Bacteriology of Spoilage of Fish Muscle IV. Role of Protein
|
|
- Jade Anthony
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, July 1967, p Copyright 1967 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 15, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Bacteriology of Spoilage of Fish Muscle IV. Role of Protein PETER LERKE, LIONEL FARBER, AND RALPH ADAMS Seafood and Nutrition Research Laboratory, The G. W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California Received for publication 27 December 1966 Clarified muscle press juice from English sole (Parophrys vetulus) was fractionated by gel filtration into a protein and a protein-free fraction. Upon inoculation with spoilage bacteria, the protein fraction failed to show any signs of spoilage, but the protein-free fraction spoiled according to the usual organoleptic and chemical criteria. Despite its spoilage-resistant qualities, the protein fraction accelerated spoilage of the protein-free fraction when the two were combined. Protein breadkown due to bacterial action was greatest in the unfractionated juice and was least in the protein fraction. No significant proteolysis occurred until after spoilage became evident. During the early studies on the spoilage of flesh foods, such as meat, poultry, and fish, it was commonly thought that protein degradation was primarily involved. In the case of fish, it was gradually realized that proteolysis actually represented an advanced stage of spoilage (2, 10). More recently, considerable attention has been given to the presence in fresh fish muscle of lowmolecular-weight nitrogenous extractives such as trimethylamine oxide, simple peptides, amino acids, etc. (8). These substances can serve as growth substrates for spoilage bacteria and give rise to spoilage products (3). It used to be thought that these extractives, more specifically the amino acids and peptides, must be the end products of protein breakdown; this implied that proteolysis was a necessary first step in spoilage. Nevertheless, it has been shown repeatedly that the ability of certain bacteria to spoil fish muscle press juice is in no way connected with proteolytic activity. Thus, Castell and Greenough (3) have commented on the inability of Pseudomonasfragi to hydrolyze proteins; yet this organism was able to produce strong off-odors from fish muscle extractives. Similarly, while attempting a biochemical characterization of fish-spoilage bacteria (7), we noted that proteolytic ability, as determined by gelatin liquefaction and digestion of egg albumin, was not a constant characteristic of spoilers and could often be found among nonspoilers. As a result, a question arose concerning the importance of proteolysis in fish spoilage; namely, could precipitable protein supply the necessary lowmolecular-weight substrates from which spoilage 770 products could be formed through bacteria action? The present report attempts to furnish the answer. MATERIALS AND MEI HODS Bacteria. The two bacterial cultures used were pseudomonads isolated from spoiling fish. The spoiler was a nonpigmented Pseudomonas belonging to group III of Shewan's classification (9); the nonspoiler was a pigment-producing Pseudomonas, belonging to group I. Spoilage ability was originally determined by growing the organism for 5 days at 5 C in the sterile muscle juice described below. An organism was designated as a spoiler if, under these conditions, it was able to produce: (i) an off odor, (ii) more than 1 mg/100 ml of trimethylamine, and (iii) volatile reducing substances in an amount greater than 15 meq of reduction per 5 ml of sample. Organisms which grew but did not fulfill the above criteria were classified as nonspoilers. Substrates. The basic medium used, previously described by Lerke et al. (6), consisted of filtrationsterilized saline-diluted fish muscle press juice. The idea for a similar medium was advanced by Anderson and Fellers (1), and we wish to express our regret that, in earlier publications, we inadvertently omitted reference to this work. The fish used to prepare the substrate was local English sole (Parophyrs vetulus) obtainable in San Francisco. After preliminary filtration through Whatman no. 1 paper on a Buchner funnel, the juice was centrifuged at 4 C for 1 hr at 57,000 X g and sterilized by pressure filtration through 0.22-,u membrane filter (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.). For purposes of fractionation, the juice was simply clarified by passing it through a Seitz pad, and a sample of the liquid was placed on a Sephadex G-25 column at 0 C. By using 0.8% NaCl solution as eluant, a clear separation could be achieved into a protein and
2 VOL. 15, 1967 SPOILAGE OF FISH MUSCLE 771 a nonprotein fraction. The approximate exclusion limit for Sephadex G-25 is molecular weight 5,000. The fractions were quite distinct, with no ninhydrinpositive material coming through in between. Any dilution developing during separation was taken into account, and all substrates were diluted to match the most highly diluted fraction (1:5). Thus, essentially three different media were used: whole juice, the protein fraction, and the nonprotein fraction. After separation, the fractions were also filtration-sterilized. As different batches of medium sometimes had to be used in the same experiment, different original levels of protein resulted (Table 5, for example). Assessment of spoilage. At each sampling, the material was examined sensorily, bacteriologically, and chemically. Sensory evaluation involved general appearance and odor. Bacteriological examinations consisted of total aerobic counts on Difco Penassay Base Agar: a sample of the appropriate dilution was spread on the surface of the medium with a sterile bent glass rod and the plate was incubated 48 hr at 22 C. Chemical tests included the estimation of volatile reducing substances (VRS), total volatile nitrogen (TVN), and trimethylamine nitrogen (TMN). The method used to determine VRS was the one described by Farber and Ferro (5), modified to allow colorimetric rather than titrimetric estimation of the extent of MNnO4 reduction. A description of this modification is being prepared for publication. Determinations of TVN and TMN were made by the microdiffusion procedure of Conway (4). Chemical tests sometimes not run after samples had spoiled. Estimation