EFFECT OF CYPERMETHRIN ON THE ORIENTATION OF BRINJAL SHOOT AND FRUIT BORER, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. MALES TO SYNTHETIC SEX PHEROMONE

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1 Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, Vol. 12, No.1 pp (2006) EFFECT OF CYPERMETHRN ON THE ORENTATON OF BRNJAL SHOOT AND FRUT BORER, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. MALES TO SYNTHETC SEX PHEROMONE N. K. KRSHNA KUMAR', C. M. KALLESHWARASWAMY B. K. KRSHNA KUMAR,' and H. R. RANGANATH Division of Entomology and Nematology, ndian nstitute ofholiicultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake post, Bangalore , ndia 'Organic division-, ndian nstitute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad , ndia * nkkumar@iihr.emet.in Downloaded From P on dated 20-Jul-2015 Abstract: One preliminary and two large scale field experiments were conducted to study the effect ofcypennethrin 25EC (0,05%) and Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE 4%) on the attraction of brinjal shoot and fmit borer (BSFB), Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. to synthetic sex pheromone. Results indicated reduced catches in cyperrnethrin sprayed plots (0.04 ± O. and 0.06 ± O.O~ males/trap/night in and large scale experiments, respectively). Significantly more male BSFB moths were trapped in control [0.20 ± 0.31(1 large scale trial) and 0.16 ± 0.09 males/trap/night ( large scale trial)] and NSKE [0.10 ± 0.16 ( large scale trial) and 0.14 ± 0.11 males/trap/night ( large scale trial)] treated plots. Per cent borer incidence in NSKE and cypermethrin treated plots were on par. Key Words: Brinjal, cyperrnethrin, Leucinodes orbonalis, NSKE, pheromone trap NTRODUCTON Leucinodes orhonalis Guen. (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) is the most predominant and destructive insect pest ofbrinjal (also called egg plant or aubergine) in South and Southeast Asia. Extent of damage is often>30 to 50 per cent (Ahmad, 1977). This may vary from season to season and location to location, sometimes whole crop can be destroyed (Alam ef a., 2(03). Synthetic pyrethroids are extensively used in managing this pest. The development of resistance to insecticides has made management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB), L. orbonalis a challenge. Under field conditions, level of parasitism recorded is often < 2% (Srinivasan, 1994), in part because ofexposure to excessive insecticides used for control of L. orbonalis. After identification of pheromone components in female L. orbona/is by Zhu et a., (1987), the synthetic sex pheromone has been widely field tested as a tool to monitor and annihilate the pest (Attygalle ef al., 1988; Cork ef a., 2001). However, the use of synthetic sex pheromone to monitor, predict infestation or as a component of rpm needs refinement. 23

