (reported) 2 (2.7) 9 (12.5) 11 (7.6) Female Endocervical discharge (observed) 48 (41.7) 54 (45.8) 102 (43.8) Data are no. (%) of subjects, unless otherwise indicated. Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation. group; nausea/vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and migraine headache in the Vibramycin group). Two subjects in each group withdrew from the study because of AEs (headache and Table 2. Microbial Cure of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection at the Test-of-Cure Visit (Day 28) for the Evaluable Modified Intentto-Treat Population hypersensitivity in the WC2031 group; vomiting and hypersensitivity/dysphagia in the Vibramycin group). There were no serious or unexpected AEs and no clinically relevant changes in laboratory test values. DISCUSSION WC2031 (n = 156) Vibramycin (n = 167) Difference a Microbiological cure b 149 (95.5) 159 (95.2) % CI for cure rate c to 4.9 Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval. a Two-sided 95% CI on difference in cure rates (WC2031-Vibramycin). b Nonevaluable outcomes are treated as missing. c Two-sided 95% CI using normal approximation. This study demonstrated that the efficacy of WC2031 for uncomplicated chlamydia was noninferior to Vibramycin in the primary analysis. The comparable efficacy was also shown with a more conservative analysis that evaluated all participants in the mitt group and designated those with missing outcomes as treatment failures. This study was the largest clinical trial to date to evaluate the efficacy of doxycycline for uncomplicated urogenital chlamydia in both symptomatic and asymptomatic men and women using NAATs. Hillis et al [8] previously performed a randomized clinical trial evaluating efficacy of doxycycline versus azithromycin for urogenital chlamydia by PCR testing in 196 women, but they did not evaluate men. Collectively, remote and recent data have reported consistently high cure rates of doxycycline for chlamydia in men and women (usually 95% 100%) [3, 6], supporting its continued CDC recommendation as a first-line treatment. Azithromycin 1 g single dose remains a CDC-recommended chlamydia treatment regimen. However, recent clinical studies using NAATs rather than culture to evaluate for microbial cure of urogenital chlamydia [4 6] have suggested that azithromycin may be less efficacious than previously reported in earlier clinical trials [3]. Two studies in women, an expedited partner therapy trial [4] and a longitudinal study of repeat urogenital chlamydia [5], reported 92% microbial cure rates for chlamydia with azithromycin 1 g single-dose therapy, taking into account sexual behavior data and/or C. trachomatis strain typing; similarly, we demonstrated a microbial cure rate in women for either doxycycline study drug of approximately 93%. A recent nongonococcal urethritis treatment trial in symptomatic men reported a microbial cure rate for chlamydia 86 CID 2012:55 (1 July) Geisler et al

6 Table 3. Summary of Adverse Events for the Safety Population Parameter WC2031 (n = 246) Vibramycin (n = 248) Any AE a 99 (40.2) 132 (53.2) Nausea 33 (13.4) 51 (20.6) Vomiting 20 (8.1) 30 (12.1) Headache 5 (2.0) 15 (6.0) Diarrhea 8 (3.3) 11 (4.4) Abdominal pain 5 (2.0) 13 (5.2) Bacterial vaginosis 8 (3.3) 5 (2.0) Vulvovaginal candidiasis 5 (2.0) 4 (1.6) Any serious AE 0 0 Any severe AE 3 (1.2) 3 (1.2) No. of severe AEs 3 4 Data are no. (%). A subject with multiple occurrences of an AE was counted only once for that AE. Abbreviation: AE, adverse event. a Only AEs occurring in >1% of subjects are shown. of 77% in treatment arms containing azithromycin versus 95% in treatment arms containing doxycycline [6]. We demonstrated a microbial cure rate in men of approximately 98% for either doxycycline study drug, which was the same cure rate reported for doxycycline in the previous meta-analysis [3], and most men in our study were asymptomatic at the time of treatment (Table 1). Overall, these recent data raise some concern about the efficacy of azithromycin for chlamydiainfected men and deserve further investigation. Although the study design prevented us from comparing treatment adherence of once-daily WC2031 to twice-daily Vibramycin, it is highly