ofprotein and nonprotein nitrogen. Total nitrogen and protein nitrogen, after precipitation with 10% trichloroacetic acid, were determined by the micro-kjeldahl method. Nonprotein nitrogen was obtained by difference. RESuLTS Protein as a spoilage substrate. It was shown in several ways that isolated fish protein cannot spoil as whole juice does. Thus, if protein is heatprecipitated out of fish juice, washed, resuspended in saline, and inoculated with spoilage bacteria, no detectable spoilage results although bacterial TABLE 1. Mixed culture spoilage offish preparations incubated 24 hr at 22 C Medium Odor VRSa TMNb 1. Raw (uncooked) fish juice... Spoiled > Cooked fish juice... Spoiled > Supernatant fluid from 2... Spoiled > Resuspended precipitate from 2... Bland a Microequivalents of reduction per 5 ml. bmilligrams trimethylamine nitrogen per 100 ml. TABLE 2. Effect of spoilage bacteria on substances of high and low molecular weight from fish muscle press juice, incubated 48 hr at 22 C Fraction Odor VRSa TMNb Dialyzable... Spoiled > Nondialyzable... Bland a In microequivalents of reduction per 5-ml sample. 6 In milligrams of nitrogen per 100-ml sample. growth is abundant. The figures in Table 1 were obtained after 24 hr of incubation at 22 C. Similar results were obtained with pure cultures of spoilers. To avoid heat denaturation, some freshly obtained press juice was dialyzed against distilled water at 0 C for 48 hr. The first change of water was concentrated by forced evaporation, Seitzfiltered, and tubed. Dialysis was then continued for 7 more days with frequent changes of water. At the end of that period, the contents of the bag were concentrated to the original volume. The dialyzable and nondialyzable fractions were then inoculated with a spoilage organism and incubated for 48 hr at 22 C. The results of the chemical tests are shown in Table 2. As a result of these findings, the procedure described in Materials and Methods was developed for the fractionation of fish muscle juice on Sephadex G-25. The nonprotein fraction, when inoculated with spoilage bacteria, showed most of the chemical criteria of spoilage (VRS, TVN, TMN); a similarly inoculated protein fraction did not. Bacteria grew as well in both fractions as in whole, unfractionated substrate; yet, the chemical results were entirely different; i.e., the protein fraction did not give rise to VRS, TVN, or TMN. The values for all three chemical indices rose in the nonprotein fraction. Table 3 presents these findings and shows that the nonprotein fraction contains certain substances of low molecular weight that provide a substrate for the formation of chemical products indicative of spoilage. The protein fraction is lacking in such substrates. On the other hand, both fractions are sufficient to support a bacterial population almost as large as that found in whole muscle juice. As pure cultures of bacteria were used, there could be no question of a selective growth of different organisms in the two fractions. Spoilage patterns of the various juice fractions. Figure 1 shows the changes in different substrates inoculated with a mixed spoilage flora. Although
3 772 LERKE, FARBER, AND ADAMS APPL. MICROBIOL. TABLE 3. Spoilage of various fractions offish muscle press juice at 15 C by a pure culture of a spoiler Determination Substrate Non Day Day WIole Protein juice protein fraction Volatile reducing substances (micro equivalents of reduction per S-ml sample) 2.0 a Total volatile nitro gen (mg per 100-mI sample) Trimethylamine nitrogen (mg per ml sample) Log bacterial num bers per ml a No sample taken. it can be said that the nonprotein fraction spoiled and the protein fraction did not, the nonprotein fraction did not spoil as quickly as the unfractionated substrate. Upon recombination of the protein and nonprotein fractions, however, the rate of spoilage was restored almost to the level of the unfractionated juice. This reconstituted substrate spoiled faster than either of its components alone. The bacterial growth curves in all four media were essentially identical. Similar results are shown in Tables 4-7. Moreover, the difference between a spoiler and a nonspoiler can clearly be seen in Table 4, showing that one organism caused complete spoilage of the whole juice in 2 days, whereas the same medium inoculated with another culture was still perfectly good on the 5th day. The difference between the two organisms was completely obliterated when they were grown in the protein fraction alone (Table 5). Here, although bacterial growth was ample, no trace of organoleptic or z 0 - v 0 M a. NL. LU 0 ea * =unfractionated juice o protein fraction A=nonprotein fraction A=reconstituted juice DAYS AT 50C FIG. 1. Effect of a mixed spoilage flora on fish muscle press juice and oni various fractions derived therefrom. The reconstituted juice is a 1:1 mixture of the protein and noniprotein fractions. chemical deterioration could be detected by the tests employed (VRS, TMN). When the two organisms were grown on the nonprotein fraction (Table 6), the spoiler again became distinguishable from the nonspoiler, although the rate of spoilage was considerably reduced. Upon recombination of the two fractions, the characteristics of the spoiler reappeared, this time with only a slightly reduced intensity when compared with unfractionated juice. Changes in the nitrogenous components of fish juice during spoilage. Several observations can be made from Tables 4-7. Autolysis seems rather insignificant. Of all the sterile substrates containing protein, only the whole juice decreased noticeably in protein nitrogen on storage (Table 4). Moreover, no apparent decrease took place until after the 5th day, although the medium had spoiled completely 3 days before. The breakdown of fish protein due to bacterial