2 Downloaded From P on dated 20-Jul-2015 Pyrethroids are known to affect the response to pheromone in many lepidopteran insects (Haynes and Baker, 1985; Moore, 1987) such as flight response in male oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesln (Busck) (Linn and Roelofos, 1984). Similarly, neem based preparations are known to induce behavioral changes in many insects (sman, 2005). Since synthetic sex pheromone traps are very widely used to control this pest, it was proposed to investigate the effect of cypermethrin spray and Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) on the attraction of male moths to BSFB synthetic pheromone. MATERALS AND METHODS Preliminary field experiment: nitially, a field experiment was conducted using brinjal hybrid 8 WR H-3 in three plots each of 50m'. Cyperme,hrin 25 EC 0.05 %, NSKE 4% and an untreated control were imposed during November 2004 at the ndian nstitute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore. A distance of 100 m separated each plot, and one water trap [Pest Control ndia (PC~] tagged with a pheromone lure (Leucicatch supplied by Bio Pest Management) was installed at the center. Treatments were imposed at 15 days interval after. transplanting. Daily trap catches were recorded from to totaling 88 days. Pheromone vials were changed every 30 days. The data were subjected to ANOYA after square root transformation considering each days moth catch as one replication. Field experiments: Large scale field trials with the same three treatments as in the preliminary experiment were conducted from January-May 2005 and October February Brinjal variety BWR H-3 was transplanted with eight replications in a randomized block design. The plot size was 7m x 5m and each plot had 98 plants. Seven traps were placed in each replication. Each trap was 501 apart within a replication and 25m between replication. A distance of 50m separated the treatments. nsecticides were sprayed at 15 days interval (a total of9 sprays during the cropping period). T,C data of daily moth catches were subjected (0 square root transformation before subjecting to ANOVA. n each treatment, observation on per cent fruit borer danage was recorded at harvest and values were subjected to angular transformation and analysed. RESULTS AND DSCUSSON Preliminary experiment: A total of 106 males (1.19 ± 1.96 per night) were a"rocted during the trapping period in unsprayed control plot as against 55 (0.62 ± 1.19 per night) in cypermethrin and 97 (1.1 0 ± 1.59 per night) in NSKE. t gave a preliminary indication that cypemlethrin inhibited orientation of male L. orhol1alis to pheromone. Large scale field experiments: Similar results were obtained when the experiment was repeated in a replicated field trial from January to May 2005 ( large scale triol) and October 2005 to February 2006 (11 large scale trial). Significantly, less number ofbsfb males (0.04 ± 0.11 and 0.67 ± 0.05 males/trap/night in and large scale trial, respectively) were attracted to pheromone traps in cypermethrin treated plots. n first large scale field trial, significantly more number of moths were recorded in control plots (0.20 ± 0.31 males/trap/night) compared to NSKE (0. 10 ± 0.16 males/trap/night). n the second trial the catches in control (0.14 ± 0.11 males/trap/ night) and NSKE treated plots (0.16 ± 0.09 males/ trap/night) were on par. However, the percent fruits bored in NSKE (16.16 % & %) and cypermethrin (12.13% and 'Yo) in & field trials was on par. This indicates that BSFB density in these treatments was similar, but the moths, which are exposed to cypermethrin, failed to orient towards the pheromone lure. These observations suppon our earlier findings that trap catch size may be a measure of insect behaviour and 1101 necessarily a direct measure of population (Krishna Kumar e1. al ). Lower trap catches in cypermethrin treated plots 24

3 , \, Table. Pheromone lrap calches of BSFB in cypermelhrin 25 EC (0,05%) and NSKE (4%) sprayed plols (Preliminary lrial) Treatment Total catch Mean ± SO/trap/night,, Cypennethrin 25 EC (0.5 mill) ± 1.19 (0.64)" NSKE4% 'J ± 1.59 (0.86)' Control ± 1.96 (0.88)' i j CO(P~,05) 0,20 Figures in he parentheses are.jx+o.1 transfonned values Table 2. EfTect ofcypcrmethrin 25 EC (0.5mU) and NSKE 4% spray on the pheromone lrap ealches of BSFB molhs in large scale field trials January - Ma)' 2005 October February 2006 ( trial) ( trial) Treatment Total Mean± SO/ Total Mean ± SO/ catch trap/night catch trap/night Downloaded From P on dated 20-Jul-2015 Cypermethrin 25 EC (0.5 mu) ± 0.11 (0.37)' ± 0.05 (0,36) h NSKE4% ±0.16(045)" ± 0.11 (0.39)' Control ± 0.31 (0.55)' ± 0.09 (041)' CD (p=().05) Figures in the parentheses are..jx+o. t transformed values Table 3. Effcct of cypermelhrin 25 EC (0.5ml/l) and NSKE 4% spra)' on the borer incidence' of L. orbollalis in large scale field trial Treatment Per cent borer incidence# Cypennethrin NSKE4% Control CD(p~.05) January to May 2005 ( trial) (30.01)' (38.73)' (67.44)' 9,02 October February 2006 ( trial) (3540)' (37.68)' (44.95)' 2.30 Figures in the parentheses are angular [ransfonned values # pooled data of four harvests 25

