Lab # 1:Genetics, Mitosis, Meiosis

Transcription

1 3 Note: there is no Lab 5. Anthropology 215L (Sections 1, 2, & 3) Prof. Michael Pietrusewsky Physical Anthropology Lab W: 8:30-11:20 & 12:30-3:20; Th: 12-2:50 Dean 210 SYLLABUS [Fall 2014] Course Objectives: This lab course accompanies Anth 215. Concurrent enrollment in both courses is required. This course will meet once a week for 3 hrs. Students should sign up for one of the sections offered. Attendance in lab is mandatory. This course serves as the laboratory study of human and population genetics, human variability, primatology, human osteology, and human and primate paleontology. There will be assigned reading and assignments from the required textbook for this course. Eleven laboratory assignments (see accompanying outline for a detailed list of assignments) are to be completed and submitted for a grade. The laboratory assignments will augment the material covered in the lecture portion of this course and provide ample opportunity for understanding the subject matter, concepts, and principles through observation, demonstration, and problem solving. In addition to completing lab assignments, students are required to take two lab practical exams. This course fulfils the General Education Requirement as a Biological Science (DB) course. Lab Reports: All lab assignments are to be typed neatly. Grading: 10 Graded lab assignments (60% of final grade) and two lab practical exams (@ 20 pts.). NO MAKEUPS EXAMS ARE GIVEN FOR MISSED LAB PRACTICALS! Required Text: D. L. France Lab Manual and Workbook for Physical Anthropology. 7th Edition. West/Wadsworth. Instructor: Prof. M. Pietrusewsky: Office: Dean 207; tel: ; mikep@hawaii.edu. Teaching Assistants: Zakea Boeger (zakea@hawaii.edu) and Gabriela Martinez (ggm@hawaii.edu) Web Site at: Lab Monitor Work: In order to facilitate the operation of the lab and to maintain this facility in a clean environment, each student will be required to sign up for one hour (per semester) of lab monitor work. Tasks will be assigned as required throughout the semester. Your cooperation in this mater is greatly appreciated and essential for the normal functioning of these labs. Note on Makeup Exam for lab Practical Exams: Given the inordinate amount of time and effort involved in constructing, setting up and taking down of these exams, makeup exams are not generally given. Incompletes may be given, when warranted, for students to re-take the missing exams in the following semester. 1 Anthropology 215L Prof. M. Pietrusewsky Physical Anthropology Lab: Dean 210 W: 8:30-11:20 & 12:30-3:20; Th: 12-2:50 Date Lab # Lab Topic Laboratory Schedule [Fall 2014] Reading 1 Exercises 2 Aug. 27/28 NO LABS THE FIRST WEEK OF CLASSES Sept. 3/4 Lab 01 Genetics, Mitosis, Meiosis Ch. 1: /11 Lab 02 Pedigree Analysis, Sex linkage, Blood typing Lab #1 Due this day 17/19 Lab 03 Population Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg Lab #2 Due this day 24/25 Lab 04 Anthropometry, metric variation Lab #3 Due this day 3 Oct. 1/2 Lab06 Primate taxonomy: Visit the Zoo Lab #4 Due this day Oct 29/30 8/9 Lab 07 Human osteology: skull & teeth Lab #6 Due this day 15/16 Lab 08 Human osteology infracranial skeleton Lab #7 Due this day 22/23 Review Lab #8 Due this day First Lab Practical (covers Labs 6 &7) Ch 2:33-45 Lab 01 Ch 2:45-53 Lab 02 Ch Lab 03 Ch 13: Lab 04 Ch. 8 Lab 06 Ch. 3: 73-77; 83-92; Ch. 13: Lab 07 Ch. 3: Lab 08 Nov. 5/6 Lab 09 Primate skeletal anatomy: skulls & teeth Ch. 7: Lab 09 12/13 Lab 10 Primate skeletal anatomy: infracranial skeleton Lab #9 Due this day 19/20 Lab 11 Paleoanthropology Lab #10 due 26/27* Lab 11 Paleoanthropology [* Nov. 27: non-instructional day; complete lab 11 on Dec.4] Dec. 3/4 Wed: Lab 10 due at beginning of lab 10/11 Fri: Lab 10 due at end of lab Second Lab Practical (covers Labs 9, 10 & 11) Ch. 7: Lab 10 Ch. 11 & 12 Lab 11 Lab 11 1 Chapter readings are from: Diane L. France Lab Manual and Workbook for Physical Anthropology. 7th Edition. West/Wadsworth. 2 For lab exercises see lab handouts at:: 2 Lab # 1:Genetics, Mitosis, Meiosis Physical Anthropology Lab # 1 Genetics, Mitosis, & Meiosis Objectives: To understand the principles of Cellular Genetics and Mendelian genetics (laws of segregation and independent assortment). This lab will introduce the DNA molecule and karyotypes, how cells divide (mitosis and meiosis), and how to solve problems which utilize genetic concepts and principles. Reading: Chapters 1:9-17 & 2:33-45 of lab manual and Chapters 3 & 4 of Jurmain et al. Exercises: 1. Complete Exercises 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, & 2.3 in the lab manual. If necessary, detach (or photocopy) appropriate pages with exercises from the lab manual for grading. 3 1