4 TABLE 4. Actioni of a spoiler and a nonspoiler on unfractionated fish muscle juice Inoculum Days at 10 C VRSa TMNb Bacteriac PNd NPN6 Spoiler (47) 230 (53) (47) 230 (53) (38) 254 (57) (38) 274 (62) (32) 301 (68) 5 _ 8 _ 75 (17) 370 (83) Nonspoiler (46) 237 (54) (46) 239 (54) (50) 210 (50) (46) 230 (54) (48) 219 (52) (45) 240 (55) (41) 249 (59) None (44) 256 (56) (51) 220 (49) (44) 247 (56) (47) 240 (53) (42) 255 (58) (44) 251 (56) (34) 282 (66) Log bacterial numbers per milliliter of medium. e Nonprotein nitrogen in micrograms per milliliter (percentage of total nitrogen). TABLE 5. Action of a spoiler and a nonspoiler on the protein fraction offish muscle press juice Inoculum Days at 10 C VRSa TMNb Bactera" PNd NPN6 Spoiler (99) 10 (I) (97) 21 (3) (96) 25 (4) (90) 66 (10) (81) 116 (19) (81) 117 (19) (66) 211 (33) Nonspoiler (97) 14 (3) (97) 14 (3) (98) 10 (3) (100) 0 (0) (100) 0 (0) (97) 13 (3) (96) 15 (4) None (97) 15 (3) (100) 0 (0) (100) 0 (0) (100) 0 (0) (95) 19 (5) (97) 12 (3) (98) 7 (2) c Log bacterial numbers per milliliter of medium. e Nonprotein nitrogen in micrograms per milliliter (percentage of total nitrogen). 773
5 774 LERKE, FARBER, AND ADAMS APPL. MICROBIOL. TABLE 6. Actiont of a spoiler and a nonspoiler on the nonprotein fraction offish muscle press juice Inoculum Days at 10 C VRSa TMb Bacteriac PNd NPNe Spoiler (0) 480 (100) (0) 478 (100) (4) 458 (96) (8) 446 (92) 6 > (12) 422 (88) 7 > (10) 438 (90) 9 > (9) 444 (91) Nonspoiler (0) 480 (100) (0) 475 (100) (4) 450 (96) (8) 446 (92) (12) 430 (88) (10) 435 (90) (9) 444 (91) None (0) 480 (100) (0) 480 (100) (0) 484 (100) (0) 486 (100) (0) 480 (100) (0) 482 (100) (0) 480 (100) c Log bacterial numbers per milliliter of medium. 6 Nonprotein nitrogen in micrograms per milliliter (percentage of total nitrogen). action seemed to occur to a significant degree in all protein-containing media. The spoiling organism was more active than the nonspoiler, although both were strong gelatin liquefiers. It should be kept in mind that the protein nitrogen figures, as shown in Table 4, 5, and 7, include protein of bacterial origin. If we took this into account and assumed that bacteria contribute protein to the extent shown in Table 6, where no fish protein is present to begin with, protein nitrogen figures can then be adjusted to represent only fish protein. Thus, Fig. 2 shows the percentage of fish protein remaining in the three substrates tested when subjected to the action of a spoilage organism. The greatest breakdown of protein was in the whole juice and the least in the protein fraction alone, with the values for the reconstituted juice falling in between. Again, the bacteria grew equally well in all media. The vertical marks indicate time of onset of spoilage of the substrate, but by that time proteolysis had barely begun. The curve for the protein fraction has no mark, of course, for this substrate never spoiled, either organoleptically or according to our chemical criteria. DIscussIoN The results presented above show that substances present in the muscle press juice of English sole that have a molecular weight greater than 5,000 cannot serve as a substrate for spoilage in the usual sense. These substances of high molecular weight appear to consist mostly of protein; they can serve as an adequate growth substrate for bacteria, but cannot, under the action of known spoilers, give rise to spoilage products. Here, some qualifying statements are necessary regarding the nature of spoilage. We know that bacteria grow in the protein fraction, presumably utilizing in some way the large molecules present. We can measure any proteolysis that may occur by estimating the amount of protein remaining. But, in our view, whatever happens in the protein fraction does not constitute spoilage because, (i) no off odors commonly associated with spoiled fish appear, and (ii) there are no VRS and no trimethylamine, products that we have repeatedly found to be associated with spoiling sole muscle, or press juice therefrom. Therefore, if we define spoilage as the production of off odors, VRS, and
6 VOL. 15, 1967 SPOILAGE OF FISH MUSCLE 775 TABLE 7. Action of a spoiler and a nonspoiler on a 1:1 mixture of the protein and nionprotein fractions of fish muscle press juice Inoculum Days at 10 C VRSa TMNb Bacteriac PNd NPNe Spoiler (61) 264 (39) (62) 259 (38) (59) 273 (41) 3 > (55) 289 (45) 5 _ (48) 353 (52) (40) 412 (60) 12 - _ (37) 422 (63) (30) 463 (70) Nonspoiler (61) 264 (39) (59) 278 (41) (58) 282 (42) (57) 279 (43) (52) 316 (48) (47) 362 (53) (46) 368 (54) (40) 398 (60) None (61) 264 (39) (60) 275 (40) (61) 267 (39) (61) 265 (39) (59) 273 (41) (61) 249 (39) (61) 256 (39) (57) 291 (43) C Log bacterial numbers per milliliter of medium. e Nonprotein nitrogen in micrograms per milliliter (percentage of total nitrogen). trimethylamine, then we can state that the nonprotein fraction spoils and the protein fraction does not. Our results showed that a known spodler, capable of breaking down the protein, was still unable to utilize the fragments to produce off odors. This indicates that none of the breakdown products from the protein fraction can serve as a spoilage substrate. Unpublished experiments in which we subjected the protein fraction to the action of a strongly proteolytic Flavobacterium (a nonspoiler) corroborate these findings: after the native protein had almost entirely disappeared, the medium was filtration-sterilized and inoculated with a mixture of spoilage bacteriano spoilage resulted, although the bacteria grew. If the breakdown products of fish muscle protein cannot function as spoilage substrates, then a spoiler should not have to be proteolytic. There are numerous spoilage bacteria which exhibit no proteolytic capabilities whatever (7). Recently, J. M. Jay (Bacteriol. Proc., p. 13, 1966) was able to show that in beef there is no significant decrease in protein with the onset of definite spoilage. Although our spoiler happened to be more actively proteolytic than the nonspoiler, apparently linking spoilage to proteolytic ability, it was still unable to spoil (produce off odors from) fish muscle protein. It can be argued that the protein fraction does not spoil when inoculated with a mixed flora because the spoilers are selectively repressed in that medium. To circumvent this objection, we used a single spoiler. If fish muscle protein is not a spoilage substrate by itself, does it play any role in spoilage? Our results indicate that it does, for when it is added to the nonprotein fraction it hastens the spoilage. The reason for this phenomenon is still unknown. We have only tried combining the two fractions in a 1:1 ratio. The use of different ratios might furnish some clues about the nature of the substances having this enhancing effect. Furthermore, what we call our protein fraction contains substances having molecular weights as low as 5,000.