likely that the once-daily regimen could improve adherence. Bachmann et al [7] previously evaluated self-reported adherence compared with measured adherence with doxycycline for chlamydia and found that self-reported doxycycline adherence can be unreliable and poor adherence can have negative consequences. They demonstrated that although 90% of participants reported full adherence to a 7-day doxycycline regimen, only 16% were measured as fully adherent using a medication event monitoring system (computer chip) in the bottle cap. Of 5 (6%) participants who failed doxycycline, measured adherence data were available for 4 participants: all had 2 or more >24-hour intervals when their medication vials were not opened, and 3 opened their vials <10 times, suggesting that those with treatment failure did not complete their regimens and had treatment intervals >24 hours without therapy. A once-daily antibiotic such as WC2031 or single-dose regimens such as azithromycin could improve treatment adherence over twice-daily doxycycline and decrease risk for treatment failure resulting from nonadherence. This study also demonstrated that WC2031 was safe and well tolerated. While types of AEs with WC2031 were similar to those with Vibramycin, there were fewer AEs overall with WC2031. Most notable was the lower frequency of nausea and vomiting with WC2031, which may be attributed to the drug s delayed-released formulation of active drug into the small intestine, perhaps improving gastrointestinal tolerability, which could lead to improved treatment adherence. No serious or unexpected AEs occurred with WC2031. Study strengths include a large sample size, inclusion of asymptomatic and symptomatic men and women, diversity in race/ ethnicity of participants, and use of a highly sensitive NAAT for C. trachomatis detection. A study limitation was the number of randomized participants excluded from the mitt group, primarily because of a negative baseline chlamydia test result. To expedite completion of the trial, contacts of chlamydia-infected patients were enrolled to identify more chlamydia-infected patients; however, some of those participants had a negative baseline chlamydia test and were therefore excluded from the mitt group. Data were not collected to assess what proportion of participants were contacts. A recent study revealed that up to 45% 75% of contacts of chlamydia-infected patients had C. trachomatis detected by NAAT and/or culture/direct fluorescent antibody [9].It is possible some patients enrolled with a recent chlamydia diagnosis (who were returning for treatment of their positive chlamydia screening test) had a negative enrollment chlamydia test due to spontaneous resolution of infection [10]. With the randomized study design, the frequency of negative chlamydia tests at baseline (due to a contact not being infected or an infected patient having spontaneous resolution) would be expected to be similar in both treatment arms, and that was the case in this study (Figure 1). The dosing schedule, 2 morning pills and 1 evening pill, was also a study limitation that was unavoidable due to the inability to overencapsulate the WC2031 tablet. Doxycycline is usually administered as 1 pill twice daily and it is unknown whether the altered dosing strategy in this study influenced outcomes. A final limitation was that sexual behavior data (including compliance with abstinence or condoms) and partner treatment data were not collected, in part because of reliability concerns with this self-reported data. Although we would not expect there to be significant differences in sexual behaviors and proportion of partners treated between treatment arms with the randomized study design, it is possible there could have been differences that could have impacted treatment efficacy and, in the case of partner treatment, could have led to misclassification of study outcome. In summary, WC2031 was noninferior to Vibramycin for treating uncomplicated urogenital chlamydia in men and nonpregnant women, better tolerated, and demonstrated comparable safety. WC2031 could improve treatment adherence compared with twice-daily doxycycline. 