2 Human Karyotypes Birth defects (2-3% human pregnancies) Genetic defects Chromosomal abnormalities Amniocentesis: embryonic (fetal) cells Karyotype Preparation Cells (from blood, amniotic fluid, etc) are grown in vitro to increase their number Cell division is then arrested in metaphase Cells are centrifuged and lysed to release chromosomes Chromosomes are stained, photographed, and grouped by size and banding patterns Identifying Features of Chromosome Chromosome size Position of centromere Banding pattern 2

3 Human Karyotype (Male) Normal Female Karyotype Chromosomal Abnormalities More than 80 types Can determine sex of unborn+ Blood, hair, other tissues Embryonic and fetal tissues Down s Syndrome and neural tube defects Frequency: 1 in 160 newborn infants 3

4 Chromosomal Abnormalities Normal chromosomal number: 46 Irregular Number Polyploidy (e.g, ) Aneuploidy ( ) Structural Modification Missing pieces Translocation Duplication 4

5 Cri du chat Deletion Down Syndrome Langdon Down ( ) Sex Chromosome Abnormalities Genotypes Gender Syndrome (if any) Physical Traits XXY, XXYY, XXXY male Klinefelter syndrome Sterility, small testicles, breast enlargement XYY male No syndrome Normal male traits XO female Turner syndrome Sex organs don't mature at adolescence, sterility, short stature XXX female Metafemale Mental retardation, limited fertility 5

6 Female Sex Chromosome Abnormalities Turner Syndrome (XO) Female Sex Chromosome Abnormalities XXX (Metafemales) Male Sex Chromosome Abnormalities XXY (Klinefelter Syndrome) 6

7 Male Sex Chromosome Abnormalities XYY Richard Speck Selective Breeding 20 Mendel s Pea Plant Experiments the color of endosperm (seed): yellow or green stature: short or tall shape of ripe seed: smooth or wrinkled pod color: green or yellow position of blossom: axial or terminal 21 7

8 Mendel s Experiments 1. observed each plant separately 2. kept generations separate 3. quantified results Yellow x Green 23 Same 3:1 Ratio in Future Generations 24 8

9 Mendel s Experiments Inheritance of each trait determined by units or factors now recognized as genes An individual inherits one unit from each parent for each trait Traits may skip a generation 25 Genotypes/Phenotypes 26 Mendel s Laws 1. Law of Segregation pair of genes (alleles) of a parent separate or segregate in the formation of gametes such that an offspring receives only one member of each allelic pair from each parent 9

10 28 Segregation of Alleles 29 Mendel s 2 nd Law Law of Independent Assortment different pairs of alleles are passed to offspring independently so that new combinations of genes are possible 30 10

11 Law of Independent Assortment 31 Punnett Square 32 Punnett Square 33 11

12 Punnett Square 34 Punnett Square 35 Punnett Square 36 12

13 Punnett Square 37 Human Inheritance Patterns whether genes are located on autosomal chromosomes or on sex chromosomes dominant, recessive allele co-dominant alleles pedigree analysis Modes of inheritance 1. autosomal dominance (e.g., brachydactyly) allele is expressed in the phenotype if either in the homozygous or heterozygous state 2. autosomal recessive (e.g., albinism) simple recessive traits appear only in the homozygous condition 3. sex-linked recessive 4. sex-linked dominant 13