7 776 LERKE, FARBER, AND ADAMS APPL. MICROBIOL. 100 go s 40 30j * =unfractionated juice o =protein fraction - =reconstituted juice (1:1 mixture of the protein and nonprotein fractions) DAYS AT 100C FIG. 2. Action of a proteolytic spoilage bacterium onz the protein of various preparations from fish muscle press juice. Proteolysis is expressed as percentage of the protein originally present. Although we have shown that such relatively small molecules are not spoilage substrates in the usually accepted sense, the possibility remains that these substances, being readily utilizable as a growth (as opposed to a spoilage) substrate, could contribute significantly to the overall spoilage process. It is not known why the addition of the nonprotein fraction to the protein fraction speeds up proteolysis of the latter. The rates of both spoilage and proteolysis are highest in the unfractionated juice and lowest in the separate fractions (proteolysis, of course, does not occur in the nonprotein fraction). These observations are not the result of different degrees of dilution. The importance of autolysis in the spoilage process has been questioned many times. Its possible effect would presumably be due to an increased supply of spoilage substrates. If we define autolysis as the hydrolytic breakdown of proteins and not of relatively small peptides, then our results show that (i) autolysis is very slight at the time spoilage occurs, and (ii) even if it were a prominent feature of spoilage, the fragments it would liberate would probably be useless as spoilage substrates. In this report, we have tried to show that protein plays a minor role in fish muscle spoilage. The major role apparently belongs to the substances of low molecular weight. Progress is being made in the identification of these substances, but, aside from a few instances, such as the reduction of trimethylamine oxide to trimethylamine, the identity of the spoilage products which arise from various substrates remains largely unknown. The protein fraction, however, may be a tool to provide some answers. This fraction or a subfraction thereof can serve as a basic medium that supports bacterial growth yet does not spoil. It has the added advantage of being closely related to raw fish muscle. We are now attempting to identify specific spoilage products by adding potential spoilage substrates of known composition to this basal medium and inoculating with spoilage bacteria. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This investigation was supported by Public Health Service research grant EF LITERATURE CITED 1. ANDERSON, D. W., AND C. R. FELLERS Preparation of sterile fish muscle press juice. Food Technol. 3: BEATTY, S. A., AND V. K. COLLINS Studies of fish spoilage. VI. The breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids during spoilage of cod muscle press juice. J. Fisheries Res. Board Can. 4: CASTELL, C. H., AND M. F. GREENOUGH The action of Pseudomonas on fish muscle. IV. Relation between substrate composition and the development of odours by Pseudomonas fragi. J. Fisheries Res. Board Can. 16: CONWAY, E. J Microdiffusion analysis and volumetric error, revised ed., p D. Van Nostrand Co., New York. 5. FARBER, L., AND M. FERRO Volatile reducing substances (VRS) and volatile nitrogen compounds in relation to spoilage in canned fish. Food Technol. 10: LERKE, P., R. ADAMS, AND L. FARBER Bacteriology of spoilage of fish muscle. I. Sterile press juice as a suitable experimental medium. Appl. Microbiol. 11: LERKE, P., R. ADAMS, AND L. FARBER Bacteriology of spoilage of fish muscle. III. Characterization of spoilers. Appl. Microbiol. 13: SHEWAN, J. M The microbiology of seawater fish, p In. G. Bergstrom [ed.], Fish as food, vol. 1. Academic Press, Inc., New York. 9. SHEWAN, J. M., G. HOBBS, AND W. HODGKISS The Pseudomonas and Achromobacter groups of bacteria in the spoilage of marine white fish. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 23: TARR, H. L. A Symposium on cured and frozen fish technology. Swedish Institute for Food Preservation Research, Goteborg, No. 100, Chapter 5.
Survival of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria in
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1968, p. 445-449 Copyright 1968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Survival of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria in Chicken Meat During Freeze-Dehydration,
More informationSpoiling Beef. was sufficient to make all necessary determinations. For the determination of free amino acids, 10 g of
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, July 1967, p. 759-764 Copyrght 1967 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 15, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Fate of Free Amino Acids and Nucleotides in Spoiling Beef JAMES M. JAY AND KALLIOPI
More informationProteins of Pig Muscle
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1971, p. 224-228 Vol. 22, No. 2 Copyright 1971 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Action of Pseudomonas fragi on the Proteins of Pig Muscle P. J. V. TARRANT,
More informationTest for Detecting Spoilage in Beef
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Vol. 12, No. 4, p. 378-383 July, 1964 Copyright 1964 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Evaluation of the Extract-Release Volume Phenomenon as a Rapid Test for Detecting
More informationFactors Affecting the Growth of Pseudomonas
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1973, p. 442-446 Copyright 0 1973 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 25, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Factors Affecting the Growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens in Liquid Egg White
More informationVolatile Fatty Acids and the Inhibition of Escherichia
APPuan MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 1969, p. 83-87 Copyright 1969 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 17, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A Volatile Fatty Acids and the of Escherichia coli Growth by Rumen Fluid1 MEYER J.
More informationRICINOLEATE UPON BACTERIA
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ACTION OF SODIUM RICINOLEATE UPON BACTERIA From the Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany Received for publication, May 14, 1928
More informationResponse of the Extract-Release Volume and Water-Holding Capacity Phenomena to Microbiologically Spoiled Beef and Aged Beef
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, July, 1966 Vol. 14, No. 4 Copyright 1966 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Response of the Extract-Release Volume and Water-Holding Capacity Phenomena to Microbiologically
More informationCRYSTALLINE PEPSIN BY JOHN H. NORTHROP. (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, iv. J.
CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN III. PREPARATION OF ACTIVE CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN FROM INACTIVE DENATURED PEPSIN BY JOHN H. NORTHROP (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton,
More informationLoss of Sensitivity to EDTA by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Grown under Conditions of Mg-Limitation
J. gen. Microbiol. (1g6g), 54, 439-444 Printed in Great Britain 439 Loss of Sensitivity to EDTA by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Grown under Conditions of Mg-Limitation By M. R. W. BROWN AND J. MELLING Pharmaceutical
More informationELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES OF SONIC EXTRACTS OF PROTEUS VULGARIS
ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES OF SONIC EXTRACTS OF PROTEUS VULGARIS I. EFFECT OF GROWTH ENVIRONMENT ON ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS' SIDNEY D. RODENBERG Laboratory of Microbiology, Division of Biology, University
More informationIntrinsic and Extrinsic Parameters of Foods That Affect Microbial Growth
Lec.3 Food microbiology Dr.Jehan Abdul Sattar Intrinsic and Extrinsic Parameters of Foods That Affect Microbial Growth The ability of microorganisms to grow or multiply in a food is determined by the food
More informationdecarboxylation. Further work with the enzyme systems involved has shown
THE BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS IV. STITDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ENZYMATC DEGRADATION OF PROTOCATECHuiC ACID' R. Y. STANIER Department of Bacteriology, University of California, Berkeley,
More informationTHE ESTIMATION OF TRYPSIN WITH HEMOGLOBIN
THE ESTIMATION OF TRYPSIN WITH HEMOGLOBIN BY M. L. ANSON Am) A. E. MIRSKY (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, N. J., and the Hospital of The Rockefeller
More informationEffect of Lactic Acid Concentration on Growth on Meat of Gram-Negative Psychrotrophs from a Meatworks
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Feb. 1982, p. 284-288 0099-2240/82/020284-05$02.00/0 Vol. 43, No. 2 Effect of Lactic Acid Concentration on Growth on Meat of Gram-Negative Psychrotrophs from a Meatworks
More informationBACTERIAL EXAMINATION OF WATER
BACTERIAL EXAMINATION OF WATER The bacteriological examination of water is performed routinely by water utilities and many governmental agencies to ensure a safe supply of water for drinking, bathing,
More informationAntifungal Properties of Cranberry Juice
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, OCt. 1968, p. 1524-1527 Copyright @ 1968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 10 Printed in U.S.A. Antifungal Properties of Cranberry Juice JACOB H. SWARTZ AND THEODORE
More informationDehydration, Rehydration, and Storagel
APPLIED MIROBIOLOGY, May, 1965 opyright 1965 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 13, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Fate of Bacteria in hicken Meat During Freeze- Dehydration, Rehydration, and Storagel K.