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7 Notes Acknowledgments. Statistical analyses were done by Warner Chilcott Pharmaceuticals, Inc and TKL Research, Inc. The authors would like to thank the other site investigators who participated in this study: M. Ali, Fall River, MA; K. Aqua, Boynton Beach, FL; K. Baker, Chicago, IL; P. Bhiwandi, Raleigh, NC; L. T. Burd, Jefferson Hills, PA; S. E. Chavoustie, North Miami, FL; D. Dooley, San Antonio, TX; R. Everette, Oklahoma City, OK; R. A. Feldman, South Miami, FL; P. Hadley, Decatur, GA; R. Hardy, Spokane, WA; B. Harle, San Antonio, TX; R. D. Hartvickson, Newton, KS; S. Hendrix, Detroit, MI; M. Kalafer, Jenkintown, PA; P. R. Kerndt, Los Angeles, CA; H. Kirkpatrick, Myrtle Beach, SC; T. D. Klein, Wichita, KS;R.G.Mabey,LasVegas,NV;H.Mariano,Fresno,CA;J.Michelson, New Bern, NC; N. Morrar, Foley, AL; C. S Nicholson-Uhl, Marrero, LA; E. Pack, Las Vegas, NV; W. Patton, Tucson, AZ; B. Perez, New Orleans, LA; A. Poindexter, Houston, TX; H. D. Proctor, Arkansas City, KS; I. M. Reynolds, Margate, FL; E. N. Robinson, Jr, Greensboro, NC; C. Romney, Tacoma, WA; M. Samuel, Columbus, OH; S. Simha, Memphis, TN; M. Szczesny, Boca Raton, FL; M. S. Vyas, Anaheim, CA; D. Walland, Savannah, GA. The authors also thank other participating investigators and their staff at the study sites. Financial support. This work was supported by Warner Chilcott Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Potential conflicts of interest. All study investigators received research support from Warner Chilcott. W. M. G. served as a consultant for Warner Chilcott on WC2031 prior to initiation of the trial, previously served on an advisory board for GlaxoSmithKline, was previously on the speakers bureaus of Merck and Pfizer, and serves as a consultant for ActivBiotics Pharma, LLC. S. N. T. has received research support from Gen-Probe, Inc, Roche Molecular, and Becton Dickinson Diagnostics. B. B. previously served on an advisory board for GlaxoSmithKline and receives royalties from UpToDate. E. H. is a consultant for Cempra Pharmaceuticals, has received grants from Gen-Probe, Becton Dickinson, Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Siemens Diagnostics, Cepheid, and GlaxoSmithKline, and previously gave a lecture supported by Becton Dickinson. T. V., M. A., R. M., and J. C. were employed by and had stock options from Warner Chilcott during the time of the study. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed. References 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Atlanta, Georgia: US Department of Health and Human Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, MMWR 2010; 59(RR-12): Lau CY, Qureshi AK. Azithromycin versus doxycycline for genital chlamydial infections: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29: Golden MR, Whittington WL, Handsfield HH, et al. Effect of expedited treatment of sex partners on recurrent or persistent gonorrhea or chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: Batteiger BE, Tu W, Ofner S, et al. Repeated Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections in adolescent women. J Infect Dis 2010; 201: Schwebke JR, Rompalo A, Taylor S, et al. Re-evaluating the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis: emphasizing emerging pathogens a randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52: Bachmann LH, Stephens J, Richey CM, Hook EW 3rd. Measured versus self-reported compliance with doxycycline therapy for chlamydia-associated syndromes: high therapeutic success rates despite poor compliance. Sex Transm Dis 1999; 26: Hillis SD, Coles FB, Litchfield B, Black CM, Mojica B, Schmitt D. Doxycycline and azithromycin for prevention of chlamydial persistence of recurrence one month after treatment in women: a use-effectiveness study in public health settings. Sex Transm Dis 1998; 25: Rogers SM, Miller WC, Turner CF, et al. Concordance of Chlamydia trachomatis infections within sexual partnerships. Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84: Geisler WM. Duration of untreated uncomplicated genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection and factors associated with chlamydia resolution: a review of human studies. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:S CID 2012:55 (1 July) Geisler et al