4 _... indicate that the moths were not able to orient themselves to pheromone traps. This type of inhibition of orientation to pheromone traps has been reported in Peclinoplwra gos!jypielln moths in colton field treated with pyrethroids (Haynes and Baker, 1985). The pyrethroids have also been shown to affect pheromone mediated flight response in males of oriental fruit moths, Grapholifa molesta (Busck) (Linn & Roelofos, 1984). of BSFB management NSKE could be a belter choice as interference is to a minimum with the trap catches and controls borer almost to the same extent as cypermethrin. n this \vay pheromone traps can conveniently be integrated as a component in the lpm of brinjal shoot and fruit borer. REFERENCES Downloaded From P on dated 20-Jul-2015 n ndia or elsewhere, chemical control is widely followed for the management of BSFB (Alam el ll., 2003). Extensive use of synthetic pyrethriods has led to high level of resistance in the pest resulting in control failure (Alam et ll ). Pyrethroid compounds have been shown to affect reproductive activities ofseveral insect species and induce resistance in insects (Trimble er ll ). Pyrethriod resistant males of tobacco budworm. Heliothis virescence (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were less likely to find females than were the susceptible males. Even though, the resistance in BSFB to cypermethrin has not been studied in Bangalore condition, it., could be a reason for reduced detection ability of pheromone by male moths. A not her possibility could be lesser ability in wing fanning and flight in males that have survived afler cypermethrin treatment as reported in oblique banded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Trimble el al., 2004). Our results indicate that moth catches in the pheromone traps is not a reflection of the moth number present in the cypennethrin treated plots. Relatively highcr number ofmoths were attracted to traps in NSKE treated plots. This shows field application ofnske interfered to a lesser extent the orientation of BSFB moths to pheromone traps. Therefore, pheromone traps could be more efficacious when NSKE is used to control BSFB than when cypermethrin is used. n integrated pest management, a right choice of chemical which can be conveniently integrated with other practices is of great importance. Hence, in case Ahmad, R Studies on the pests ofbrinjal and their control with special reference to fruit borer. Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera). Entomologists Nelvsleltel', 7(4): 2-3. Alam. S. N., Rashid, M. A., Rouf. F. M. A., Jhala, R. C., Patel, 1. R., Satpathy, S., Shivalingaswamy, T. M., Rai, S., Wahundeniya,., Cork, A., Ammaranan, C. and Talekar, N. S Development ofan ntegrated Pest Management strategy for eggplant fruit and shoot borer in South Asia. AVRDC Technical Bllletill No. 28, p Atrygalle, A. 8., Schwaraz, J. and Gunawardena, N. E Sex pheromone ofbrinjal fnut and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Zeilschriji fiir Nllllrforschllng. 43: Cork, A., Alam, S. N., Das, A., Das, C. S., Ghosh, G. c., Farman, D.!., Hall, D. R., Maslen,. R., Vedham, K., Phythian, S. J., Raul', F. M. A. and Srinivasan, K Female sex pheromone of brinjal fruit and shoot borer, Leucillodes orbolllll;s (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), blend optimization. JOllrnlllof Chemiclli Ecology, 27: Haynes, K. F. and Baker, T. C Sublethal effects of permethrin on the chemical communication system of the pink bollworm moth, Pectinophora gos!jypiella. Arcllieves of.nsecl Biochemisfly and Physiology. 2:

5 ' i \ f, Downloaded From P on dated 20-Jul-2015 sman, Tropical forests as source ofnatural insecticides. Recent Advances in Phytochemist/y, 39: Krishna Kumar, N. K., Venugopalan, R., Krishna Moorthy, P. N., Shivakumar, B. and Ranganath, H. R nfluence ofweather factors on the attraction ofmale egg plant shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee to synthetic sex pheromone in south ndia. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, 10(2) : Linn, C. E. and Roelofos, W Sub-lethal effect of neuroactive compounds on pheromone response thresholds in male oriental fruit moths. Archieves of nsect Biochemistry and Physiology, 1: Moore, R. F nhibition of chemical communication between male and female bollworms (Lepidoptera: Noctui!lae) by sublethal amounts ofpermethrin. Journol of Economic Entomology, 81: ' Srinivasan, K Recent trends in insect pest management in vegetable crops, pp , in G. S. Dhaliwal and Arora (eds). Ti-ends in Agricultural nsect Pest Management. Commonwealth publishers, New Delhi. Trimble, R. M., E-Sayed, A. M. and Pree, D mpact of sub-lethal residues of azinphos-methyl on the pheromone communication systems of insecticidesusceptible and insecticide-resistant oblique banded leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Pest Management Science, 60: Zhu, P., Kong, F., Yu, S., Yu, N., Jin, S., Hu, X, and Xu, J dentification of the sex pheromone of eggplant borer, Leucinories orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). ZeitschrijifUr NatwjiJrschul1g, 42 :