More informationTHE ESTIMATION OF PEPSIN, TRYPSIN, PAPAIN, AND CATHEPSIN WITH HEMOGLOBIN
Published Online: 20 September, 1938 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.22.1.79 Downloaded from jgp.rupress.org on July 1, 2018 THE ESTIMATION OF PEPSIN, TRYPSIN, PAPAIN, AND CATHEPSIN WITH HEMOGLOBIN
More informationPRINCIPLES OF FOOD SPOILAGE
PRINCIPLES OF FOOD SPOILAGE SPOILAGE Microbial growth- microbial food spoilage Changes in color, odor, and texture Formation of slime Accumulation of gas Release of liquid SPOILAGE MICROFLORA Food types
More informationCharacterization of Bacteria by Their Degradation of Amino Acids
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 1968, P. 1591-1595 Copyright 1968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 10 Printed in U.S.A. Characterization of Bacteria by Their Degradation of Amino Acids M. J. PICKETT
More informationSTUDIES OF THE HEMAGGLUTININ OF HAEMOPHILUS PERTUSSIS HIDEO FUKUMI, HISASHI SHIMAZAKI, SADAO KOBAYASHI AND TATSUJI UCHIDA
STUDIES OF THE HEMAGGLUTININ OF HAEMOPHILUS PERTUSSIS HIDEO FUKUMI, HISASHI SHIMAZAKI, SADAO KOBAYASHI AND TATSUJI UCHIDA The National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan (Received: August 3rd, 1953) INTRODUCTION
More informationON THE DIFFERENCE IN ADSORPTION ON SEPHADEX GEL OF THE DEXTRANSUCRASE OF STREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS GROWN ON SUCROSE AND GLUCOSE MEDIA
J. Gen. App!. Microbiol., 34, 213-219 (1988) ON THE DIFFERENCE IN ADSORPTION ON SEPHADEX GEL OF THE DEXTRANSUCRASE OF STREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS GROWN ON SUCROSE AND GLUCOSE MEDIA TOSHIRO HAYASHI, RYO IOROI,*
More informationTHE EFFECTS OF ACIDITY UPON THE GROWTH OF PNEUMOCOCCUS IN CULTURE MEDIA CONTAINING PROTEINS
THE EFFECTS OF ACIDITY UPON THE GROWTH OF PNEUMOCOCCUS IN CULTURE MEDIA CONTAINING PROTEINS BY WILLIAM H. KELLEY, M.D. (From the Department of Medicine of the Duke University School of Medicine, Durham,
More informationFreezing, and Ultraviolet
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, May, 1966 Vol. 14, No. 3 Copyright ( 1966 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Pimaricin on the Resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Heat, Freezing,
More informationDraft of Sanitation Standards for General Foods
Draft of Sanitation Standards for General Foods 17 and the second paragraph of 5 of the Act Governing Food Safety and Sanitation (herein referred to as "this Act"). For foods which have their own sanitation
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY
[Ravish, 2(2): Feb., 2013] ISSN: 2277-9655 IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY Isolation And Characterization Of Proteolytic Bacteria And Its Protease Himani Ravish
More informationTemperature Function Integration and the Development and Metabolism of Poultry Spoilage Bacteria
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1978, p. 65-654 99-224/78/36-65$2./ Copyright 1978 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 36, No. 5 Printed in U.S.A. Temperature Function Integration and the
More informationNational Exams May hours duration
National Exams May 2012 04-Agric-A 7, Chemistry and Microbiology of Foods 3 hours duration NOTES: 1. If doubt exists as to the interpretation of any question, the candidate is urged to submit with the
More informationEFFECT OF CARBON SOURCES ON FORMATION OF a-amylase AND GLUCOAMYLASE BY
J. Gen. App!. Microbiol,, 21, 51-59 (1975) EFFECT OF CARBON SOURCES ON FORMATION OF a-amylase AND GLUCOAMYLASE BY CLOSTRIDIUM ACETOBUTYLICUM BURT ENSLEY, JOHN J. McHUGH, AND LARRY L. BARTON Department
More informationEffect of Soy Proteins on the Growth of Clostridium perfringens'
APPUED MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1971, p. 177-183 Vol. 22, No. 2 Copyright 1971 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Soy Proteins on the Growth of Clostridium perfringens' F. F. BUSTA
More informationSubstrate Specificity and Salt Inhibition of Five Proteinases Isolated from the Pyloric Caeca and Stomach of Sardine
Agric. Biol. Chem., 46 (6), 1565~1569, 1982 1565 Substrate Specificity and Salt Inhibition of Five Proteinases Isolated from the Pyloric Caeca and Stomach of Sardine Minoru Noda, Thanh Vo Van, Isao Kusakabe
More informationIsolated from Meat and Poultry Plants
APPm= MicaomoLoGY, Feb. 7, p. 6-6 Copyright 0 7 American Society for Microbiology Vol., No. Printed in U.SA. Characterization of Hydrogen Sulfide-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Meat and Poultry Plants
More informationPelagia Research Library
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com European Journal of Experimental Biology, 211, 1 (3):124-129 ISSN: 2248 9215 Production of Alkaline Protease by Bacillus subtilis (MTCC7312) using Submerged
More informationScreening of bacteria producing amylase and its immobilization: a selective approach By Debasish Mondal
Screening of bacteria producing amylase and its immobilization: a selective approach By Debasish Mondal Article Summary (In short - What is your article about Just 2 or 3 lines) Category: Bacillus sp produce
More informationBACTERIA. media for bacteria highly desirable. Douglas and Gordon in England, and more recently Meyer in this country, have proposed
YEAST AUTOLYSATE AS A CULTURE MEDIUM FOR BACTERIA I. J. KLIGLER From the Laboratories of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research Received for publication November 23, 1918 The necessity for conserving
More informationMETABOLIC INJURY TO BACTERIA AT LOW TEMPERATURES
METABOLIC INJURY TO BACTERIA AT LOW TEMPERATURES ROBERT P. STRAKA AND J. L. STOKES Western Regional Research Laboratory,' Albany, California Received for publication January 19, 1959 The death of bacteria
More informationWork-flow: protein sample preparation Precipitation methods Removal of interfering substances Specific examples:
Dr. Sanjeeva Srivastava IIT Bombay Work-flow: protein sample preparation Precipitation methods Removal of interfering substances Specific examples: Sample preparation for serum proteome analysis Sample
More informationEFFECT OF THE AMINO ACIDS AND DIALYZABLE CONSTITUENTS OF EMBRYONIC TISSUE JUICE ON THE GROWTH OF FIBROBLASTS.
Published Online: 1 September, 1926 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1084/jem.44.3.397 Downloaded from jem.rupress.org on May 11, 2018 EFFECT OF THE AMINO ACIDS AND DIALYZABLE CONSTITUENTS OF EMBRYONIC TISSUE
More informationOrganisms used. The routine test organism was a putrefactive anaerobe, Company, and Bacilus stearothermophilus, strain NCA 1518.
THE EFFECT OF OXIDATIVE RANCIDITY IN UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ON THE GERMINATION OF BACTERIAL SPORES NORMAN G. ROTH2 AND H. 0. HALVORSON Department of Bacteriology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
More informationXXVI. STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION. OF AMINO-COMPOUNDS AND CARBOHYDRATES.
XXVI. STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION. OF AMINO-COMPOUNDS AND CARBOHYDRATES. II. THE PREPARATION OF GLUCOSE UREIDE. BY ALEXANDER HYND. From the Department of Physiology, University of St Andrews. (Received
More informationA Study of Consumer Storage of Commercially Available Peanut Butter with Analysis of Variance
A Study of Consumer Storage of Commercially Available Peanut Butter with Analysis of Variance Abstract Outbreaks of Salmonella contamination of peanut butter have become a serious food safety concern for
More informationCaution: For Laboratory Use. A product for research purposes only. Eu-W1284 Iodoacetamido Chelate & Europium Standard. Product Number: AD0014
TECHNICAL DATA SHEET Lance Caution: For Laboratory Use. A product for research purposes only. Eu-W1284 Iodoacetamido Chelate & Europium Standard Product Number: AD0014 INTRODUCTION: Iodoacetamido-activated
More informationTopic 4: Enzymes and metabolism
Topic 4: Enzymes and metabolism 1. An is a living molecule produced by glands to digest food in the alimentary canal. living molecule produced by cells to synthesise complex molecules from simpler ones.
More informationEXPERIMENT 4 DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS, TOTAL REDUCING SUGARS, SUCROSE AND STARCH
Practical Manual Food Chemistry and Physiology EXPERIMENT 4 DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS, TOTAL REDUCING SUGARS, SUCROSE AND STARCH Structure 4.1 Introduction Objectives 4.2 Experiment 4a: Reducing
More informationCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION II. THE IDENTITY OF PRECIPITIN AND AGGLUTININ* BY MICHAEL HEIDELBERGER, PH.D., AND ELVIN A.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION II. THE IDENTITY OF PRECIPITIN AND AGGLUTININ* BY MICHAEL HEIDELBERGER, PH.D., AND ELVIN A. KABAT (From the Laboratories of the Departments of Medicine and Biological
More information(1933) suggest this to be due to the greater affinity of the sucrose particle for
RELATIVE INHIBITION OF MICROORGANISMS BY GLUCOSE AND SUCROSE SIRUPS1 Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. Received for publication, December 29, 1941 In concentrations above 30
More informationEvaluation of Antibacterial Effect of Odor Eliminating Compounds
Evaluation of Antibacterial Effect of Odor Eliminating Compounds Yuan Zeng, Bingyu Li, Anwar Kalalah, Sang-Jin Suh, and S.S. Ditchkoff Summary Antibiotic activity of ten commercially available odor eliminating
More informationASSAY OF using AZO-FRUCTAN S-AZFR5 11/17
www.megazyme.com ASSAY OF endo-fructanase using AZO-FRUCTAN S-AZFR5 11/17 Megazyme 2017 PRINCIPLE: The substrate is the high molecular weight fraction of chicory fructan (DP ~ 20-60) dyed with an azo-dye
More informationIdentification of the Virucidal Agent in Wastewater Sludge
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 1977, p. 860-864 Copyright X) 1977 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 33, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Identification of the Virucidal Agent in Wastewater Sludge
More informationThe Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration (substrate) on the Activity of the Enzyme Catalase
The Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration (substrate) on the Activity of the Enzyme Catalase Exercise adapted from: Allot, A. & Mindorff, D. (2007). Biology Course Companion. Oxford: Oxford University
More informationDecolorization of olive mill wastewaters by co-culture of Geotrichum candidum and Lactobacillus plantarum
Proceedings of International Symposium on Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Management 7-0 January 00, Tunis (EPCOWM 00), p.6-66. Decolorization of olive mill wastewaters by co-culture of Geotrichum
More informationFood Safety: Basic Overview of Safely Handling Food
Food Safety: Basic Overview of Safely Handling Food Food Safety Training The Nevada County Environmental Health Department requires that one person be in the food booth at any given time with a working
More informationAlcohol Production by Fish Spoilage Bacteria
1055 Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 46, No. 12, Pages 1055-1059 (December 1983) Copyright". Intemational Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians Alcohol Production by Fish Spoilage Bacteria
More informationChemical and Microbiological Changes during Shrimp Seasoning Fermentation Using Seafood Processing Waste
2014 3 rd International Conference on Nutrition and Food Sciences IPCBEE vol. 71 (2014) (2014) IACSIT Press, Singapore DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE. 2014. V71. 11 Chemical and Microbiological Changes during Shrimp
More informationNEW ONE-STAGE PROCEDURES FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PROTHROMBIN AND LABILE FACTOR*
NEW ONE-STAGE PROCEDURES FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PROTHROMBIN AND LABILE FACTOR* MARIO STEFANINI, M.D.f From the Department ofbiochemistry, Marquette University School of Medicine, Milwaukee,
More informationThe Action of Chloroform -killed Suspensions of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli on Ligated Rabbit -gut Segments
J. gm. nghobioi. (i966), 4, 898 Printed in Great Britain 9 The Action of Chloroform killed Suspensions of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli on Ligated Rabbit gut Segments BY JOAN TAYLOR AND K. A. BETTELHEIM
More informationA Change in the Contagious Character of a Strain of Swine Influenza
SWINE INFLUENZA V. STUDIES ON CONTAGION BY RICHARD E. SHOPE, M.D. (From the Department of Animal and Plant Pathology of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, N. J.) (Received for publication,
More informationpossibilities occurs. It has been found that the organism acquires addition of vitamin B1 to cells of P. pentosaceum which had
ADAPTATION OF THE PROPIONIC-ACID BACTERIA TO VITAMIN B1 SYNTHESIS INCLUDING A METHOD OF ASSAY M. SILVERMAN AND C. H. WERKMAN Bacteriology Section, Industrial Science Research Institute, Iowa State College,
More informationSemimicro Determination of Cellulose in Biological Materials
A*N-ALYTICAL BIOCtIEIVIISTRY 3:2, 420--424 (1969) Semimicro Determination of Cellulose in Biological Materials DAVID M. UPDEGRAFF Chemical Division, Denver Research Institute, University of Denver, Denver,
More informationMCB 413 FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS IN FOOD
MCB 413 FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS IN FOOD INTRINSIC FACTORS 1. ph: microorganisms grow best at ph values around 7.0 (6.6 7.5) whereas few grow below 4.0 most of the meats and seafoods
More informationAdaptive Patterns in the Bacterial Oxidation of 2:4-Dichloro- and 4-Chloro-2 -methyl-phenoxyacetic Acid
692 STEENSON, T. I. & WALKER, N. (1958). J. gen. Microbial. 18, 692-697 Adaptive Patterns in the Bacterial Oxidation of ichloro- and 4-Chloro-2 -methyl-phenoxyacetic Acid BY T. I. STEENSON AND N. WALKER
More informationPLASMA IN VITRO 1 2. sodium citrate in 0.85 per cent sodium chloride solution.
STUDIES IN BLOOD COAGULATION: THE COAGULATION PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN GLOBULIN FRACTIONS OF NORMAL HUMAN PLASMA IN VITRO 1 2 By F. H. L. TAYLOR, C. S. DAVIDSON, H. J. TAGNON, M. A. ADAMS, A. H. MAcDONALD,
More informationENZYMES QUESTIONSHEET 1
QUESTIONSHEET 1 The apparatus illustrated below can be used to investigate the activity of the enzyme catalase, which is found in liver. The liver tissue has been ground up and mixed with a buffer solution.
More informationTHE EFFECT OF DENATURATION ON THE VISCOSITY OF PROTEIN SYSTEMS BY M. L. ANSON A~D A. E. MIRSKY. (Accepted for publication, December 2, 1931)
THE EFFECT OF DENATURATION ON THE VISCOSITY OF PROTEIN SYSTEMS BY M. L. ANSON A~D A. E. MIRSKY (From tke Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, N. Y., and the ttospital
More informationCURVE OF SUGAR EXCRETION IN SEVERE DIABETES.
CURVE OF SUGAR EXCRETION IN SEVERE DIABETES. BY HANNAH FELSHER. (From the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute Laboratory oj Clinical Research, Rush Medical College, Chicago.) (Received for publication,
More informationStudying the Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Substrate Concentration on Catalase Induced Reaction
Studying the Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Substrate Concentration on Catalase Induced Reaction Submitted by: [Student Name] [Course Name] [University Name] Table of Contents 1.0 Aim... 3 2.0 Background
More informationG.T. College G10 Term One Biology Form Test 2
G.T. College 2018 19 G10 Term One Biology Form Test 2 Total marks: 40 marks Time allowed: 35 minutes Date: Name: Class: ( ) Section A: Multiple choice questions (10 marks@ 1 mark each) 1. Given a solution
More informationideal chemical preservatives
Paper No.: 03 Paper Title: FOOD MICROBIOLOGY Module 12: Preservation of foods by chemical methods the ideal chemical preservatives CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. An ideal antimicrobial preservative and added
More informationMidi Plant Genomic DNA Purification Kit
Midi Plant Genomic DNA Purification Kit Cat #:DP022MD/ DP022MD-50 Size:10/50 reactions Store at RT For research use only 1 Description: The Midi Plant Genomic DNA Purification Kit provides a rapid, simple
More informationABSTRACf INTRODUCTION
(outnal of the Indian Fisheries Association, 16 & 17, 1986-87, 31-37 PRESERVATION OF OTOUTffilS ARGENTEUS AT LOW TEMPERATURE D. RAMANANDA RAO AND N. K. VELANI
More informationFactors Affecting the Resistance of Staphylococcus
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Jan., 1967, p. 97-101 Copyright 1967 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 15, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Factors Affecting the Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to Hydrogen Peroxide
More informationScholars Research Library. Purification and characterization of neutral protease enzyme from Bacillus Subtilis
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Scholars Research Library J. Microbiol. Biotech. Res., 2012, 2 (4):612-618 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) Purification and characterization
More informationQ1. We use enzymes in industry. These are some of the properties of enzymes:
Q1. We use enzymes in industry. These are some of the properties of enzymes: they work at low temperatures and this can save energy they work at atmospheric pressures and therefore use less expensive equipment
More informationStaphylococci in Competition'
II. Staphylococci in Competition' Effect of Total Numbers and Proportion of Staphylococci in Mixed Cultures on Growth in Artificial Culture Medium A. C. PETERSON, J. J. BLACK, AND M. F. GUNDERSON Department
More informationMECHANISM AND DETECTION OF MICROBIAL SPOILAGE IN MEATS AT LOW TEMPERATURES: A STATUS REPORT 2
]. Milk Food Technol., Vol. 35, No. 8 (1972) 467 MECHANISM AND DETECTION OF MICROBIAL SPOILAGE IN MEATS AT LOW TEMPERATURES: A STATUS REPORT 2 JAMES M. JAY Department of Biology, Wayne State University
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF MICROCLIMATE FACTORS ON THE QUALITY OF POULTRY MEAT STORED IN REFRIGERATION CONDITIONS
Lucrări Ştiinţifice-Seria Zootehnie, vol. 59 THE INFLUENCE OF MICROCLIMATE FACTORS ON THE QUALITY OF POULTRY MEAT STORED IN REFRIGERATION CONDITIONS Elena Surmei 1*, M.G. Usturoi 1 1 University of Agricultural
More informationThe effect of phosphatidyl choline on the degradation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine by the phospholipase of post-heparin plasma or snake venom
The effect of phosphatidyl choline on the degradation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine by the phospholipase of post-heparin plasma or snake venom WILLIAM C. VOGEL, J. L. KOPPEL, and J. H. OLWIN Coagulation
More informationThe Spoilage Characteristics of Ground Beef Packaged in High-Oxygen and Low-Oxygen Modified Atmosphere Packages
P R O D U C T D E V E L O P M E N T, P R O C E S S I N G, M E A L S O L U T I O N S A N D P A C K A G I N G The Spoilage Characteristics of Ground Beef Packaged in High-Oxygen and Low-Oxygen Modified Atmosphere
More informationQ. What is food allergy? A. It is the appearance of some unpleasant symptoms in a sensitive (allergic) person after taking a particular food.
1 2 Q. What is food allergy? A. It is the appearance of some unpleasant symptoms in a sensitive (allergic) person after taking a particular food. The same food ordinarily causes no such symptoms in the
More informationSimpson (1928), Julianelle (1937), Thompson and Khorazo. that the pathogenic strains, (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus
THE RELATION OF AEROBIOSIS TO THE FERMENTATION OF MANNITOL BY STAPHYLOCOCCI EUGENIA VALENTINE COLWELL Laboratory of Industrial Hygiene Inc., New York City Received for publication August 5, 1938 While
More informationPowerPoint Presentation Gut microbiome and diet By Professor Elizabeth Shephard, PhD
0:04 Slide #1 Good afternoon. Thank you for inviting me to join you in MEBO Miami Meetup. 0:12 I'm Elizabeth Shepard, and today I will introduce how the gut microbiome and diet are relevant to those who
More informationSurvival and Growth of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni on Meat and in Cooked Foods
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 192, p. 259-263 99-224/2/259-5$2./ Vol. 44, No. 2 Survival and Growth of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni on Meat and in Cooked Foods C.. GILL* AND LYNDA M.
More informationInstitute of Food Research. Predicting bacterial growth in reduced salt foods
Institute of Food Research Predicting bacterial growth in reduced salt foods Dr Sandra Stringer Institute of Food Research, Norwich Nofima, Oslo, Norway 3 rd March 2011 Effects of salt on foods Texture
More informationCaution: For Laboratory Use. A product for research purposes only. Eu-W1024 ITC Chelate & Europium Standard. Product Number: AD0013
TECHNICAL DATA SHEET Lance Caution: For Laboratory Use. A product for research purposes only. Eu-W1024 ITC Chelate & Europium Standard Product Number: AD0013 INTRODUCTION: Fluorescent isothiocyanato-activated
More informationSALIVA TEST Introduction
SALIVA TEST Introduction This is a practical lesson using saliva to learn digestive enzyme activity. We can check the existence of reducing sugars clearly by Benedict s reaction after salivary enzyme decomposes
More informationRoutine Use of a Modified Eijkman
Routine Use of a Modified Eijkman Medium in the Examination of Oysters, Crabmeat, and Other Substances C. A. PERRY, Sc.D., F.A.P.H.A., AND A. A. HAJNA Bureau of Bacteriology, Maryland State Department
More informationLignin Isolation from Pulp
Lignin Isolation from Pulp Several different enzymatic, chemical and mechanical methods have been developed for the isolation of lignin from wood and pulp. However, due to the heterogeneous nature of wood
More informationFACTORS INVOLVED IN THE USE OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS AS PRECIPITATING AND DRYING AGENTS OF IMMUNE SERA BY MALCOLM H. MERRILL ni~ MOYER S.
Published Online: 20 November, 1932 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.16.2.243 Downloaded from jgp.rupress.org on November 3, 2018 FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE USE OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS AS PRECIPITATING AND
More informationPOST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (PGDFT)
i) it Total No. of Questions : 7] [Total No. of Printed Pages : 2 POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (PGDFT) Term-End Examination June, 2014 : FOOD CHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION Time : 3 Hours]
More informationExosome ELISA Complete Kits
Exosome ELISA Complete Kits EXOEL-CD9A-1, EXOEL-CD63A-1, EXOEL-CD81A-1 User Manual See PAC for Storage Conditions for Individual Components Version 12 4/17/2017 A limited-use label license covers this
More informationSurvival of antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas strains in different types of water
Bangladesh}. Fish. Res., 1 (2) : 39-45 Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute July 1997 Survival of antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas strains in different types of water M. S. Islam and M. B. R. Chowdhury
More informationProduction and Preliminary Characterization of Alkaline Protease from Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus terreus
ISSN: 0973-4945; CODEN ECJHAO E- Chemistry http://www.e-journals.net 2010, 7(2), 479-482 Production and Preliminary Characterization of Alkaline Protease from Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus terreus
More informationNitrate and Nitrite Key Words: 1. Introduction 1.1. Nature, Mechanism of Action, and Biological Effects (Fig. 1)
7 Nitrate and Nitrite Key Words: Nitrate; nitrite; methemoglobin; blood pressure; asphyxia; spinach; spongy cadmium column; zinc metal; sodium nitrate; sodium nitrite; ammonia buffer solution; Jones reductor.
More informationLANCE Eu-W1024 ITC Chelate & Europium Standard AD0013 Development grade
AD0017P-4 (en) 1 LANCE Eu-W1024 ITC Chelate & Europium Standard AD0013 Development grade INTRODUCTION Fluorescent isothiocyanato-activated (ITC-activated) Eu-W1024 chelate is optimized for labelling proteins
More informationSEAFOODS. Food Material Science 2011/12 Inneke Hantoro
SEAFOODS Food Material Science 2011/12 Inneke Hantoro Introduction SEAFOODS: Fish Shellfish: Crustaceans Molluscs: Chephalopods Molluscs with external shell (bivalves and gastropods) Other forms of aquatic
More informationSeafood Chilling, Refrigeration and Freezing
Seafood Chilling, Refrigeration and Freezing Seafood Chilling, Refrigeration and Freezing Science and Technology Nalan Gökoğlu and Pınar Yerlikaya Fisheries Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
More informationFood Contamination and Spoilage Food Safety: Managing with the HACCP System Second Edition (245TXT or 245CIN)
Food Contamination and Spoilage Food Safety: Managing with the HACCP System Second Edition (245TXT or 245CIN) 2008, Educational Institute Competencies for Food Contamination and Spoilage 1. Distinguish
More information